Reading

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2 !"#%’( )*(#,’( !"#$%& ’(&#)%& ’*+,- ./01 234 5-+6%& 7+!3089& :/; <=+>& ?- 23%@A : 03B C D3E # C # F 5G03- H*IJ#K !"# : $%&’( )*+ Email: [email protected] Arabic Copyright © 2006 Ahmad Hoshan "#$% &’(*"% 1427 ,- - 2006 .

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Free Arabic eBook

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!"#%'( )*(#,'(

!"#$%& '(&#)%& '*+,- ./01 234 5-+6%& 7+!3089& :/; <=+>& ?-

23%@A :03BCD3E #C#F

5G03- H*IJ#K

!"# :$%&'( )*+ Email: [email protected] Arabic Copyr ight © 2006 Ahmad Hoshan

"#$% &'(*"%

1427 ,- - 2006.

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"#$% &'(*"% &/02/

,-."/0 $%1-2/0 34 5%6 7'8+

LMNOP%+L!Q%& R7L* NST/N% UNA+LOL-LV LH+L3WXL-LV UN6Y$YZLV UNAP[L\ ] N_ Q5a}162{

"N#LE PbC% L.cC3NON/W$YOQ%& deVPf Q+LZPfLV YgW#N-f L.N%PhNBLV YSCLi} 163{

]j+!Zk&[.

357"8'"% 9: ; 07<"% >%07</ ?5(@ AC8("% DEFGH# ?G5FC ;% FI>&7=:# >JKH:357"8'F" LM%NH# ON6P@# >%N5R)>%N5T/ >8.

0GG') 8GG/O : UNGG/ V#$ &'6NGGW"% UX%NGG2"% .KGGYZ7) ['7GGH 8/0GGTC

:0G] NG(^O `8Ga@b 3c76 8/ dNHe) UX%N2"% 1Na/ f2g ?@e) [TTh []# i]e) \8<Zj"% 3/ L 0G/# .KYZ7"% %PY) kmoHO [T^ A5= q

05M s:82^ t" ?p0u8g [G]# tGg 0G5a"% DYZ"% i5j<p 3c76 J ?@O# i5vGGh L wGGoc"% tGGg t'7GGW/ GGFC# t/8GG/O x11NGGp 0GG6%zo) 3GGc"#

.{Cb% iu8H## L :8cg$% |') 1#:# ~/# \O0G) �8GT-# 8GT- 3/ �:1O U0u8Z"% D60C 82T"% %P- i^ 4Kc6 4O 3c76 J ?@e)L 8-0GTC#

!UNcg "#op \O0).KYZ7"% %P- 4O 8YWZ@ UX%N2"% &CNW) %F'o6 J UX%N2F" &T5'/ i5F<p# N5cZp &5aYT7) %F'o6 8/ :02).

tGR*C '#:$ &G5)N'"% &G(F"8) :18Gj/ 3GC tG)<) \O0G) 8-0')

&'6NGGW"% UX%NGG2"% GGFC U:0GG2"% �{oGG/+# DGGYg tGGg L 0GGMO DGG" tGG@O J+ 3G/ 4KGcop &G):82o7"% \J8G27"% |'(G) iG)7op &GF5F] \%NG*] qKH

hNg# \86N,@ 8YG#') 3C &"K2T/ &F5vh UN(n \%Q U1Na/ \85

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|'("% L ij6O +82@ ~#) "% 8-8j] &G/8'"% UNGcZ" 3GC B0G<op &'6NW"% UX%N2F".

- 05=K"% i5(W"% 48) [^:1O 8YT5= tg#K \8G)8oc"% "% dKMN"% %PGG- tGGg %GG7'op wGGo^ &GGCK7a/ GGFC [FGGj<g &GG6z5Fa@b% &GG(F"8)

)# dKhK7"%0 G2"% .KGYZ/ FC d{.b% \O &NG.# 8Y(5"8GHO# UX%N8Y/%0moH+.

4KG^O J 48G) \:N] 8Y5FC [Fj= to"% UN5(c"% U18ZoHb% 0')#

?GT/ 0G5=K"% 05ZoGW7"% 4KG^% J 4O# tG)<) tGg >8G5@8@% L 8GGTo(oc/ 4$# "% %PGGG- tGGGg xNGGG52g V%zGGGpJ &GGG5)N'"%V8GGGa7 .0GGG'" #O ?GGGo*%0<" 8GGG7):

?GG5FC 9NGG'^ 8GGTC{.+ L NGGpO 4O tGGFC wGGM%K"% 3GG/ ?GG@e) [GG6O: DM UNGcZ) KG"# D-8HO tF'" &'6NW"% UX%N2"% 3C 98o^ xPG- tGC# tGg

&/$%.

D5G,C# ?G7a= N(Gj" s:8G2"% tnO 98oc"% %P- 0" \Non% 0]# [G]K"% 2GZ@ tGg %G7'p# VK7GS# `8Ga6+ 3/ ?) z57o6 87"# ?p0u8g L

�0GGG'6 J KGGG-# ) ?GGGTc"# &'6NGGGW"% UX%NGGG2"% DF'oGGG" &6N<GGGH &ZGGGIK % &FYGGH &GG5F7C w5"8GGHO GGFC 'KGGo<6 UNGGcg s:8GG2"% tGG*'p %GG5(*o"

] 1%1zp i7SO# %7CO'0a"% 36N7o"%# &H:877"8) 8YpK Lg 4O KM:e:85onb% %P- tg [2g# 0] 4K^O.

kGG5T<"% 8GGTT61 D5"8GG'o) tGGT/ >8GG/%zo"+# 8GGT]{nO 8GGT5FC ?GG5F7p 8GG/#

U0GGG57<"%L V#$% wGGGp8c"% [GGG(.8n NGGGo5) 1NZ5GGGS 4Qb% ?GGGT/ >8GGG("8. ) >%:KcR/ 1Ng 98oc"% &7MNo)+ q0)O i) ?o'@87/ .0' ?7C1# ?@8To/

&7MNo"% UNcZ" i/8c"%.

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:8GGcg$% 3GG/ 10GG'" &5<5GGhKp &FvGGHO GGFC 1N"8GG) >8GG#6O .8GG] 8GG7^U1:%KGG"% tp{GGH%N/ tGGg ?GG" 8GGYoYM# 0GG] [GGT^ 98GGoc"% tGGgL >8=:8GGS

+i(] 'Q 3/ N(^O icR) "hK/# ~HK/ icR) 8-86 L ?" ?M#O %P)# 48To/+# NcS &5<p GH 3G/ iG^# K- 84) D- 8G7^ &G7MNo"% xPG- 58Ga@

'PG"%# 98Goc"% %PG- UX%NG] �:85onb s:82"% 8Y6O 0" 'NcS ?M#O/ 4Kc6 4O KM:O05Z;% X8S 4+ >% L87^4O X8T) 5%No]+ #O %5F'p 'O

GGG"% ?"8GGGH:4) 8GGGT5FC iGGGm(p {GGGg 8GGGTF(] 3GGG/ wGGG5=Np ~GGGhK/ KGGG- [email protected].

8@O#O 7"%# iG#Z"% w=8GI N60G2"% tGF'"% ;% VeGH x18G(C GFC ?GT

# D6Nc"% ?YMK" >8j"8n i7'"% %P- 4Kc6 4e) xP- 3/ U0u8Z"% D'p 4O%5gKo"% t"# ;%# &7MNo"% .

DMN,,,,,,,o7"% 48SK- 07=O

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-."/135'( 1. )*(#,'( -.7&.&8:

• &/02/........................................................9 • 2"% k6N'pUX%N...........................................11 • # 35'"%&5Z5^ 8Yo^N= ...................................16 • UX%N2"% &CNH 6<g....................................23 • 88/0"% 3/ NW6J% .O 376$% Xza"8) ON2p i-........23 • "%5"0 i"%'Nj(...........................................28

2. 7&.&9( :"$.51'(: • :8cg$% |5g# &5,ZF"% UX%N2"%.........................30 • k55co"% &v55H "W7"% [email protected]

3. <"#%'( =?@'(. ....................................................39 4. A%5'(0 BCE1'(. ................................................43

• t*mo"%....................................................44 • t*mo"% 36N7p...........................................47 • "W7"%......................................................50

5. ,5!15'( )*(#,'(..................................................52 6. 74.1@5'( -.5GH'(................................................61

• \8,={7"% PnO..........................................63

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7. J,!'( LM(#F.......................................................71

• *)%No"% \8c(R"%5&.......................................71 • i2'"% fu%Nn..............................................73

8. "#NP'( )*(#,'( R/G&8........................................75 9. )#S(T'( D.C3VW 5"XZ. .........................................81

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6[,6]2.H'(

8GGGTF^ GGG@'oFD "% L&GGGH:07"% tGGGg UX%NGGG2 &GGGT5'/ 0GGG5"82p wGGGW= . 3GGGc" %PGG- L8GT7,'7"GG"25 V87'oGGHb% iG)/$%GG2" 8Tp:0 "%98/0GG5& . %PGG- tGGg

98GGoc"%lKGGH GG@'oF D &GG5Z5^GGW<pV87'oGGH+ 35a"% wGG@8$% 3GG/ NGGW6 8GGT98/1)'zGG^N7"% x8GG(o@b% #Q (a"% ~GG/ %g%Ko"8GG) wGG@8$% 3GG76) #Q

t*5<7"% x8(o@b% (#D57= D98To). A5= ZGj@ 35) 05a"% V8jpb% t 88/0GG"% KGG- +NGGS tGGGH8HO oF"Z d0GG(7"% NGG5c #b% 38GGW=U8GGG5<"8) L

4Kcp 0"P)# 35) i/8co"% [22= 0] $%NC8R7"%# :8cg. + " &75,'"% 0u%KZ"% 3/ 4 % %PY ?@O 98oc" &G5F7C U:#1 i)76 lKGH p7F'0 % 3/ 3c7oo" U060C iu8H# G2"UX%N icGR) NG5)c) dNGHO tGg#

[]K"% 2Z@L 27"% :0U "% GFC GoPN^ X8C0oGHb%# O icGR)^ G) N NG5)c)/ 3i(] 'Q .

�8T- U0u8gqNnO &5W5u: 98oc"% %P- 3/ 8Y5FC ij<oH. AG5= 4O L8T7,'/ON2@ 8/0TC L \8G7Fc"8) :ZFoG@# KG- 7GW6 8G/) UX%NG2"%

&GG5Fn%0"% &GG5,ZF"%- subvocalization (/ 10GG<6 8GG7 GG/3 UX%NGG2"% ;&'6NW"% N5(^ icR) . O ~5*oW@ 3<@#%P- 3C }K'@ 4 $% 9KFGH

) 6 4;ec C 4KT08@ 3/ dK@ LtFn%1 98*n ' "%NcZ "%K%tC ' G"%P 'J 6(pNf )48WF"8L #O "%DZ O# o= \{#C"%(<8V "%&5pKj -# L 8/ K

NgK68T" N(^O &]{.# &CNH N5)c) UX%N2"% X8T*O . + 4*;] ~ :GZF"% 35G) &]{'"% # |5Gg$% Gcg8: lKGH 6 <u8Go@ 0G5*'/vM8Z 3Gcp D" & 8GY']Koo" . 8G7)# O 4 G/ 0G60'"%3 38GT"% 6 o' 4eG) 4#0G2

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DYp%KIO Fn%1 tGg 8G/ 3GC NG('p &5GjmS \87GH tG- DGY wGa6 J 8GGYTC X8T(oGGHJ% "3GG/ 3GG<@ 4KGGc@ %Q8GG/# " LGGg44 b% ;eGG) l8GGRo^4

b%48GGGW@GGGc76 4;O 3 NGGGcZ6#GGG6 4#0GGG) �:08<"%GGGM% &GGG" |5GGGg 3GGG/ 05C# "oZ6 L\87Fc"% "+ G/ N59 V8a/ �:0 30G<"% 3G/ tCKG"%#

tGG=#N"% L �0GGTC 4Kc5GGH ;e) iGG#g$% 38GGW=b%GG@ 0 [GG@O8GG2= 8GG/ 06Np L 98oc"% %P- &68Y@ tg ?5"% ijTH 8/ K-#+;% X8S 4.

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)*(#,'( -.7&.&8

• )*(#,'( ^"#!2

lNGG'@ 4O 8GGTT7c6 UX%NGG2"%GGY@e)8 " &GG7MNpGGCK7a7 `KGG/N"% 3GG/ & \%Q&]{'"%&*(pN7"%# 8YT5) 875g ) \JJ0p8/KF'/&T5'/ &5 L tG-#

p V8GGjp+ &GG5F7CwGGF*o&FGGWFH "% 3GG/ \%:8GGY7 L NGG5cZp &GG5F7C tGGYg[W5"# &F/8co/1Na/ 35'"% \8^N= tg 36N7p.

*op &"8'Z"% UX%N2"%F52*T/ &FWFH w/ &3o"% +87@O Z # LNG5c +8G7@O

%"5cZoN "% =8o<p xP- &H:87/ % tGg 8GYo5()o" 36NG7p# iG2'" . xPG-#&FWFW"%) =%N/ UX%NG2"% i( tGg 6mFoGp \8G5F7'"% ~(GW"% &5GH8H$% &5"8o"%:

1 .z557o"% : &gN'/"%s:82 F"&60a)$% > K/N) lN=$%( . 2 .98'5oHb% :&5'5(*"% &5F7'"%DYZ"%# 6<ZF" . 3 .iGG/8co"%tFn%0GG"% : GGYZ"% tGGH8H$% D 6FmoGGW7"%3GG/ "% U18GG7 "%7N2#UXL /07o' icR) ;%i5vh "% FC &2)8W"% \%N(m 25G" tGo"%#

) &]{C 8Y"\%1NZ7"%# 0C%K2"8&6K(F"% . 4 . iGGG/8co"%tM:8GGGm"%) tg8GGGhb%( :# iGGG5F<o"%"%# 0GGG2T"% N60GGG2o#b%# :8GGG5onGGG"%|gN LF^ xPGGG-8GGGY p \8.8GGGR@GGGF*ow 3GGG/s:8GGG2"%

"% "% dKMN"%ao89:\%N(m"%# "% 2)8W& &7Y7"% FC N5*eoF".

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5 .-8Zo=b% :-tU:02"% p FC mz6\8/KF'7"% 3 UN^%P"% tg.

6 .X8C0oGGHb%) N^PGGo"%( : U:0GG2"% GGFC8'oGGH+\8GG/KF'7"% U1 3GG/ UN^%P"%.

7 .V8jpb% : \8/KF'7"% %5(*p i)76 %P- L V8Gjp$% DGW26# G"% ~):Ol8TIO :

*9Koc/ V8jp+. *&K*T/ V8jp+. * V8GGjp+ 3GG/ V{GGn"%DGGHN &GG)8oc"%# #"%wGGC{o $8) V8cGGS#.8WM$%.

*"%N5cZo! (C K-# 3C U:8? N5('pV8jp@" Nn ~/2ZT"%.

+ 4 i^8R7"% 3/ 060'"% tGg "% oG"%# UX%NG2'FD ((GH8Y &G760] \%18GC 8@N(GI tGg 8G-8T7F'p 0G] 8T^ L# DG,'/ 4O 38GT"% G"%` 8G/K% G26 ON4#

% 2ZT)26N*"& 7'Fp to"%%K ON26 4#O%8Y) &5u%0o)b% &H:07"% tg . &F=N7"% 0Fp tg [@8^ &CNHDYpX%N] N2oH% 0] \FC K= %"t

250 &GG25]0"% tGGg &GG7F^L NGG5)c"% 4O D9N"8GG) O 3GGc76 38GGT"% 3GG/4 6 #NGGcZ %&CNGGGW) 500 &GG25]0"% tGGGg &GG7F^ O LNGGG)^O # GGGg t"8GGo"8)#4 4

%NGG2"% GGFC DYp:0GG] k'GG#) N5GGWp DY"KGG2CXU L# GG@O &GGa5oT"%? 3GG/ iYW"% 0"% n "% tg VK7iF #O O {G=. "% #;O &G,25"%oZ NG5c 8G7) 6 4;O 0G6N

6i'Z 8@0=O &F*C tg >dK(Hb% &68Y@ UX%N2"% &5F7C V{n . V{Gn# %P-"%dKT 3/ x8G(o@b% lNGI 0G@4g 0Gap 0GWZ@ G"% &GM8<) U18GC+

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UX%NGGG]iGGG7a"% Z"%# \%NGGG2>UNGGG/ qNGGGnO 8GGGY7YZ" L g$% "(GGGjo :8GGGcg i7a"%#&('I% YZ"# D"%PoN^.

&5GGGH8H$% &FcGGGR7"%- &CNGGGH 35GGG) &GGG*(mF"%"% NGGG5cZo# &CNGGGH

UX%N2"%- ,pNY % 4O 8T" XzGa" 3G/ NG(^$% &NG. "% D5GF'p UX%NG2 tG- &GGGF/8^ NGGG59.# PGGGT/ +X8GGGYo@9NGGG<"% &GGG57"8'"% \NGGGYA N,@ 6 48GGGo48o5W5u:UX%N2F" :

NGG,T"% &GG26N. UX%NGG2"%# ) Look-Say method( &GG26N.#

&vaYo"% &5pKGj"%) Phonic method(. 0G]# 35G(p 8G2=J O 4 8GoF^N*"%62 35o 'g&"8 tuzM icR)f2g.

&GG26N. tGGg &GGvaYo"% &5pKGGj"%GG6 oDF'l#NGG<"% iGGZ*"% &GG60a)$% >J#Oic" &ZFom7"% \%KI$% D* LlN= 3/ xP- $%lN= =z/ D* L

\%KI$%L >%N5nO# ! g4 4 \%KI$% =z/ 6e icS Pn\87F^ .i7'p &G26N*"% xP- icGR) V8GZ.$% ~G/ iG#gO 36PG"% wG@8a"% 4KF7'oGW6

$%N5(^ icR) DYo(/1O 3/ NW6)1(. L0"Q 3/ |52T"% FCp 7'&26N. i UX%N2"%# N,T"% G/ iG#gO ~

V8GGZ.$% 36PGG"% a"% 4KF7'oGGW6 wGG@8$% DYoGG(/1O 3GG/ 3GG76 Lg"8iGGZ* DF'oGG6 %GG2") UX%N &GGT5'/ :KGGI iGG7<p \8GG]8*) }NGG'L AGG5= 4KGGcp

X87GGGGHO :KGGGGj"% #O V8cGGGGS$% o<p "GGGGh%# icGGGGR) &GGGGCK(*/8GGGGYL )&26N*"% xP- V87'oH4 "% 3/ 4#zm/ 4eg \%1NZ7$% &5H8H 4Kco6

iZ*"% q0" L#0TC 4Kcp"% 4#zm7"% "% 3/ tg8c\%1NZ7 $% &5GH8H % q0"iZ*" .02p L ?" &FWFH 3/&M:07"% woc"% &Y)8GR/ 3G/ wGoc"

)1( NW6$% w@8a"% 4Kc6 87T5) d%0)b%# i5mo"% 3C V#BW7"% K- 88/0F" 376$% w@8a"% N(o'6 K-

# `K/N"% 0g 3C V#BW7"%8YF5F<p.

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4KGG7F'o6 UX%NGG2"%8)&5pKGGj"% &GG26N*" &GG68YT"% tGGg# LiGGZ*"% "(GGj6 :8]>8u o/8I >8. ) tGg .0moGWp &G26N*"% xPG- 4O N^P"8) N60a"%# DGF'p %UX%N2" 0TC 355T5j"%.(

+ ?GG@O J# tGGg8GGoF^o"8GG<"% 35+"% "(GGIO %Q iGGZ*DGGF'6kGG5^ 6 ONGG2 0<"8)# &CNW) $% j] 3/ %# DYZ"%N^Po"! g 4 0G] 4KGc6 ?@ kGRo^+

"% xP-5T2o&" x0=KUX%N2F" ?7F'p 9KFH;O w(W) 25"# .

35o26N*"% 8oF^ LKH%X>%8o@8^ >{G^ 0G= GFC q O 35Go'7oa/ # L 8G7- NGG595g8GG^35o D5GGF'o" "%1NGGZ 6 kGG5^ONGG2 # kGG5^iGGj6 &GGF=N/ GG"% b% 38GGGW="8) iGGG/8c"%&GGG7FcL-8oF^ 8GGG777GGGI[ &GGGF=N7"% &GGG5*(o"

GG"#$% 3GG/ &GGF=N/ LUX%NGG2"%zGG557o"%)1(L ~GG/ &GG"#8<7"% |GG')tGGg toF=N/ 8'5oGHb%9 # iG/8co"% tFn%0G"% L 6 V8GZ.$% 3Gc" 4KFGj<

FC "% |')U0C8W7 tg Z5&5 98'5oH+#p DYgi/8c 18G7"% icGR) U L"5<I# >8#6O tg3/ 0^eo"%U187"% N^Pp &5Z5^ UX%N2"% DF'p 0') .

GGg t"8GGo"8)# 4"% &NGG*"% 4F7'oGGW7& :%0GG7"% tGGg >8GG5"8= 2GG7p J 3

i^8GGGGGGR/) &CNGGGGGGW"% L#b%8GGGGGGZo=- L#b%LX8C0oGGGGGGH # :8GGGGGG5onb%#"% |gN L#"%z5^No L# "% PnO7 G,={\8(L 0GFp iG^ &G252<"% tGg#

\%:8Y7"% 4O 3c76 pkIK f2g ^ &/02o/ UX%N] \85T2o. )4L:8jon 4+ i^8GR/ wGF9O "% %NG2 DG" UX "% DoG6 iG/8'o X8GT*O 8GY'/

b% D5GGF'o"%tu%0GGo). 3GGc"# &GG7u{7"% \8GG5T2o"% V87'oGGH4) L4GGg ~GG57M 4 D5GGF'o"% \%0GG552p NGGc(7"%GGF(o"% 3GGc76FC w U:0GG] 3GGW<op AGG5<) 8GGY5

GG"% UX%NGG2"%500 % NGG)^O #;O . i5(GGH GGFC# LV8GG)7"%4GGg &FcGGR/ 4

)1( UX%N2"% i=%N/ ~M%:.

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U1K'"% kFm"% "% UNG/ \87Fc"% UX%N2" qNGnO p 4O 3Gc76 i<7G# )&(GGWT 90% ` +# 4&(GGW@,GG"% 10 % lNGGjp &GG52(o7"% fGG2g tGGg

% "% N,T"%\87Fc" &(6N("%# U060a"% #O to"% 0G)J 3G/"% 3GC AG<("% tg 8-8T'/3K/82.

&5(-Q U0C8]:

{G'g 0G6Np :8GcgO GFC �:#NG/ 0GTC# 98Goc"% %PGY" 0oGH%:1 0TC # 8Y7Yg+8Y"{(oH >%05M ep 3/ 0^O 0@ / GFCN7p 3" &G7F^ #O "F*Gj

8GGG-8T'/ lNGGG'p J L$ 5GGGH 0GGG"Q 4B 6TGGG"% tGGGg }KGGG79 GGG"% '1 [oR/ 0@e)# iF7"8) 8-0') N'RoH# :8cg$% .05FC 8/ i^ ?F'gC 0T

"% 0GG] [GGT^ &GG7F^ NGGn? GG"% 1KGG'p 4O }KGG7("% #O [oGGRo"8) :K'GGR &G*2T"% 0Fp 3/ X%N2"% U18C%# 8Yo7Yg ("% DG* 3G/# G<A D5-8GZ7"% 3GC

&#/8("%#o"% twF9$% FC>82(W/ 8Yo=NS 0] 4K^O )1(. + 1KGG2p lKGGH 98GGoc"% %PGG- tGGg &GG'(o7"% \8GG5T2o"% 4� iGG5F2p GG"%

[GG]K"% &GG5@8* ~GG): 3GG/ iGG]O GG"% tGGg )&GG5F7C b% &GGCK7a7" 98'5oGGH 0GG=%# [GG]# tGGg \8GG7F^ ( "F*GGj/ 8GGY5FC %F*TGGH tGGo"%# U0GG=#

GG5^No"%z)2( .+ #O &GG7F^ 3GG/ 1%1zGG6 4% 3GGc76 zGG5^No"% U0GG=# DGGa= 4%"% 35oT* N*H kj@ o= #O \87F^ 27n .+ 48/K2oH 05T5C 4

iGG]O 0GGYa) 3GG/ NGG)^O ONGG2p 4O 3GG/ J0GG)# 500 zGG5^Np U0GG=# tGGg %K"% &<Zj"% 4g U0= "% i25H 10'"% 4100U0=# L>{F2/ G) 0"P 3G/

)1( wp8c"% 3/ 8YTC :8WZoHb% 0') DMNo7"% i(] 3/ DW2"% %P- tg 8Y=NS Do6 &7Y(7"% +82T"% D,'/

UNS8(/. )2( z5^No"% U0=# : ! "$&()(*,- ./*023 4/ ,-0567! #8 9;= 2 "$&( 4623 >,&7$23 .?@&B' ,&-<DE

FGI3@23 .J&723 A8K E ,-=7? L70(A)23 .I,N' P70Q' "=Q6S&23 U A W- FGIA . O >H3Y ,&7Z[, =6O\3A F]3*523 46?*O >H3Y ,&7Z ^=Z*623.

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b% # &8-: >8TGW</ GH GpX%N] &CN0 G"% 3G/ NG)^O 1000 tGg &G7F^&25]0"%.

• .?1S#4 7@7S 0 :7!'( tGc"@ Z kGG5^ DGY @ kG5^# ONG276 GGc" 3%N2 4O 8GTou 8GGT5FC 3GW<opO 4DGGYZ@;J#O 35GG'"% iGG7C &GG5Z5^ . GGcF" ?)8GGR/ icGGR) 35GG'"% iGG7'p8 %N5/

in0GG6 AGG5= &GG5g%N9KpKZ"%% XKGG#" GG"%35GG'"% BGG)B("% %GG6N. 3GGC &H0'"% "% ij5" L 8-0') GFC XKG#"% &'SO z5^No) &H0'"% .K2p

&5c(GGS35GG'"% .5c(GGS 35GG'"% & GGFC 'KGGo<pGGv/35GG6{/ \8 8GG6{m"% >%0GGM UN5(GGj"% w5aoGGWp tGGo"%GGh@"8UX . GG"% DGGW2Tp 8GG6{m"% xPGG-

35CK@ :

V#$% dKGGGGGT"% GGGGG-K - f6:8GGGGGm7"%Cones)(- tGGGGG-# 8GGGGG6{m"% 4%KG"$% zG557p 3C &"#BW7"% &GT5'7"% G6CN"% tGg i7'oGWp# V{Gn &b% NgKp V8= tg #O :8YT"%UX8h&5g8c"% .

# t@8)"% dKT"%-K -"% tj' )Rods(- tG-# 8G6{m"% &"#BGW7"%

0S z557p 3C b% UUX8h L 6CN"% tg .0moWp# 0GTC #O iG5F"% V{n &b% NgKp .0CUX8h&5g8c"% .

GGCKT"% 4%PGG- f(pNGG6#88GG6{m"% 3GG/ 4 3GG/ &c(GGS ~GG/ 98GGjC$% p NGGGRoT &5c(GGGS GGGFCL35GGG'"% '"% tGGGg 8-0GGG') ~GGG7aop AGGG5= wGGGj

'Nj("%# G"%'P 6 iG2T 'NGj("% X8G<F"% G"+ \8G/KF'7"% V#BGW7"% &6CN"% 3C88/0"% tg .

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7GGW6 zGG^N/5c(GGS&35GG'"% ,GG"8) )U:BGG("% &GG6z^N7"% - Fovea Centralize( tGG-# UN5(GGI &GG2*T/ zGG^Nop 8GG6{m"% 8GGY5g )icGGR

NGG5(^f6:8GGm7"% 8GG6{n >&GGI8n# L# 4GGg t"8GGo"8):KGGj"% 4U &*]8GGW"% CF xP-U:B("% O 4Kcp 3/ >{5jZp N)^ GFC f2GWp to"% U:Kj"%

48c/ 'O &5c(S FC Nn?35'"% . 3<@#z^N@ 8/0TC-8(o@+ 8GT GFC XtS 5'/ 3 L4g 4 XK#"% "Q 3/ :18j"% 0z^No6 DR"% tg U:BG("%

&GG6z^N7"% L 8GGY']%K/# 35GG'"% X%zGGMO iZGGH$% tGGg icGGR"% "GGhK6# L z^Np 48c/#OXK#"% &'S .

+ J s:82"% 35C 4 98WTp &"KYW) \87Fc"% &Kg# %PG- ij= %Q+4g GGS qNGGp 3GG" 8GGY@8v5. O 3GGc76 35GG'"% 4$ X85GGS$% qNGGp 4 icGGGR)

"GGGh%# fGGG2g 8/0GGGTC ~5*oGGGWpOkGGG]Kop 48GGGY5FC p# e U:KGGGI PGGGn 8GGY" &<GGh%## 4KGGcp tGG- UX%NGG2"% tGGg U:KGGj"% xPGG- 3GGC U:8GG(C

)z5^No"% U0=#(.

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18

%P" L %Q+ "% t2)DWa 4Gg ;8o)8* 4 4O wGa6 35G'"% 3c7oGo" &Go)8* G2(p/ 3GG/0-8GGRp %Q+# L?"% �NGG<pDGGWa LGGg4 4 35GG'"% �NGG<op 4;O wGG>a6

O >8#6 ~/DWa"% o"x0-8R.

8/0TCON26 >%N*H 6mR"% g 45C 4 p ?G5TN<o G^48 &FGWFH tGg 3G/ &'6NGGW"% \%zGGZ2"% \8GGZ]# 8GGYFFmo6 U10GG</ \%NGGog GGFC# .4+ xPGG-

\%zZ2"% NH 6&' ) ;%0M < 8GYo,={/ 3c76 J A5 Gc" L &CNGH :0G2p 3 ~GG): 3GG/ zG5^No"% \%0GG=# 35GG) \%zGZ2"% &GG5@8* GG"% &G5@8* #GGj@k .

#tg UX%N] &CNH e*)O ij6 UX%NG] V0'/ 6mGR"% G"% 3G/ iG]O 100&25]0"% tg &7F^ .

g %Pc-#4 CNM Pnep 35'"% 4\8\8/KF'7"% 3/ UN5j] . +82@ tg k]Ko"%g8v5S qNp J tY !&252<"% tg i)f2g &*2@ 3/ i2oTp "+ qNGGnO .@# &GGF/8co7"% \8GG/KF'7"% 4$ \%zGGZ2"% xPGG- :GG={@ J 3GG< 8oo7"%# &GG') &GGG"K7<7"% 88/0GGG"% GGG"+ U82oGGGW/3GGG/ 0GGG=# zGGG5^No"% \%

"% U0GG=%KqNGGn$% KGGFp !g %PGG"#4GG@?J 6 Tc78GGT@ 4;O <GGW/ %GG2<>8>8GGWFH \87FcF" 4#1 "%k]KoT5) 8Y FC &,g8<7"% ~/ &75FH UX%N].

35'"% 4+ >%:18@ 8/ NG)^$ kG]Kop 3G/@ Gj &G5@8* k! 8/0GTC Go=

N'Rp 35'"% 4O i/8c"8) &o)8* ! ;{)7g N,Tp 8/0TC) &G*2@ GFC \8()&5"8o"% &FI8Z"% i)/ &o)8* ) L( g 4 3/ 10') .K2p &252<"% tg 35'"% 4

UN5(GGj"% \8G^N<"%&GG*2T"% VKGG= L 35G'"% 4$+ xPGGY) �NGG<op DGG" %Q &'@8I L&26N*"% L8GY" 060M z5^Np \%0=# 0G"Q 44Gg GH G"% q1B5

O4[Y(p "% U:KjtZomp# &CNW).

N59 35'"% PnEep"%F&):07 LzG5^Np &G*2@ iG^ tg &5@8* ~): t"%K= 10</ tYg %P" U z5^Np +82@ &'):O t"%K<) tg&5@8)"% . 4O tT'6 87/

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19

PGGne6 'PGG"% fGGHKo7"% s:8GG2"% 35GGo7F^ GG"% &GG7F^ 3GG/ U0GG=# tGGgLU0=%K"% z5^No"%# N26 tc">%N*H O &<Zj"% xP- FC 4gY@8 PneoH

oH "% &*{* 35) ?T/=# &0z5^Np \%.

0SJ 87/# ;8G#6O ?G5gO 4 0G/U \8G7Fc"% 10GC# \8GZ]K"% tGo"% DoG6 N5(^ 0G= G"+ \#8Zop z5^Np U0=# i^ tg 8-PnO 8GYT5) 8G75g ;%NG,@ L

b{on187"% l"% U:8Y/# UX#N27"% U6mRUX%N2"% tg ?WZ@ . # 4O 3G/ D9N"8) NG)^Ob% G^%:1\8 "% 6NGj( >U0G= & Gp tGg Do U:BG("%

L35'F" &6z^N7"%+ JO :Kj"% 4U�:0p to"% 05') >% zG^N7"% 3GC 8G/ L&6CN"% &Tc7/ V%zp i]O 5KhK) 3c" . &6CN"% xP- &G6CN"% 7GWp

"%&5*5<7 )Peripheral Vision( t-#1Bp &GZ5A# ' 0G'p 8G7): 3GG7*$% X8GGGT*O"%UX%NGGG2. AGG5=4O U0GGG=# 0GGG') tpeGGp tGGGo"% \8GGG7Fc"%

&GGG5"8<"%z5^No"%) 8GGGYpX%N2) 35GGG'"% .KGGG2p tGGGo"%( >UNGGGS8(/ 4KGGGcp 0GGG] O icGGR) [7FoGGH GGH:O# 35GG'"% V{GGn 3GG/ tGGuzM F [" 88/0GGF.# + 4

4$ UNGG5(^ NGG/$% %PGG- B#0GG= &GG5"87o=%\8GG7Fc"%6 4;O 3GGc7 �:0GGp V8a/ tg t-# &6CN"% &5*5<7"% ?G5g 4KGcp 'PG"% [G]K"% 2GZ@ tg

"% lN=$%KR/ &61NZ8Y5FC lN'o"% 3c76 J# >%0M &S.

GGFC# %PGG- $% 38GGHGGg4 NGG59 #O &GGSKR7"% &GG6CN"% 4"% &<GGh%K% |GG')GGR" 88/0GG"% NGG(mp \? KGG- 8GG7" Xt tGGpG% 48GGc7"% KGG- 3GG6O

35GGG'"% +K2GGGW""% tGGGg &GGG^N<&GGG/182"% wGGGH8T7"% 48GGGc7"% KGGG- 3GGG6O# kGG]KoF"L GGg %PGGc-# 4 3GG/ &GG7,oT/ &FGGWFH tGGg �NGG<op J 35GG'"% 4 \%zZ2"% H#8Wo/ icR) zG^Np# &G"K*7"% \8G7Fc"% 3GC zGZ2p 8GYTc" L

6T"% tg D-$% \87Fc"% FC)\87Fc"%"%# U05Z7"% 577Uz.(

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20

10GGGC GGGFC ':KGGGZ"% UN^%PGGG"% q0GGG/ 0GGG7o'6 Na"%\8GGGC 3GGG/ >J0GGG)\8GG/KF'7"% qKGGo</ NgKGGo7"% LO AGG5= 4;O ~5*oGGW@ LONGG2@ 8/0GGTC 8GGT@

Pne@0=%# []# tg \8CNM 27n t"%K= Lx0=%K"% &CNa"%# ! 0;] cp lN= 4KL #O ~*2/ L #O UN5(GI U:8(C o= #;O L&7F^- 8G7F^#

% &5F7C [@8^ N(^O &CNa"% [@8^iYHO DYZ".

0TC 7o7"% s:82"% g L3N4 z5^No"% \%0=# 4p kGjoT/ tg ~7ao &C8(*"% N*HL 8/0T'g w-Pp L060M N*H "+ 35'"% 8Y@4g >U18C J

w-Pp "% / >J0) i) LN*W"% &6%0)3 35Go7F^ #;O &G7F^ 0') O0(p 0"Q &g8<"% 3/. &(WT"8) 8/O " 88/0F ?@4g 4KG^ 0G] 4Kc6 Gcg 3GC U0G5M UN \8GG7Fc"% 3GG/ tpeoGGH tGGo"% tGGo"% UNGG(m"% + 8Y(GGWo^V{GGn N*GGH$% &2)8GGGGGW"% &GGGGGM8<) KGGGGG-# fGGGGG2g &GGGGG6CN"% U:8GGGGGRoHb m"% 8 &GGGGGG5M:

)Peripheral Vision ( 0^eoF"\87Fc"% 4e)t- "#$% >{'g^ 78 p8GGY']KO .J . 35GG'"% iGG7'p L&GG26N*"% 2ZTGG)# 88/0GG"%# >8GG'/ %PGGY)

D98To"%N*W"% &68Y@ tg .

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21

# d8GG26b%b% 985GGW@ 2FGGW"%" ) ONGG26 3GG7CNGGWNGG(^O &GGH 5 ?@{7<)4 4Kcp 87T5) L T'7"% V{n 585p:+:K'S &5"87o=Xt*("% s:82"%

87" T'7"% ?@%02g t"8o"8)# N5)c) N)^O iF7"8)26ON.

kG]Ko6 'P"% D*("% s:82"% 0GTC iG^ &G7FcF" zGZ26 DG* 3G/# &G7F^ 2Z@ UX%N2) .K25H &5"8o"% &7Fc"% 35pN/ "% L\%N/ B{*g KGY 3G"

DGG,'/ DGGYg GGFC >%:18GG] 4KGGc68GG/ ONGG26 . GGg UNGG2Z"% &GG68Y@ 0GGTC#4 4.KYZ7"% [G]K"% VKG. w(GW) d8Gh 0G] 4Kc6 iG77"% :%NGco"%# PGT/

UN2Z"% UX%N] &6%0). GGT*O&GG5F7C X8LUX%NGG2"% U18GGC+ 44GGg GGo"% GGFC ?GGp:0]^P N 0GG] 4KGGcp

p:0] tg 0R"8) O0) 0] 4Kc6# L[oY) FC ? Po"%^>82F*/ N. #GGG-?(GGGSO %P4KGGGc6 8GGG/ )wGGG"KFtGGG@#zF= U:0GGG2"% 3GGG/ iu8GGG#o/ .

6mGGGR"%'PGGG"% %P) ?GGGYo2* 0GGG2Z6 LNGGG)^O UX%NGGG2"% 0GGG5'6 NGGGp NGGG)^O ?DYZ6 J ?@e) >%N5nO <oToW6#N26 8/ O.

q0/ F'g / 3/ N)^OL&TH &v <oToH+ iG2<"% tGg X%N(m"% tG(*"%

tWZT"% A<("%# NR("% N)^O 4e) 3/ f2g 4KF7'oW6 4 % G"+10 % DYp%:0G] 3G/ tGg &G5F2'"% U8G5<"% t=8GT/ ~GG57M) o5@8Gc/+DY GGFC % LDF'o"N5cZo"%## %Njo"l(.

Wp ~6N 7o" >%0M &"8'g &26N. t- UX%N2"% i)/ &5F7C 38GT"% 35Gc 3GG/ NGG(^$% &(GGWT"% VKGGn190-95 % &GG5F2'"% U:0GG2"% 3GG/"% NGG5(

&/0moGGGW7"% . 8/0GGGTC6g L&CNGGGW) 6mGGGR"% ONGGG24zGGG^N6 ?GGG@ LNGGG)^O 3c7oG6 8/0GTC# G/ 8G6` 3 ,G"% &KGg ?GpX%N] &CNGGH U1500 tGGg &G7F^

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22

&GG25]0"% ! GGj]e)#0GG=DGGYZ"% 3GG/ 98'5oGGHb%# Lg KGGY >8GG#6O dNGGW6 fGGGRT6#Zp xNGGG5c "(GGGjp AGGG5= 88/0GGGF" U0GGG60a"% &8GGG7C$% &FYGGGHIK"%VK&CNW)# .

L0GG"Q GG"% &g8GGhb8) 44GGg b% 3GG/ iGGF2p &'6NGGW"% UX%NGG2"%X8GG5C .

GGGg UX%N2"8)CNGGGWNGGG(^O &3GGGW<p GGG2"% qKoGGGW/ 4$ LDGGGYZ"%s:8 tGGGg zGG5^No"% L GGFCO "(GGj6 \%NpKGGo"% 3GG/ iGGF26 8GG7/ [GG]K"% iGG5F2p ~GG/ .JG%#&5'5(*"%i)/ # d%0j"% ?.J "%&(]N.

GW<p tG-# &'6NW"% UX%N2F" qNnO U0u8g �8T-# NGcZ"% V8G7^ 35.

0"Q FC V8)/ :-DFg 0-8Rp 4O V#8= ?p0/ K605g 90 tGg &G25]1 9 .8W]OL RC !DW] ic" %u8]1 N0aoH + G7Yg 4 &Gj2F" 0 4Kc5GH iG]O

3/ N5)c)/ p0-8R?" 0iI%Ko/ icR) )1(.

qKGj] UX%NG] &CNH �8T- 98'5oGH@" Gg%Kop tG-# L Gj]$% % �0TC &CNH FCO ~/ . oH &(WT"% xP-#8Zo "+ U18/ 3/ \O LqNn

#+ U18G7F" &CNGH &(GW@ iG#gO 18a6 tG- 0G5a"% DGYZ"% ~G/ UX#NG27"% >%0GGGM &GGGMN= &GGG*2@ L qKoGGGW/ GGGFC &GGG,g8<7"% AGGG5= 98'5oGGGH$%) UX%N2"%# 9KF*7"%e3c76 8/ dNH[]K"% 2Z@ tg .

iG(] ?GpX%N] &CNH lN'6 4O 6mR"% FC wa6 ?@4g 8T- 3/#

98GGGoc"% %PGG- tGGGg &GGM:07"% &'6NGGW"% UX%NGGG2"% \8GG5T2o" ?oGGH:87/ L

)1( ![G]# iG]e) # U18G7"% 3/ 3c7/ :0] N(^O &5*(p FC i7'p &'6NW"% UX%N2"% >{)G7g [Gjjn %Q+

3G/ 4KGc/ 98Go^ UX%N2" .K5"% tg 0o]# 3/ &C8H kj@500 8GC icGR) ?GpX%N] 0GTC# &<ZGI '1 L ?pX%N] X8Y@J 35CK(HO 3/ N)^O "% =8o<p 0@O 0aoH L &5YTp 4O 8/# o= 0ap) GFC :18] N59 0@e

?o6%0) tg U1:%K"% :8cg$% D,'/ N^Pp . .8G6O &G'):O 8G7): G"% U0G7"% iG5F2p ~/# &'6NW"% UX%N2"8) 3c"i/8co/ icR)# :8cg$% 3/ N(^O :0] N^PooH 0@O 0^B7"% 37g.

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23

GG*o"% q0GG/ D5GG52p# 0GG60<p 3GG/ 3c7oGG5" ?GG/85] 0GG') ?GG60" iGGI8<"% :K36:87o"% xPY) .

• )*(#,'( a#& b3d n+No &6%#:O 98o^ #p 6 #O ?G) DoGY Gc73 &"KYGW) ?GpX%N] .O wGW=

[]K"% tg &N(oW7"% \8<ZI 27n UX%N] . 44Gg D* 3/# &CNGH4O 3c76 0pX%N] &5"8o"% &"18'7"% wW= wW<p :

UX%NGG2"% &CNGGH) &GG7F^ /&GG25]1) = (\8<ZGGj"% 10GGCUX#NGG27"% (

9NGGh) \8GG7Fc"% 10GGC V0GG'/&<ZGGI iGGc" (L GGFC .KGGW2/) 10GGC"%u8]0%&5Fc"% UX%N2"% tg &g#Nj7"% .(

• e'.Q 8#,2 JZ ]V.e'.Q >8 :5"9(9( ]V. #%"G' g.6[.

NGGG5n$% &GGG@#G% tGGGg BKGGG<) [GGG6NMOU U0GGG<o7"% \8GGG6JK"% tGGGg /$%N o" &GG5c6 s:8GG2"% 35GG) l{oGGnb% 0GG60< a"8) wGG@8 3GGG/ NGGW6$%88/0"% ) s:82"%# "8a w@8$% 88/0G"% 3/ 376 8G7YT5) &NGZ"% 0G60<o" .

GGGHO 0GGG]# }NGGGC &GGGS8S GGGFC i7oGGGRp L&GGGI8n xzGGGYMO [/0mo" &GG5@K6zZFp GGSB/ 0GGM%Kp ~GG/ L8GGYpX%N] 1%NGG6 tGGo"% U18GG7"% }NGG' N

NY,6[<p 8-ON26 4O wa6 to"% \87Fc"% 6mR"%6=8Z"% . 8G7^ &GG(]%N7" tGG@#Noc"% `8GGYM ~GGh# 0GG6N<o) .KGG25" L35GG'"% \8GG^N=

SB7"% 1%:O o/ 35'"% &^N= ~/ N U0G=# G"% ?G5T5C i2@ 6mR"%o"%&5"8o"% z5^N.

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24

f(h 3c76# P- 6<Z"% UzYMOxi7C t*7@ FC : - tg f7T"% !V#$% lKGH NGSB7"% :8GW6 G"+ ~G2p tGo"% \87Fc"%

&S8R"% FC 3/ tZomp No"% U0G=# 0G6N<o) 6mGR"% .8] %Q+ L zG5SB7"% 3576 "% ?60"N)1(.

)1( :GG=J &GG6z5Fa@b% &GG(F"% 4#ONGG26 78mGGSO GGFC DGGp 6GG<Z"% 4O s:8GG2"% tGGn% ) GG"% :8GGW5"% 3GG/

3575"% .( &G(F"8) ONG26 3G/ 35G)# &G5)N'"% &G(F"% wGoc6# ONG26 3G/ 35G) &NGZ"% 3GC wGp8c"% V%BGH 0')#98MO &6z5Fa@b%:

23A K_,&6O\3 "' `Z6 F]3*523A KW7$!b`d e*gTh3 ]3^Ch3 "' *iZ8 k,'G23 ]3^C8 U E . lg7m8A n,gB!p q8 "g'A 8*g5! 4g623 .gd723 "g? *gr;23 UdE Kk,'G23 "' *N(h3 l<,B23 4/ t5! ]3^Ch3 nuw

l6$! . 4m,g'H x+*gy lzgNE .gd723 #3Gg5)E "=E,gQ&23 {,Sgch3 tg' F*gzS23 "g' 3uw |* < "J<A Rp W-(G2 "(u23 {,Sc}3 t' ~,&�3H `QJ( #3G5)23 3uwA, ~]3@gO k,'G72 *N(h3 l<,B23 4/ .E 3@<,gZ

K.(*z 23 A8 .(^=7B<\3 #A8*5(A #@&7$6( .=;=Q23 A8 K "=g='h3 {,Sch3 6I A8 K.=<,E,=23 A"8 . ,g'8 ~,g#(8 @gwA K%,g;23 &2@5( ,&2 [, =6O\3A a, )23 a,Q!'2 q+A*y @-/ k,'G23 "' "&(}3 l<,B23

.=E* 23 1@0S23 ],;E . =z( W-)2 q+A*y /.(*z 23 A8.,6Z X,r< q8 F]3*52A g23 .gC,JE *g<8 K.gE"=605<:

• |*Ih3 `$c 23 |* 623. • |*Ih3 l=!*!A `N7N! :3+Hp .

A *iZ8 @w ,' 7? ~3H,&6?p8 "=g&=23 X8 +,gN=23 "g' .gE,6$23 X,gr< 8Ggz( K`gN7N623 X8 `$gb23 K.g=&w . 3vp ~}A8 `$b23 .(,+ W-&23 "' &<D/ K.E,6$23 W==5! G= !A "&S! #8 9=7? lB( #,Z .3*523 #hA [*g 23 ]

*g=m W-6g7? |*I8 3A+G5( #8 W-=7? lB( "==<3*z 23A23 .gE@6$&A >,gZ*J23 |*gIh3 M@g/ lgB( K W-R@Q< W==5! AG= ( #8 W-=7? . a,$gch3 :3+HpA `g',$23 PN&23 L=5J62 92u2 K4gE* 23 -;g23 4g/

g<,B2,E /z!*g' &g<8 vp Kx*gN(h3 ,g(,*23 a,gB' 4g/ `#/8 `$bEA _*O8 `& ( q*Qz23 ,;',r< #D/ l_3GE\3A `=S623 7? +H,523 k,'G72 "&(h3 l<,B23 42,62,EA "= 23 .=$zc "' "&(h3.

L0"Q 3/ 2c'"% FC# XtGS iG^ iG(]# >J#O 4KM8Go<6 48G7"$% #O Lz5Fa@b% X%N2"% 4eg$% wGG5pNp &GG6CN" NGGnG% KGGFp 0GG=%K"% lNGG= . V8GGa/ tGGg iGG#gO icGGR)# dNGGHO DoGG6 %PGG-#

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35G75"% "% :8W5"% 3/. * U:BG("% 3G/ .8G/$% G"% UX%NG2"% 6Gmp tGo"% \8G75F'o"% 44Gg %PG"&6z^N7"%98oc"% tg U1:%K"% N26 37" 2c'p 4O wa6 :8W5"% "% 3575"% 3/ O.

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SB7"% :8W6 "% ?60"N.

V#$% f7TG"% tg) NGW6$% 88/0G"%(! 3G/ \8G7Fc"% [<GW/ 8/0GTC N"% 3GG/ 6mGGR"% ~GGT/ LNGGESB7"% :8GGW6 GGFCGGM \8GG7Fc"% GG"% dK

# &2)8W"%+ &ZC8G#/ G"% q1O 8G7/ LqNnO UN/ ?5T5') 8Y<W/ U18C " UX%N2"% tg lK"e7"% f7T"% L6mRFA5= #O &7F^ ON26 >87u%1 48^

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G"% ;8G#6O &G5F7'"% xPG- \1O LzG5^No"% U0G=# 0') 35o5pG% 35o7Fc"%% &ZC8GG#/Ls:8GG2F" lK"eGG7"% f7TGG" 3GGc"# U18GGCb iGG57"% ?GG60" 48GG^

ON;]X\87Fc"% U&T5'7"% z5^No"% U0=K" UN/ 3/ N)^O .

\%:8(onb% xP- [6NMO &CK7a/ FC op 3G/ 4Kc 30 6mGS .# 88/0GGG"% fGGG7@ GGGFC UzGGGYM$% [*(GGGh 8/0GGGTC$% GGGW6N [GGG@8^ L

&CK7a7F" UX%N2"% &CNW" t)8W<"% fHKo7"% t"%K= 1600 &7F^ % tg&25]0".

UzGGYM$% [*(GGh 8/0GGTC 3GGc"# GGFCL3GG76$% 88/0GG"% fGG7@ 48GG^ K- &CK7a7F" t)8W<"% fHKo7"%95 &G25]0"% tGg &7F^ L tGT'6 8G7/

&(WT) 48^ l{onJ% 4O17 : 1 .

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7"% &G7Y7"% &G,={ 8GT- : 18G7"8) ?G@OU 88/0GG"% fG7@ tGg [/0G] tGo"% %$ NGW6 ~GGg: 0GG] 48GG^ &GCK7a7F" UX%NGG2"% &CNGGH fGGHKo/ 4eGGg3GG/

500 GG"+ &GG7F^ 1600 &GG25]0"% tGGg &GG7F^ ! # &FGGj</ tGG- [GG]8g"%l8'hO B{).

# 3/ D9N"8)O4:8(onb% %P- 6 eR"% |') >85jmS >8')8. PnXtL

3c76 J Q%+ xC%NMJ+ [ZGI# tGo"% &Gjjmo7"% UzGYM$% NgKGo) &2)8GGW"% \%NGG2Z"% tGgL?GGTc" 65*' 8GGT U0GG5M U:8GS+ X8GGT*O iGGj<6 8GG7"

UX%NGG2"% ."#GGoGG/ 3c7o 3+ ?)8GGR/ 6GG<g X%NGGM?GG" ~GG(op 4O 0GGTc76 \%K*m"%&5"8o"% :

1. %# &6%#: Pn '(GI+ �NG<p 8G7T5) [/8I icR) 8-ON] GFC 0

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6T"% 3/ [F/KF'7"% X82oH+# DYg &CNH 3/ 06z6 .

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tGGC%Np AGG5<) )DGGYZ"% L&ZC8GG#7"%98'5oGGHb%# UN^%PGG"% L( L xPGG-#t- 36:87o"% :

% . &GGG605Y7o"% 36:8GGG7o"% 98GGG*m"% 3GGG/ iGGG#gO &GGG26N. DF'oGGG" !

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7&.&9( :"$.51'(

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8cg$% |5g 8/O O 4#0G) L3ON"% FCO 3/ 3:876 ?@8g :' &FGI Ce)# "% X8F "% #;O :Zo ToGW/ LNGcZ"% tGC# 3G/ dK@ K- !2ZT>%0 C GF

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GG2g z5^No"8GG)f mo"% &GG2*T/ tGGg tGGo"% \8GG7Fc"% GGFC tGG*) iGGn%1i5*oGGW7"%(GG6 LTZm t"%KGG= GG"% UX%NGG2"% [GG]# |@GGj k [GG]K"% &N(oW7"% i(] 3/ ."#c 3 G"% :ZmTG6 J DGYZ"% qKoGW/ GjT"% k!!

p 0GG@$ 8GG-%Np tGGo"% \8GG7Fc"% `#8GGao6 qKoGGW7) NGG5cZo"% GGFC NGG(a05T5C . LUX#NG27"% U18G7"% FC �:8cgO z^Np 8/0TC G@eg[ k5G#p

GG"+ &5GGjmR"% 0GGp%N(n UX%NGG2"%6 8GG7/ Y;g qKoGGW/ 3GG/ 0GG6>z 0GG70pN^%Q#.

0@e) :=J# mo"% &2*T/ 37h \ON;] %Q+ icGS GFC >8G2"zT/ tG*

Z #;O S L ) 0aoH L&<Zj"% iZHO "%@e ,"% "%K= \ON;] 0200 &7F^L 3/ N)^O 25"# 50 - 60 zG5^Np U0=# . GFC >8G'(.# VKG.

8Y) FON2p to"% U07"%)Y cR"% %Pi g L4T5C 45 f2oGFp# qNp 0 \8G7Fc"% Q8GGR"% U 0GG5"% &(GGWT"8) &GGgK"e7"% NGG59N. 3GGCGG6 &GG6CN"% %&GG5*5<7"%

# &GGG"8= tGGGg 4KcoGGGH t"8GGGo"8)pZ57ap# NGGGcGGG5>8GGG'/ :8GGGcg$% ~ V%KGGG. ![]K"%i2'"% 4$ [2768%NZ"% .

+8GGG(=$8) 98GGGjp 4eGGG) ~GGGE]Kp V#O tGGGg10- 15 tGGGg &GGG"#8</

+ &5T2o"% xP- V87'oH . ) tg18s 3G/ N^PooH N/$% ~G):O G"% B{G* i^ 3/ f2g \87F^ %N] X0p 3c" L 4O N^Pp0g0-K- &5F7C `#8ap

LU1NZ7"% \87FcF" &5gN<"% N^Po"% "% :8cg$% f):# ~7M >8'/ .

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3/ N5)c"% wF*o6 %P- # 0GYa"% DFGWoWp J %PG" L&GH:877"% ! 0G@$ % %PGGG- GGGFC 1KGGG'op 8/0GGGTC$ *oGGGH 0GGG@eg LUX%NGGG2"% 3GGG/ 9KFGGGHK :

0')O "% &5T2o"% xP- V87'oH+3/ T5C �No) 0"Q G5 GY5op 048 8G/ G"% # LUN*W7"% 1#0= 0')n+5o5T("% \87Fc"% :8 \8/KF'7"8) &# U0G5Z7"%

&<ZGGj"% 3GG/ >%0GGM . GGFC 9:0GGop 8/0GGTC# xPGG- V#8GG= L&GG26N*"% FC z5^No"% 3/ &T5'/ X%zMO6T"% NGn? GT'7)# L :- LX87GH$%

L\8Zj"% LV8'g$% ....%L" . V{n 3/ N)^O# N)^O qNp 0E@e) 0aoH &GG6CN"%&GG5*5<7"% 0GG@O 0aoGGH 0"PGG" &GGa5oT^# LpGG^N GGFC NGG)^O z

�N5cZp ~6NWp.

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46

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47

• BCE1'( :"$.52

1. p 'PGG"% 98GGoc"% ~GGh] qKGGT ?GGpX%N UN*GGW7"% ~GGh# 0GG/8/O &55c5oGGGH{("%O tc5oGGGH{("% f6NGGGR"% # ?GGG5FC 35GGG(/ KGGG- 8GGG7^

x{CO.

2. O GGT75"% 0o)8(GGH i7'oGGH+# N<o" L\%KGG*mF" 10GG<7^ DGGF] ?GG^% z^N7"% 3/ NW5)ZR"% f6NR"% FC L&<Zj"% iZHO "l8L

#�0C8W5H %P- !C FO4 �8T5C 1K'p ) 87- 8@Kcp 4e ' 10</ \%K*m"%'i(2oW7"% tg .+ 4Kc6 0]# t@KpN^ \N^ V87'oH 18GGG')O #Q3 M 5 >8o5oGGGRp iGGG]O 4Kc5GGGH >No75oTGGGH x8GGG(o@@" .DGGGGY7"%#!GGGGH+ 3GGGG/ l0GGGGY"% 4O \%#1$% xPGGGG- 3GGGG/ 'O V87'o

) &]8*("% L 0')8IO #;O LDF2"% (&26N*"% xPY) KG- N*5GWp 4;O 5C &^N= FC05TiZHI" .

3. jp 8/0TC "% i iZGHO ZGj"% 'O 4#1 L&< 8-N^PGop \8G7F^ .^Pop J [T^ %Q+'O NF^ W<ooH 0@$ <CzTp {g L>82F*/ &7 3&GGGGH:877"8) . iGGGGjoH# &GGGG68YT"% tGGGGg GGGG"%^PGGGGp :8GGGGcg$% N

#\8CK7a/ 3/ \8G7Fc"% .# V{Gn 3G/ D,oGT/ icGR) 0GZE]Kp G5T-Q \ONG] 0G] 8/ 65mFo">8 g L4 GW<p# �:8GcgO DE,ToGH 0G@ 3

\8/KF'7"8) -8Zo=$% &5F7C 3/.

44GGg qNGGp 8GG7^#^+o:8GGY/ 98GGWU&'6NGGW"% UX%NGG2"% 6 0GGT/ wGGF*omo"%GGF&GG7602"% \%18GG'"% 3GGC t LU0GG60M \%18GGC i5cGGRp# . DGG-O U18GGC

U18GGC tGG- 8-NGGW^ wGGa6 L&GG7F^ &GG7F^ UX%NGG2"% GGFC &GG,g8<7"% ~GG/

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48

U:0G] VKGIK"% iGG/8c"% DGYZ"% GG"% . 8G7T5) �8GT- 36:8GG7p 3G/ 0GG60'"% UX%N2"%F*p GFC �1KGYM iG^ zG5^Np# DGYZ"% &5F7C 485W@ 0T/ w

&'6NGW"% UX%NG2F" &G5F7'"% \%:8Y7"% <u8GoT"% G"% '1BGp J t"8Go"8)#8YT/ UKMN7"%.

bp &5T2p 482 YZp 4;O wa6 t*mo"% o"% D36N7 ?G) .KG2p 'PG"% ! wGF*6

"+ N,T"% 0T/O DF'"% ~/ &CNW"% xPY) \87Fc"% G@ ~5*oGWp J 0G] 0 8GGGY7Yg GGo= ~5*oGGGWp J AGG5<) UNGGG5(^ &CNGGW)# L8GGGY) :ZFoGGp 4O.

Tc"#0 tg p UN/ i2 &2)8GW"% 36:8G7o"8) .K \8G7F^ &'G#) DYZoGH L 36:8GGG7o"% xPGGGY) [6N7oGGGH+ 8GGG7F^# L:8GGGcg$% �%:14GGG) O0(oGGGH . tGGGg#

"% DGGYZ"% GGFC &GG,g8<7"% ~GG/ NGG5)c) GGFCO &CNGGW) ON2oGGH L&GG68YT 98'5oHb%#)1( . 8/0TC# GpB1 G/ dKGT"% %PG- ' 4O wGa6 L36:8G7o"% 3

p 1KGG' ~GG*27"% UX%NGGG] 0GG5'p# >8GGG7u%1 L&GG<6N/ ?CNGGGW) 'O &CNGGGW) 0Tc7p3/ Y;Z"% "% VKIK"% Di/8c"% .

p 0G"Q 0G')# UX%NG2"% &CNGH GFC 36NG7o) .KG2p UN/ i^ tg G' 1K

GGH GG"+ [<(GGI;O &GG5'5(*"% 0oCNGGH 4eGG) 0aoGGH L&GG5'5(*"% 0oCNdNHO.

#7) K*/ 4Kcp 8/ >8("89 &)8oc"% 4O 8L?" 3c76 U187"% D,'/ 4O 'O6 'O 4#0GGG) lPGGG< GGGT'7"% tGGGg U:8GGGWn LGGGg4 GGG/ UNGGG5(^ &(GGGW@ 43

4O 3GGc76 6TGG"% tGGg \8GG/KF'7"% %GG6N. 3GGC 6FmoGGWp &GG6CN"% &5*5<7"% .+ 3/ to"% \87Fc"% 4 tGg 8G-1#:# ~]Ko7"% 25G" &85GW"%

)1( FH,g&23 `7J( #8 &;$&(} 4623 .C+G23 2p F]3*523 .=7&? -Sb23 `B ( }8 ~,#(8 q+A*#23 "'

F]A*5&23,-=/ ->,02,d&23 2p &z6;( #8 lB( K K>3O3*&23A K>,5E,0623A 3u$wA _@y@&23 4/.

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N,T"8) %E]0p 4O ':#N#"% 3/"% NS8(7N �NpO &6CN"%&5*5<7"% .K2p &Z5AK)J .O &E]Ko/ [@8^ %Q% 875g %5]0o"%! p 8G7T5) % zG^N 35G'" tg Nn? 48c/ .p0C8W ) UX%NG2F" 0ov>5Yp FC t*mo"% &5T2p 4 9KFGHHK/ UX%N] L~" 4Kcp JN*H ic>q0= FC L qNGn$ &GYM 3/ i)% >8]{*@n? L&<Zj"% z^N/ 3/ ~/ LU0=%# &<7F) 0=%K"% N*W"% >%P

&6CN"% &H%K) ?T/ iZH$% "% &']%K"% N*H$% U0-8R/&5*5<7"%. )4 &GGG6CN"% V87'oGGGH&GGG5*5<7"% GGGg L?GGGM# iGGG7^O GGGFC 4 s:8GGG2"% 47"%3N7o 4;O FC :18] 8G7" .8G'"% 38GW=b% 3C i#gO UNcg Pne6

0C8W6 87/ Ltpe5H FC Wp UX%N2"% ~6N 8) 18G7"% DGYg G"+ &g8hbU . %P" 05a6 8/0TC 3/ 060'"% % 9{*" NGW"% UX%NG2"%6 Gg L&'4 qKoGW/ 4+ 1%1zGG6 &GG252<"% tGGg DY)8'5oGGH . 8GG7" ~GGH#O :KGG,T/ DY60GG" "(GGj6

YpN^%Q# L4#ON26 0C kFm"% "% w-Pp 0/$% UN5j] D0')O i7M U i(] 'Q 3/ \87Fc"%# to"%N(^O &85H 37h DYZp >85"8= ON2p.

:0GGo"%9"% GGFC 48GG6NnO 48p0GGu8g ?GG" &'6NGGW"% UX%NGG2 :- 6aGGR' 0

FC: \87Fc"% &6C&5=8oZ7"% 6TG"% tGg !- 88/0G"% kGj@ wGFa6# 3GGGG76$%) &GGGG6CN"% GGGGFC N*5GGGGW6 'PGGGG"%&GGGG5*5<7"%(GGGG5F7C GGGG"+ &UX%N2"%)1( 6 87/ L 06>z &5F7C 3/i/8co"% 88/0G"% t(@8M 35) # YGW6 i

\8GGG]{'"% wGGG5^Np GGGFC 3GGG76$% 88/0GGG"% U:0GGG]35GGG) :8GGGcgO 18GGG7"%U 6T"% tg &=#N*7"%.

)1( "%9N'"% X%N2"% 0TC &5*5<7"% &6CN"% FC N*5W6 3/ K- 88/0"% 3/ NW6$% w@8a.

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• A%5'(

W7"% f7@ K- "A<("% 3/ "%[)8)6T"% tg UNcg #O DS 3C .# L05Z/ '05Y7p X%NM+ K-NH t"#O icR) U187"% }N'"6(;] ~ i

7"% UX%N2"%o7'&2 .87/6 C UNcg 05*'C &/8 dKhK/ 3%"6TL g\ON] 0] 4Kcp 4O 0'(6T"% N/ |') �0TC 4KcooH Li(] 3/ U

" &Z"$%? L:0] 4O 87^0pW<ooH -8Zo=b% FC 3)1( .

1. &GGZ5Zn &GG6%#N" ~6NGGH "GGW/ iGG7') DGG] )2( .+ V0GG'7) O0GG)15

&<ZGGI EiGGc" &GG5@8*.2oGGW7"% tGGg# i(L~GG/ L&GGH:877"% 44GGg %PGG- 4;O 3c76 []K"% "% i26 12 - 10 ic" t@%K* o= #;O &<ZI

i]O &M:0".

2. KGGGGG- 0g0GGGG-: 6b "GGGGGW7"% GGGGa8"% 1 \85GGGGGjmRGGGGG=$%# B%0\8GGC%zT"%#&GG6%#N"% tGGg &GG7Y7"% .&GG68Y@ tGGg GG^GG]Kp iGGjg i k

)1( >,&7$23 t=&C 1)7E .(G=75623 FH, 23 "' 7A*S72 .C,JE *<:/ . (*O PN' .=7& E X@562~,=7T3H .

.?@&N&23 F]3*523 .=7&? "' *=i$E *zZ8 .?*NE `&B23 uT:! #8 "= 72 "$&( .h3 #p*' @w 4N=�*23 #8 8*5! #8 7? +H,6 9<:E :+G!- *$)!A - 6I A8 _@&N' `$bE ,=-)c W7$623 #AGE ~,=7T3H .

,62,EA23 9(G2 PzQ! 42 9;wv 4/ ~]3@O 4!@R `$bE W7$6! #8 #GE "$2 4-)b23 *=$)623 7? F+G5 A"847T3H 4r)2 9bE . .(*J23 :*6( ,&' .7',$23X,'h3 23 PN&23 4/ 9=;= 2K/ #8 t=06N6 :+G!

.7&C M,=O)*iZ8 A8 (W-)23 7? G?,N( ,&' K*6@23 0)< 4/. )2( 523 .O+,&' 7? H,=6?\3 #p ~3Gg-CA ~,g66A l706=O . (*N23 F]3* .gR,T ~3*g=zZ ]@gB723 XGg? tg'

)723 F]3*gg523 gg23r.gg=. #@gg$! } K.gg=;5623 H3@gg&23 `ggi' K~,gg5=&? ~3*=ggN)!A ~3^gg=Z*! lgg706! 4gg623 H3@&2,gg/ +,&'A W7 62 .&�3' . (*N23 F]3*523 .O . `gr)&23 "' 0=2 ~,<,=I8 K. (*N23 F]3*523 "56! ,'G;? 6I

F]A*5&23 FH,&23 W-/ 4/ .E@ R &C3@! ,'G;? K,-'3GS6Op.

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\ONGG] 8GG/ &GG'M%N7" . GG7mp 4O V#8GG= DGG* iGGjZ"% \8GG6Ko</ 3.182"%.

3. 0GGC [<GGW/ 0GG] 4KGGcp 8/0GGTC LVKGGjg U# 3GG/ NGG)^O 25GG"

0aoH L&W7nO 4O G"% &M8<) 0@ GWpe &FvGH$% |G') 0GWZ@ V F'op to"% 2Z7"% \8/KF'7"%# B%0=$8) %KU1! >%:18] 4Kco" FC

GGj2"% :KGG*p d8GG(p+& .% 3GG7nbDGG* L\8GG)8M 0GGCO GG] iGGjZ"% UX%NN/U [@8^ %Q+ &6CN" LqNnO +&<5<I 0p8)8M.

4. b8) 98Goc"% tGYTp 8/0TC# 9KFGH [G]K"% |G') PGn Lx{GCO

j2"% 65mFo" >85T-Q &. ^K # 4 'O 3C wMO V%BH .KYZ/ N59 tgj2"%5]# & 8/ D%98oc"% %P- 3/ [(Wo^.

{CO 36N7o"% V87'oH4)x@e) 0aoH -8Zo=+# z5^Np �0TC "(IO ?

\8/KF'7"8)N5(^ icR)LK. 0] 4KcoH \%X%NMb% xP- V{n \:>%0M U05Z/# &7u%1 \%:8Y/)1(.

)1( `gg':623A @(+,;=ggN23 +8@ggQ! 4g/ 4/,gg$23 *gg6@23 uggT8 ~,gg<,=I8 tgg6&&23 "g' / Wgg7J23A / Ggg;? *gg=$)623A

F]3*gg523 -*gg=zZ _*ggN! #AH . >,gg6A8 4gg/ "gg$2A >,gg'@7 &23 "gg' +Ggg6 *ggzZ8 .gg/x* &2 7,gg6J< e*ggT8 @-72 a,B' } D=I "$&( ,' _*O:EA .

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• Q )*(#,'( ]7'.&85!q

>U0G5Z/ [GGW5" "GW7"% \8G5T2p 6Gj2"% UX%NGG] tGg >%0GGM - J 0GG@$ ?@%#O i(] B0<5H 8/ lN'p 4O 06Np! 05Z/ tYgU187"% tg 0a"% U &6

# GGFC 'KGGo<p J tGGo"% 0GG"Q# !&GGj] 3GG/ 3c7oGGo"pGG52 qKGGo<7"% D5 #NG27"% U187"% &5CK@#X O &GT5'/ &G252= 18Ga6b #O !U 8G75g NG6N2oF" #

J .O U187"% 3:0oH [T^ %QO)1(. 3c;"# &G75] \%Q 8GYo/N) &G5F7'"% 4KGcp 3G" [GT^ %Q% GFC >%:18G]

&CNW) UX%N2"%2000 &7F^ tg0"%&25]L #/ 0') &C8H kj@ :#N WToH90 % 3/ \8/KF'7"% 8Yo'7M to"% .LUX%N2"% [ZI# 87^

7G#op 4O wa6 L%(H 875g G/ V#O fG2g 25G" 3N UX%NG2"% 3G/ 35oF= fGG2g) 98'5oGGHb%# zGG557o"%( b% GGFC U:0GG2"% iGG) LL�%:1 LDGGYZ"%#

-8Zo=b%# L V8jpb%# X8C0oHb%#.

>8CK5S N)^$% &26N*"%g 6@ &H%:1 t 0G60M 0GTC 38GT"% DG,'/ -t' + "g8^# O0) ' 6TG"% &G68Y@ o=! 98Goc"% s:8G2"% "oGZ6 AG5<)

&68YT"% o= ON26# "#$% &<Zj"% 3/ . C K-# 38GT"% 3G/ N5)^ 0TN*"%6 &GGG2# iGGG)/$% >8=KGGGh# NGGG)^$%UX%NGGG2F" L GGGTc"? &GGG252<"% tGGGg

)1( &<ZI V{n &CNW) "Zjo6 4O 6mR"% ~5*oW6 >8#6O) #O U0C.8/I" \8<ZI (# 4O :N26 875g

#O &7Y/ \86Ko<7"% [@8^ %Q+O ?GpX%N] 3G/ 6mGR"% 0G6N6 87) &]{C \%Q \8/KF'/ 'Ko<p 8Y@ KG-# 7') 7W6 8/ &5F "fR2"%" . L&CNWF" &a5oT^ i26 98'5oHb% O0) %Q+ 3c"+ 0TC 9KFHO :85on"fR2"% "

&Tc7/ 4Kcp 3" UX%N2"% 44g L8/ U187" G"+ UX%NG2"% &G5F7C 6mGR"% iGa'6 JO >8#6O ':#N#"% 3/# UX#NGG27"% U18GG7"% iGGF<6 4O ?GGTc76J tGGo"% &GGM:0"%- \8GG*"8(7"% GG"+ ?GG(oT6 4O wGGa6 L L\8GG2)8*o"%#

"%# dKhK7"% tgL\{H%N7 . GFC &#g8<7"% ~/ N(^O &CNW) UX%N2"% FC U:02"% LqNnO &5=8@ 3/'18'"% s:82"8) 8Yo@:82/ 0TC L%7') UX%N2"% &5F7C tg N(^O >8o]# NgKp 98'5oHb%.

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&gN'7" Xk^ N59 V87'oH+ :%NGh$% 3/ U0C ?"# s:82"% []## t-: 1. [GG]K"% :0GGY6 0GG]&GGgK"e/ UE18GG/ UX%NGG2) s:8GG2F" ) DGGS 8GGY5g 25GG"

060M( O L# "% ~hK/ U187"8) &]{C 8Y" 25" oW8C O LV Gcp 0G] # 4K>82=J N)^O Du{/ icR) &jmF/ U187"% gt2Z@ 98oc"% .

2. 4KGc6 J % 0GTC G7" .8GGC :KG,T/ s:8GG2"8 ONG26 6GG@ &G68Y@ GGo=

U187"% 8Yo68Y@ 0') o= i7o<7"% 3/# L. 3. + o6 \8/KF'/ 'O 4b% D !&GSKR/ 4KGcp 8G/ U18GC 8GY) -8GZo= #

G52) ~GG/ &G*)%No/ 4KGcp 8G/ >%:18G@ 0G5M icGR) 98Goc"% & LO# GGo= s:82F" tgN'7"% dK7a7"8).

4. 4Kc6~g%0"% UX%NG2"% X%:# 3G/ |ZmTG/ >8G7u%1 iG576 s:8G2"%#

LiGF7"% G"%g "(GGj5 GF(o/ UX8GGZ^ t@0Gp GG"% '1BG6 8G7/ LwGG'o/# 0UX%N2"%.

"% 4+ &GG26N*%Q &GG5*m"%&GGH%:0"% tGGg 0GG=%K"% <YTGG7"% \ iGG)/ tGG-

KWoF" 98-P"% icR) & l0- 4#1 '185oC+L tR7"8) 0"Q# tGg iG^SKd:% &KW"% iG^ VKGn1# L G"%8^035^ >{/eGo/ L XtGS 18Ga6+ Go=

4#1 &gN'/ DR"% %P- K- 8/.

87T5) GR"% &G26N*"%8/F GH%:1 tG- !&GH%:0F" & +8GRT"% \8G6`%Ko/ & KWoF" t'5(*"%& !.. 6mR"% .K25g DG* L&G)KF*7"% &G7u82"% zG5Yao)

&GGG]{'"% \%Q d:%KGGR"% GG"% fGG2g w-PGG6 8GGY) ) PGGGg%K@ &GG(]%N/ ~GG/

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*"% tg qNn$% 35^8^0"% V8= tg %6N+%Q1%K/ 'Ko<p [@8^ \%Q &GG'E]Ko/ NGG59 .8GG7o-O( L iGG^ 'KGGo<p tGGo"% NM8GGo7"% fGG2g U:8GG6`#

b% >%NgK/ L>8'/ \8M85o= 0"P)"%K0Ya"%# [].

UX%NGG2"%%GG7')GG2"% tGG- \8GG5F7C tGGg O0GG52'p NGG)^$%# eGG*)$% UX%NUX%N2"% .g tG"#$% 6<Z"% 0'( U18G7F" #;O ) UX%NG2"% iG(] 8G/ "GW7"%( L

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tp%PG"% 9%KaoGHb% V8cGSO 3G/ icS %7') UX%N2"% \85T2p . 8G7F^ >8G'/ %Q8G7"# kG5^ &FvGH$% GFC wG5a@ V#8G<@ 8@ON] L \8G=%No]b8)

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#>>8("89 8/ Lp4Kc D5-8GZ7"% &<ZI 3G/ }%NG9$% xPGY" iG#gO &<ZI"% \86Ko<7 #O)3NYZ"%.(

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* [T^ %Q% 875g :N2p 4O 05FC \%K*m"% UP- X8Y@% 0')#J .O 98oc"% UX%N] 06Np.

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- 8GGY" &GG]{C J tGGo"% .8GGW]$% lPGG<" >%E0'oGGW/ 3GG^ 0g%0GG-e) L

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,' [3@C ".`Ch3 F*=Q6 F*Z3u23 4/ ~,=7&? "&#6( >,'@7 &23 "' G(^' #D/ K.5(*023 nu-E.

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- Pn+i^ &7,oT/ \8=%NoH*{* 5'):O "% 35&25]1 3 .i^ 0') LUN5j] &=%NoH+ %)8GW"% iG7'"% &'M%N7" &25]1 Pn! DC0G6 %PG-

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,- .D552o"% : a6 �:8cgO ,Tp 4O w X85GS$% kjp &26N*) D tGo"%p'F z^Np 05^eo"8) to"%# [7 tGW5uN"% 0g0G- FC . 0G] �:8GcgOTp,D &5"8o"% &26N*"8):-

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• TssF8'( ssi4t5>([E1sss&uQ -. -.ss5GH'( sss74.1@5'( )Key words ( .

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&GF6K*"% &G7u82"% &.8GW() 48,={6 J s:82"% #O ~7oW7"% 0"P^# D5-8GZ7"%# :8Gcg$% &85GH 37Gh &G7F^ iG^ DFoW6 KYg !\87Fc"% 3/

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63

X8GGT) 5<GGI '0GGC%K] iGG)/ X8GG7"% wGGF. 3GGC NGG5('oF" L"" 4O 0GG6:O t/O 86 X87"% 9NSO"#O " t)O 86 UNc"8) w'F"% 06:O" .

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-B-\ *M"W_0 ]z 34 $'EK %dll'W2/0 6 3E/M L;vBC $'E# $u

|6". 07Q e]B6 4v8 IJ# $+ - C "*+ Av ;vw4 - &AG+ OP8

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69

\8G7Fc^ UNGSB7"% \87Fc"% "+ N,T"% 0TC# G5=8oZ/ 6TG"% tGg & "8) 38W=b% 44g LijZT/ icR) 8GYu8T) U18GC+# &'*2"% FC:#N7

o"8) O0(6 qNnO >UN/c4K:

.$%V8Z NC8R7"% DY-KM# N5)8'p &57"8C 0/d8h#O q &T5'7"% 9:8ao"8) 78mS$% &gN'/ ?o6K- 36NnG% 1%NgI" z576

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U?N7"% FWo5H &5@8)"% &TW"% 35c(pN/ 78m"% ?7H+ N568'7"%

Page 69: Reading

70

*36N7p

\8GG7F^ 8GG-N(o'p tGGo"% \8GG7Fc"% wGGo^O# 98GGoc"% %PGG- &GG/02/ ONGG]+ &GGG5=8oZ/&GGG"J1 \%Q .{/ 4KGGG^ DGGG* X8GGGT) 0GGG5'p 4O V#8GGG= L0GGGp8,=

&GGF/8^ 6TGG"% \8GG/KF'/ . DGG* L%)8GGW"% tGGg \ONGG] 8GG/ ~GGM%:# iGG/ep 8G5onO tGg [G2g# 0] [T^ %Q+ 875g N,@O U0G5M &G"J1 \%Q \8G7F^ : .

D*>8j@ Non+ 36N7o"% :N^# >%Nn? .

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\8G7Fc"% 18Ga6+ GFC z5^No"8) 48c/b% :0] \87Fc"% xP- &G5=8oZ7"% T'7) �N^Pp to"%# L\8('Ro"%# \8*)%No"% 3/ 060'"% i7<p to"%

6T"%.

\8GGG7F^ \8GGG,={7"% \KGGGo=+ 8GGG7F^ &GGG5=8oZ/ xPGGG- [GGG@8^ 8GGG7F^ L7"%{ 0G5Z/ \8,=U 48G^ 8G7F^# NG)^O G/ $% 3 8-N^PGp iYGH . GR)# ic

\8G7F^ GFC U0ToGW/ 4KGcp 4O wGa6 \8G,={7"% !t"8G)/ &G5=8oZ/ :KGGGGGj) >&)K<GGGGj/ &GGGG5=8oZ/L .KGGGGGH:# &GGGGjmF/ \8GGGGG*5*mp#

&5=8#6+ .# G2"% ijZ"% tg N(^O icR) "hKo5H .KYZ7"% %P-, .18 ' i2'"% fu%Nn'.

Page 70: Reading

71

• J,!'( LM(#F

D,TGG6 'PGG"% KGG-# LNGG5cZo"% &GG5F7C tGGg tGGH8HO XzGGM KGG- GGT'7"%\%NGG(m"% .tGGg % &GG5F7C &GG252<"% 98'5oGGHb tGG- 8GG/ &GG68YT"% tGGgJ+

tM:8GGm"% f5GG<7"% 3GG/ GGT'7"% d%zGGo@+ . :KGG#= .0GGC &GG"8= tGGg# 44g Li2'"% oH \8/KF'7"% # N5*^ &G5/8'"% tGg V8G26 8G7 ' 3G/ in0Gp

qNGGnG% 3GG/ =NGGmp# 4QO' ?^NooGGH 'PGG"% NGG*$% 44GGg t"8GGo"8)# !"% l#N,"% tg xN^Pp 3c76 J A5<) >%0M k5'h 4Kc5H&5'5(*.

3c"#N#= %Q+ z5^No"% L4O 'O4Kc6 :-0p �8T- % ~/ tC%# in

icGGGGR) GGGT'7"% d%zGGGGo@+ Do5GGGH ?GGGG@4g L\8GGG/KF'7"%O iGGGG7C# LNGGG(^ 4Kc5GH# LqKG]O N^PGo"%# DYZ"% i'ap N)^O qz(/ \%Q \8.8(p:+ tGg U0G60a"% U187"8) qz(7"% \%Q t@8'7"% f)N" N(^O &INg �8T-

i(2oW7"%.

• "% \8c(R"%&5*)%No

L[5H8c"% f6NS i5aWp i)/ iaWp J UN^%P"% iG^ 4KGcp A5<)g 8Y5Fp to"% ~/ &*(pN/ UNc UNS8(/ &)8GWT/ >J0G) !N7oGW/ V#0Ga^

/KF'7"% L0"Q 3/ >&FcGR/ NG5(^ w'GRo/ f)%NGo) iaGWp \8 \8c(GS U0GGG2'/ &GGG5*)%Np . U0GGG60C \8GGG]{C \%Q 4KGGGcp :KGGGj"%# D5-8GGGZ7"%

Gn$% +8G2T"% 3G/ NG5)^ ~G/ &ZFom/ &N*)# &c(GR"% tGg U0G60'"% qN&5T-P"%.

Page 71: Reading

72

LB0<"% N5ZRp 0g &5F7CO# &57W@ 8/ :- oHb%C08X O LN^PGo"% # &c(GGR"% tGGg U0GG60M fGG)%#:# \{GGI i5cGGRp &GG5F7C &.8GGW() tGG-

Np :8cgO %Fn 'O L&5F2'"%%U060M &5*).

L&c(GGGR"% GGGFC iGGG7'"% iGGGI%K5H iGGG2'"% L:K'GGGR"% 4#1 8GGG/ tGGGg 7h 2(p qNnO \8.8(p:+ >8Z5#/5T "Gh%# icGR) �:0Gp o= &-

8GGY@O 'O:- iGG2'"8) 8GGY5FC zGG5^No"% DoGG6 GGo= �%:1b% 4#1 8GG/ GG2(p tC%K"%.

5*)%No"% \8c(R"% xP- i)/ "hKp b% &G610'p & &GR-07"% V87'oGH

&@#N/# t@8GW@b% iG2'"% tGg \8G@85("% i5(Rp . iG)/ [GW5" UN^%PG"% 4KGGcp 8GG/ ?(GGSO tGG- Lta6:0GGp icGGR) IGG7p &GG6#8= KGG7Tp UNaGGR)

'p U060M dNgO &FcR/F\8/KF'7"% 8Y5FC %.

K7T"8) N7oWp UN^%P"% U:0] 44g %P" - NG)^O [gNC 87Fcg L [GTc7p N(^O icR) &gN'7"% 3/ . w(GW) ~GHKo"% %PGY" tF7C 0= �8T- 25"

4#0GG) GG2(p tGGo"%# L88/0GG"% tGGg &GGFu8Y"% t(GGj'"% `8GGYa"% U:0GG] + L38GT"% DG,'/ i(] 3/ V{(oH o= &G52) %KG#/O KG"# tGg DYp8G5=

i2'"% f5RTp &5F7C.

Page 72: Reading

73

• i2'"% fu%Nn

\8c(GGR"% icGGS GGFC >8GG5'5(. \8GG/KF'7"% D,TGG6 88/0GG"% 4O 8GG7)# VKGG= \8GG,={7"% i5aGGWo) O0GG(p 4O tGG2*T7"% 3GG/ ?GG@4g L&GG5*)%No"%

?G" iG*87/ icGR) 8-N^PGp 0G6Np to"% \8/KF'7"% .) &G26N. V87'oGH4 Go"% &GZFom7"% iG/%K'"% iG^ 44Gg LiG2'"% fu%Nn X8C0oGHb% 3GW<p t

PGGGn;O tGGGg NGGG5)c) NGGG)^O V8GGG'g .8GGG,@ GGG"% VKGGGIKF" L>8GGG'/ ~GGG7aop\8,={7"% . ) >85'5(. i7'p i2'"% &*6Nn 2ZT &26N*"% i7'6 to"%

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# 0G=O L&]:8Z7F" DG,CO iG2'"% fu%NGm" 0Gu%KZ"% KG-@O >%:18G@ 8GY 8G/

>&GG5@8* wGGF*p . &GG*6Nm" &GG6K2"% X8GGT("% &GG5F7C'g iGG2'"% tGGg >%0GGM &GG"8 UN^%PGG"% tGGg :8GGcg$% [GG5()p . iGG2'"% &GG*6Nn 48GG5=$% wGGF9O tGGg#

:8GcgJ% 0GFp G"% :8GW7"% 2ZT) >82F*/ U1K'"% 4#1 >&F/8^ C0oWp . icGR) 8GYu8T) 18G'6 4O 3Gc77"% 3G/ ?@4g LUK2) >86Nj) 8Yo5(* w(W)#

tg :Nco/# f5W) ' i2'"% 35C'.

!&GG5F2C &GG*6Nn iGG7'"- LU0GG60M &GG]:# zGG^N/ 3GG/ 6mGGR"% O0GG(6 'z^N7"% dKhK7"% &)8oc)) &5H8H$% UNcZ"%( L>%0M |6NC fm)

t"8Go"8)# L&G6K] &6NGj) U:KGI icGS GFC 4Kc6 4O i#Z7"% 3/ 8GGY) f(pNGG/ &GG*6Nm"% tGGg XtGGS iGG^ 4Kc5GGH .DGG* GG"+ iGG7'"8) O0GG(6

k5GG#6 L\8GG-8apb% iGG^ tGGg =:8GGm"% L0GG60M .KGGYZ/ iGGc" d#NGGZ"% N(^O icR) UN5(I d#Ng#L:8cgI" 48j9O# 7"% oN%&*)&vS8T"% .

Page 73: Reading

74

\8GG7Fc"% 3GG/ 4KGGc/ t/8GG@# D,TGG/ wGG5^Np <oGGT6 &GG26N*"% xPGGY) &5GGW5uN"% >:KGGj"%#&GG5=8oZ7"%) %)8GGW"% iGGjZ"% NGG,@O &GG5Z5^ tGGg

\87Fc"% .%0moHO&5=8oZ7"%.(

i2'"% fu%Nn FC V8)/

Page 74: Reading

75

• ,2 "#NP'( )*(#,'( -.7v

58GGaT) \8GG75F'o"% 4#PGGZT6 36PGG"% 38GGT"% 4+iGG7'"% X8GGT*O L 3GG/ DGG- DGY" &GF^K7"% &G7Y7"% 4#PZT6 D-# DY) >8I8n >86Nj) >87Fg 4KF5mo6 L

#O \8GG/KF'7"% 3GG/ 0GG6z7"% �8GGT- 48GG^ %Q+ &GG6C: 3GG/ DYTGGc76 8GG7/b% :KGG/$% iGG7'"8) UNGGS8(7"% iGG(] &GG)KF*7"% &5g8GGh . &GG5F7'"% xPGG-#

%8YCK]# i(] X8*n$% i6zp &)Nap %Fmp &6:KZ"% &5F2'".

3G/ tGT(7"% 'Nj("% :Kjo"% lP<p &"8'g N5("% UX%N2"% V#0GM:8cg$% . 4KGcp s:8G2"% iG5F<p \%:8GY/# UNG^%Q 44Gg 0"PG" &Ga5o@#

>%0GM &Z5'h . 6mGR"% 98'5oGH+ NG(omp tGo"% U:KGj"% xPG- 4#0G) 1 >8G5F^ UQ8GS &G7F^ NG6N7p 3c76 ?@4g s:82"% J 8GY@e) &G,={7"% 4#

dKhK7"% Du{p.

LU:%zGG() &GG5Fn%0"% U:KGGj"% X%N*4GG) s:8GG2"% .KGG26 8/0GGTC 3GGc"# 7#o/ &^N<"%# \Kj"%# L4KF"% >8T )U:KjF" &ZFom7"% NI8T'"%( L

L&/KYZ7"% N59 #O &<h%K"% N59 D5-8Z7"%# \87Fc"% :N76 3" ?@4geRT7"% DFZ"% #;O U:Kj"% tg &(6N9 #0(oH 8Y@$.

g V8GG)7"% i5(GGH GF' L6mGGR"% ONGG26 8/0GGTC: - iGG<) wGG"8*"% .8GG]

<"zGGo"% 5KGG" GGFC kGGj"% .8GG/O \85GGh86N"% &"eGGW/ . �:05GGH ?GG@4g 4eG) wG"8*"%# L3:0G"% &GC82" &G5Fn%0"% U:KGj"% %G6N. 3GC >%:Kg

4KGGcp 4O wGGa6 &GG7Fc"%' 5NGGR"% 5KGG"' L<"zGGo"% 5KGG" 3GG/ J0GG) L &7Fc"% i60'o) .K25H# >85u82Fp?WZT).

Page 75: Reading

76

=+ % 36zmo"% 6u8jn q0 44Gg t"8Go"8)# L&CNGW"% tG- 'Nj("` L&'6NGGW"% UX%NGG2"% 36:8GG7p U0C8GGW7) LU18GG7"% &GG5*(p &CNGGH U18GG6

zp 8/ U18C'Nj("% i5mo"% U:0] 3/ 06.

:KGjoF" 'NGj("% f7TG"% kG55cp 4K'5*oGW6 36PG"% 9{*"% 4+ 3%KGG<"% #10GG'o/ 78mGGSO DGG- 58GGaT)) 35GG) &GG2g%K7"% DYTGGc76 'O

KGG<"% ~G57MNGGj("%# ~7GGW"% iGG)/ 3%... LGG"%(! |GG') �8GGT- 3GGc"# &)K'I D-0TC 9{*"% 0G"Q tg . XJBG-"% %KG2ZnO 0G] K@8G^ 9{G*

tGGg 'NGGj("% iGG5)7o"% fGG7@# t'7GGW"% iGG5)7o"% fGG7@ 35GG) V8GG2o@b% K7T"% &5F7C V{n.

UNGS8'"% 3GH tg >8(6N2p V82o@b% %P- ij<6 t'5(*"% K7T"% tg .

44Gg L9{G*"% XJBG- &G"8= tg &Z5'Gh 4KGcp N^PGo"% GFC U:0G2"% 8G7/ >8G2=J U0G=%# &GF7M N^PGp GFC 36:18G] 4K@Kc6 J A5<>) >%0M

%#ONG] . 'O !\8G7Fc"% :%NGcp \KGI d8MNoGH+ 4K"#8G<6 >8G7u%1 DG- c"% 3GG/ &5'7GGH &FGGWFH 36zGGmp 4K"#8GG<6 DGGY@O iGG6K<p 4#0GG) \8GG7F

H:KI "+ \87Fc"% DY"KG2C tg . 4eG) 0aoGH# *"% t@8G'6 'PG"% wG"8 3/H &FcR7"% xP- L>%N5)^ 11N5 '&F7a"% VK2p 8/ N^PpO J 8@O '.

IO( 3G/ 35(@8Ga"% {^ 37#op UX%N2"% 4e) 4G% l#N'7"% 3/ " 88/0GG"%:-N5ZGGGRp tGGGg 6GGGjmo7"% NGGGW6$% wGGG@8a"% 0GGGg U18GGGC+# N5ZGGGRo"% `KGGG/N"% )\8GGG7Fc"%# lNGGG=$% (#O 7GGGW6 8GGG/ L&GGG7MNo"%

p tGGg 6GGjmo7"% 3GG76$% wGG@8a"%#wGG5^N5"eGGp# .8GG'"% GGT'7"% k dKhK7F".

Page 76: Reading

77

g LtF7C ~MN7^ %P- .%0moH4) 4 NG2p 4O ~5*oWp 0@ wG@8M 'O : LUX%NG2"% GFC ?Gp:0] 65mGRp 0TC w"8*"% .0moW6 J 88/0"% 3/

?GpX%N] 35W<p &5Z5^ tg &FWFWo/ &*n &985I 0Tc76 87/ . GF'g %GGG*@# N5ZGGGRp GGGFC :18GGG] wGGG"8*"% 4KGGGc6 8/0GGGTC LV8GGG)7"% i5(GGGH

9 icR) \87Fc"% ?)8'5oH+ ~/ Xtg8co/ N5 ) ON26 icGR) ?GTc"# 0G5MwCKoW6 J(/1 3/ NW6$% w@8a"% 44g L 3/ N(^O icR) i7'6 ?98$% w@8a"%376.

4K2F'6 36P"% 9{*"% 0v"#O &5"8o"% \85T2o"% w.8mp) tGg 4K'26

fGGGHK"% (35gNGGG*"% 35GGG)! - U0GGG5a"% &6NGGGj("% U:0GGG2"% #Q wGGG"8*"%- ) U:0] ?" 25" 'P"% w"8*"%#>82F*/ &6Nj:

1. GG"#$% UKGG*m"% tGG- GGFC :18GG] [GGT^ %Q+ 8GG75g 6GG<Zp 4O

0G"85n tg &5T-Q U:KI %Fn . 4eG) d1+# 0p0G#T/ G"+ NG,@+ G"% N,Tp Lk2W"% FC 0@e)# L0/K@ &gN9 >82= U0#T7"% xP-

$% 48GG*5<"% iZGGHO XtGGS iGG^ qNGGp &GG'):p 8GGYFn%1 ?GG6Ko< . DGG] Q U:8GSb8) N6NGW"% ~G26 AGG5= fu8G<"% G"+ >8G5T- 48GG*5<"% G"% L

LPg%K@ FC 'Ko<p to"% L98("% "%# %PGc-# LlKGgN"% . iG7C+[5("% i/8^ f5*mo) &5@8* 36N7o"% %P-.

36NGG7o"% %PG- &GG5F2C :KGI iGG7C GGFC 0p:0G] DC05GGH&5GGW=

.8WMI"L 88/0"% 3/ 376$% w@8a"% \%:8Y/ 3/ U:8Y/ t-#.

2. dK7W/ \Kj) &F7M #O U:8(C ON]+ . &FYGH &GF7M .0moGH% &GG26N*"% xPGGY" >860GGC%K] . GGFC 'KGGo<p &GGF7M :8GGomp 4O wGGa6

X87HO&5W= V8'gO# U1NGa7"% X87GH$% 3G/ >J0G) L&5F7CL Go"% t

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78

p \%:0GGG2"% ?GGG" 'PGGG"% 88/0GGGF" 3GGG76$% wGGG@8a"% V87'oGGGH+ ~GGGT7&6:Kjo"%.

# 8GG/O 8GG/ :KGGjp# 0GG5T5C %GGF9O L&GGF7a"% UX%NGG] 3GG/ tGGYoTp 4

0GGT-Q tGGg &GGF7a"% ?oZGGI# ."%# L4KGGF"% :GG=JLicGGR"%# LDGGa< 0T-Q tg U:Kj"% %7C# &YM%## . NGcg 05*'5H %P- i7GSO U

KGjoF" &5GH8H$% 0p:0G] FC: . icGR) 36NG7o"% %PG- i7'oGH+:Nco/:0] 3/ 3W<p o= 6:Kjo"% 0p%&.

3. 0G= "+ U05M &5T-Q U:KI i5cRp FC >%:18] 4Kcp 8/0TC

"% l0Y"% 44g LVK2'/t"8o K- + 0GTc76 tGo"% :KGj"% 10GC 18a6$%8Y) -8Zo=.

- &6:KGGjp iGG7M &'GGWp GG"% B{GG* 3GG/ ONGG]+. # GGo/ lN'oGGH GGHo b% GGFC 0p:0GGG2/ `#8ao :KGGGj"8) -8GGGZo= 8/0GGTC 4%0GGG2Z) O0GGG(p

UX#NG27"% iG7a"% 3/ &5@8)"%# "#$% U:Kj"% . 3GC �N(m5GH %PG- % 0p:02/ :Kj"% 3/ &FWFW) -8Zo=@" &5F'Z"&FjZT7"% . &H:877"%

U:027"% xP- 3/ 3W<oH. 4+ 3G/ UNG5(^ \8G57^ PGnO# :KGj"% %GFn FC 36:182"% 38T"%

:KGGI U0GGC GGFC &"KYGGW) 8-NGGR@# \8GG/KF'7"%L GGFC 36:18GG] DGG- DGFg G"+ \8G/KF'7"% xPG- &7MNp . iG7C GFC >%:18G] 4KGcp 8/0GTC#

GGGFC �0GGGTC 4Kc5GGGWg L0GGG5M icGGGR) %PGGG- wGGGF9$% UN^%PGGG"% U:0GGG] >{(oGGW/ L&GG5u8Y@{"%GG) 0"P"%\%:0GG2&GGR-07"% "% wGG@8aF$ 3GG/ 3GG76

88/0"%.

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79

) $% GFC [G@O iYGGW"% 3G/ KG- DG^ 0Gp85= tGGg [G,=J 0G] wGF9DYu87HO N^Pp 4#1 38T"% xKM# N^Pp.(

+ 36P"% 38T"% 4K/8]% % 3/ i5F2"8) "% tg \%:Kjo"%)8W 4KF576 L

:Kj"% i'M "+ UN*8To/ tGg Zo"% 8 NG52g# i5GIU &G5CKT"% tGg . 0G]# \8@Kc7"% |') 4KgP<6 &5W<"% &5W5uN"% G"% '1BG6 8G7/"% 4%0G2Z

z5^No"% &F]# .

&5GGGW5uN"% &5GGGW<"% \8GGG@Kc7"% UPGGG- |GGG') DGGG#p &GGG5"8o"% &GGG7u82"% &5W= &7,@O &*{* [<p >&M:0/:-

h#NQ B!5& B%4 /[email protected] V8cS$% \Kj"% KFC f(#"%

$%4%K" \Kj"% &M:1 U:%N<"% |5)O /O1KH A60<"% &CNH k.%K'"%

\8^N<o"% $% 10C\%KI NH�N<o"% &C .8a=$% \Kj"% ~]K/ :K'R"% ~]K/

38W=b8) :K,T7"% d826b% .%K2"%

V87'oGGHb% tGGg 4KFGGRZ6 38GGT"% 3GG/ 0GG60'"% L&GG6%#: UX%NGG] 0GGTC :KGGj"% tGGg 4#0GG5M DGGY@O 3GG/ D9N"8GG) L&5'7GGW"% U:KGGjF" tg8GGc"%

&6Nj("% . &5'7W"% 0p:KI [F7'oH+ %Q+ tg:%K= i^ i)/ - ' V8]:-. . . '] ["8:-. . .

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80

4#NGG27"% 8GGYTC NGG('7"% 78GGm"% 8YpKGGI &5GGjmS iGG^ >8GG5*'/ &6Nj("% U:Kj"8)H &j2F" �N^Pp 44g5>%0M N5(^ icR) 3W<o.

N(omoGH 0G@4g L:KGj"% V8cGSO iG^ i7'oGWp# >8G)8o^ ON2p 8/0TC

GGFZ^ &GGj2"% 18GG')$% tGG*{* D) a7"% \KGGj"% tGGgGGW U:KGGj"% # LD 7"%# L&5^N<"%# &5Z.8'"% G7F *"%# L2 U:%NG<"% &GM:1 Go=# DG' .(98oc"% ~/ >85F^ 0=KooH3/ 0@O &M:0" �:0p 4O w'j"% ?(oTp #O

"UX%NGG2 L\8GG7Fc"% tC8GG(. eGG*n �8GGT- 3GGc6 D"8GG/# t"8GGo"8) 4KcoGGH0u8C0oH+ &5F7C�N^Pp# >8(6N2p &5"8)/ ?" &2={"% .

:KGGI X8GGT) w'GGj"% 3GG/ 4KGGc6 0GG] U18GG/ UX%NGG] 0GGTC &GGHKW</

&ZWFZ"% i)/ U1Na/. "# 3c GFC &G5"8'"% &5F)82"% x0TC 'P"% w"8*"% + $% 88/0"% t(@8M .%0moH +8G7@O i5cGRp G"+ i575GH NGW6$%# 3G76

NGa/ A60G<"% 3Z"8GG) 4KGcp 8GG/ ?(GSO LU1) '0G6Nao"% 3GGZ"%( %GG5F'o" LFC :Kj"%# \87Fc"%58Y.

"% i5(GGGH GGGF'gGGG)7V8L &GGG)60<"% X8GGG6z5Z"%J 4O 3GGGc76 :KGGGjop

&5GW= U:Kj^ &"KYGW) L3Gc"# L GH 8/0GTC e 368oGRT6? V 3GC G5F7C & 98GMO LN5cZo"% : ' &6NGj("% +8G7@$% 35G) f)%NGp &G5F7C 8GY@O 0G2oCO

GGG"% >%NGGG5nO DMNGGGop fGGG2g tGGG-# !&5FGGG#'"% 25GGGH8=$%# U1NGGGa7"% Nn? 6mR" wo^O #O DFcpO 4O 06:O 8/0TC L\87F^'.

Page 80: Reading

81

• )#S(T'( D.C3VW 5"XZ

O0GG(618GG7"% &GG'M%N/ 0GG') UN^%PGG"% U:0GG] +8GG*<@+U>UNGGS8(/ L AGG5= GGW7n 4KGGcp5 GGW@ 0GG] %u8GG2<"% 3GG/ &GGu87"8) 35 [ >8GG(6N2p 0GG') tGG#/ &C8H t"%K= UX%N2"% []# 3/ . >8G(6N2p .KG6 0')! %GF'o/ XtGS iG^

Nm(p 0] 4Kc6 UN^%P"% 36N7o).

ZGH$% tGg t@85("% DHN"% i 8GY) 38GT"% GWT6 tGo"% &G26N*"% 35G(6 1 icR): <T7"% O0G(6 AG5<) DM8Z/# N5)/ tc5p8/% 0G') V#zT"8G) GT

%u8]1 27n t"%K=3/oHb% &"#8</ d8MN.

*CO 0] i/8c"% x8(o@b% 4e) }%Nogb% ~/ %P-" &G]K*T7"% U18G7F .8G7o-+ t*CO %Q+ ?@O "h%K"% 3/# !i/8c"% DYZ"% ~/ L&)Koc7"% #O iGG5F2"% �8GGT- 4Kc5GGH ?GG@4g L>{5GGF] DGGYZ"% qKoGGW/ 48GG^# U18GG7F" iGG5F]

"TxN^Po !

Page 81: Reading

82

WT"% &57^ &G*2@ NG('p 48550% G"+ f2GWp# U0G=%# &C8GH 0G') 90 % .K6 t#/ 0') 0G=%# L GT<T7"% 44Gg 8-0G')# GFC 'KoGW6

t"%K=90 - 99.%

76 8T/ 0=%K"% 4e) 0"Q 3/ >J0) :Kjp GT<T7"% %P- wF26 4O ?Tcz6 A5<)06:#N7) UN^Po7"% %u82<"% &57^ 3/ []K"% .

Ko^0GG"% iGG(] 3GG/ [GG6NMO tGGo"% \8GGH%:0"% : tGGg tGGF61:+ K5*8GG/

Lx:8GGcgO %KGG)NM 36PGG"% 35CKGG*o7"% 4eGG) \NGGYAO �:KGG6K5@ &G'/8M#0M#% 3G/ t"8Go"% .KG5"% tGg \8G/KF'7"% k'Gh 4#N^PGo6 DYGWZ@O

%u8]1 27n t#/ 0') 8Y@#N^Po6 K@8^ to"% .#% 6FmoH xPG- 3G/ \8GGH%:0"%GG@O 2GGcC 3GG/ 6mGGR"% 3GGc7p &GG5F7C \8GG5T2p 0GGMK6 ?

5<) '185oCb% 485WT"% T<T/ ~G/ iG#gO icGR) X85GS$% N^PGo6 A[]K"% :#N/.

- t"8o"8^ &26N*"% 4+ . UNGh8</ NG#<p 4O wGa6 0@e) }Nog+

~T76 A5= d87oM+ #OPnO #O \8,={7"% i5aWp FC UNh8<7"% N^Pp DY7"% 3/ ?@O ~/ L[5H8^ f6NS K]8ToH to"% U`:8("% +82T"%

UNA8GG<7"% tGGg . 0GG(p 4O wGGa6 V8GG'Z"% X8C0oGGHb% 487GG#" iGG7') O\8/KF'7F" 4zm7^ i7'5H 0T-Q tg 0) 78n </8@N).

~/ L%P" &5GW5uN"% +8G2TF" &G5T-Q \8G,={/ ~TGI+ &WFa"% t#/

) +8GG2T"%"%7&GG5=8oZ ( tGGg 36#8GGT'"% :%NGGcp %GG6N. 3GGC &GG=#N*7"% t7]:# 10'o/ icR) 0WZ@iWFWo/ . &G6%0("% 3G/ &G7u82"% xPG- :N^

0GG60M 4%KGGTC &g8GGh+ [GG7p 8GG7F^ . GG26N*"% xPGGY) tGG2(p 4O 0GGTc76 &[=N. to"% &(]8'o7"% +82T"% ic" tFc"% dK7a7"%?5FC >8,g8</ .

Page 82: Reading

83

D'@ 3c7/ %P- :8cgO V#0M 4$ 3G/ NG5)c) dNGHO K- tFn%0"% � ?5"+ ~7oWp 'P"% -KZF7"% 98*m"%NA8<7"% 3/ ~5*oGWp 0@4g %P" L

GG'M%N7"% </8GG@N() \%KGGaZ"% IGG7p 4O&0GG) 78GGm"% . 0C8GGW6 8GG7/# GGG^ &GGG2g%N/ >8GGG#6O GGGW7"% dKGGGhK7" 'NGGGj) iGGG5)7o) 4%KGGGTC ie L&"

/ U:Kj"% 0Fp [@8^ %Q+ >8IKjn T'7)# L>{)/ &c<#/ #O Uz57Nn?!&"KYW) 8-N^Pp 3c76 . - &W7n t#/ 0') "% AG<)+ L&GWFa"% &G68Y@ 3G/ %u8G]1 UNGRC

18GG- 48GGc/ 3GGCs NGG/ DGG* L58GGpNp# 2GGFap 4O 0GGTc76 AGG5<) GGFC to"% &5W5uN"% ~5h%K7"% 8Yo,Z=T-Q tg0.

% 3/ N5)^ 4e) 0" %0) %Q+ %F2pJ87" [G]K"% %P- tg >8/87p 02g 0] U1

z"% N5j2"% tT/ . 0GWZ@ 0GYap J# 36NG7o"% %PG- tGg 35Go25]1 |G]+ &GG9#%N7"% 1%KGG7"% N^PGGp tGGg >8GGp8o) . ~5*oGGWp J DGGS 'O 3GG7n fGG2g

[]K"% 0"Q tg xN^Pp. NGGG/ fGGG2g 0GGGWZ@ tGGGg ~5GGGh%K7"% iGGG^ :NGGG^ wGGGo^O# U0GGG=%# U

p8,={/0 + 4 0"Q 0Tc/O . t"#$% t(j'"% VK<o"% tg 0C8W6 %P-!N^PoF" UN^%P"% i2oTog q0G7"% UNG^%Q "+ w6N2"% q07"% UN^%Q 3/

&7u%0"% 05'("%. - 8GG7^ f(GG#"8) L&GG5@8* X8C0oGGH+ &GGWFM PGGn L>8GG(6N2p &C8GGH 0GG')

tGC%1 J 18GYM+ 4#0G) ~5Gh%K7"% iG^ >{/8GS L%)8GW"% tGg [ZI# WZ@ tg ~5h%K7"% :N^ L?"!0 U0G60M \8@85)# w@%KM 0" NY,oH:8cg$% f)%Np %6N. 3C.

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84

- L\8C8GGH B{GG* t"%KGG= 0GG') B0GG<p 4O wGGa6 &GG)"8)"% &GGWFa"% \8C8GGH [GGH 0GG') 8-0GG') tGGo"%#%PGGc-# L# 4KGGcp 4O iGG#Z7"% 3GG/

&GGWFa"% 8(/ .KGGT"% GG"% 98-PGG"% iGG(] UNGG5n$% GGj]O %GG52<o" !UNGGSz6z'p 3/ U0u8g 8YM8/0@% %6N. 3C \8/KF'7"% .{=$% ~/.

- tGGg \%NGG/ ~GG):O GG"% &GG*{* xPGG- X8C0oGGHb% \%X%NGGM+ :NGG^

35G) 8G75g []K"% U0C8(/ FC 7N<"% ~/ LA"8)"%# t@8)"% 35/K5"%.K5"% 2Z@ V{n .8,o@4) \8WFa"%.

%#N^PGGp &GG(MNo"% ~GGhK/ 78mGGS$% 4eGG) tGGF61:+ K5*8GG/ 0GGM# 48GG^ %Q+ UNGG5(^ &"KYGGW) \8GG/KF'7"% GGFC U:0GG2"% DY60GG" X8C0oGGH+

:KGGj"% 35GG'/ dKGGhK7) &GG*(pN7"% &GG5T-P"% . #0GG(6 8GG/ GGFC#GGg4 4 >8G5F7C L8GYT/ &618'"% N5("%# &6K5<"% &I8n# L:Kj"% <"8'6 i2'"%

3/ N5)c) N)^O&a"8'/ U1Na7"% D5-8Z7"% #O L1%0C$% #O L\87Fc"% .

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85

i5cGGRp %GG6N. 3GGC &GG252<"% xPGG- 3GG/ 05ZoGGWp 4O 0GGTc76 %PGG"#

K/ iGc" &GjmF/ U:KGI tGW5u: dKGh 0G"Q# 0GTC ) X0G("%GGR]8T7 & dKGGhK7"%# >J#O DGG* 3GG/'M%N/ 0GGTCGGo !0GG') 8GG75g &8GG7/ 3GGW<5H

X8C0oHb%# -8Zo=b% �0TCHicR)N5(^ .

i7'oGGGGH+ &GGGG*2@ 'O 0GGGGTC [GGG2FC %Q+ X8C0oGGGGHb% &GGGG5F7C V{GGGn ?G5(To" U:Kj"% \8*)%Np UN^%PG"% . XtGS V#eG) NGcg# >8G=8pN/ %G)+

7Kjm) xN^Pp FC >%:18] [T^ &2)8GW"% U187"% L %PG- wGFa6 8G/#0pN^%PGG" DGGR"% . 3GG/ &GG5*)%Np :8GGcgO <oGGTp 4O wGGa6 &GG26N*"% xPGG-

&FGIK"% "+ �1K26 'P"% ?(T7"% 4Kcp 4O 8YTc76 to"%# dKT"% 2Z@&FWFW"% tg &/182"%.

xPGGG- 3GGG/ UNGGGRC t"%KGGG= [^:0oGGGH+ 0GGG] 4KGGGcp 4O 0GGG') 8GGG7):#

L0GGF2C tGGg \{GGj"% GGH U1KGG2Z7"% ~5GGh%K7"% 0GG=+ 44GGg 3GG/ =Nm5 0pN^%Q>&5@8*L 6 87^mN=8W"% &'(] 3/ w@:$% =N.

tGGg 0GG" &GGINg 9NGG]O tGGg 36NGG7o^ %PGG- &GG'M%N7"% .8GG,@ 9NGGM

&G5']%K"% U8G5<"%L 8GG/ ~G/ %u8G2<"% N^PGp GFC 0p:0GG] 35G) 4:8G] DG* .8G6O ~G):O G"% &G*{* UNog tg i(] 'Q 3/ xN^Pp FC >%:18] [T^L

GG- DF'oGG"% GGFC 0p:0GG]# 0GGpN^%Q 4O 0aoGGH 8GG/ 3GG/ NGG5)c) DGG,CO t~]Kop [T^.

3GG/ |GGZm6 4O KGG- %PGG- &GG'M%N7"% </8GG@N) iGG)/ 3GG/ l0GGY"% 4+

N5(^ icR) 485WT"% &(W@ . G"% UN^%PG"% +8G*<@+ 3G/ >J0G) t"8o"8)# ,GG"% 9:8GG26 8GG/80 % ?GG@4g L GG"#$% &C8GGH 36NGGR'"%# ~GG):$% tGGg

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86

dKGhK7F" U:NGco7"% &G'M%N7"% %G6N. 3GC UN^%PG"% zG6z'p 3c76#O tg "% '1B6 87/ L&2={o/ \%Nog FC# &MN= \%z6z'p \8]

?5"#$% }8Zo=b% U:0] `#8ao6 87)# 8-:KYA qKoW/ ~g:.

8/0GGTC 9KFGGH$% 2GGZ@ %GG(*p 4O 3GGc76) .KGG2p GGH:0& 0GG6Np 1%KGG/ 8-N^PGGGp. 3GGGc"# tpeGGG6 8GGG7):" 2ZTGGG" UN7oGGGW7"% &GGGH%:0"% 4O 3-PGGGF

icGR)# .KG6 iG^ tg tH%:0"% D('"% 3/ 06zoH dKhK7"% D^%NGo/ iGGjg !&GGF6K. \%NGGog GGFC# 35GG'/ =8GGYT/ �8GGT- 48GG^ %Q+ &GGI8n

>{)/ tH%:1.

! >8<5<GI 25G" %PG- L&G252<"% tg T" 3:0G6 >8GjmS 4O }%NGoZ xPY" &'M%N/ </8@N) ~hK) >8#6O .8]# LU0=%# &C8H U0/ .K6 i^

%)8GW"% tg "hK/ K- 87^ &H%:0"% . tGg# >J#O ?G5FC 4Kc5GH ?G@4g .KGG6 iG^OGG/ ~GGM%N6 4 tGg xPGGnO 8 2GGZ@ 3GG/ .KGG5"% UNGGh8<7"% tGGo"%

KoF" 8-8Y@%) >%:Kg# .KT"% i(]# \8C8H ~#) 0')(L 3G/ U187"% >85@8* L%)8W"% .K5"% g $% 3/ U187"8(H%Pc-# %)8W"% NYR"8g L%)8W"% dK L

&G,g8<7F" >%NG5(^ >8Gv(C 6mR"% %P- q0" 4Kc5H ?@O "% N5R6 %P-U187"% xP- FC!!

GGGC wGGG5(6 8GGG/ 3GGGc"# &GGG5F7C 44GGGg [GGG]K"% :#NGGG7) ?GGG@O 3-PGGG"% 3

DGGp %Q+ t"`8GGTp icGGR)# iGG]O [GG]# GG"% =8o<oGGH U18GG7"% d8MNoGGH+ N^PGo"% </8@N() .%zo"$% +8G*<@+ 4#1 -8GZo=b% &G5F7C U18G6` ~G/

t"8o"% V#0a"% 35(6 87^ # UN^%P"%:-

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87

J5!'( !f(#6 r#o%5'( xy/'( .K5"% 2Z@ %u8]1 27n dK(HJ% %u8]1 B{*

%NYR" 48o25]1 ,"%6:KYS U0=%# &25]1

t/K5"% i7'"% dK7a/ %u8]1 NRC

GGFC >8GG5/K6 &GGF/8^ &C8GGH lNGGj6 'PGG"% 6mGGR"% 44GGg %PGGc-# &GGH%:0"%GGH lNGGj" fGG2g =8o<510 .KGG6 iGG^ GGj]O 0GG<^ %u8GG]1

7^b GF/8^ &6:#N#"% U187"% &'M%N/ V8>& # L [G]K"% 2GZ@ tGg .KG26 NGGG)^O U0GG60C \%NGGG/ ?GGGpN^%Q 35GGW<o)3GGG/ iGG(] 'Q .# 44GGGg %PGGGc-

tGGg &g#NGGj7"% \8C8GGW"% iGG'ap &GG'M%N7F" %u8GG]1 &'GG#) 26NGGcp8Y"{(oH4) N)^O &'g8@# &"8'g &H%:0"% qNnO :K/O tg.

1%KGGGG7F" &GGGG7,T7"% &GGGG'M%N7"% tGGGGg +8(GGGG#@b% [(GGGGWocp 8/0GGGGTC X%NGGMb% %PGG- iGG)/ 44GGg L8GGYT/ ~g8GGT7"% t2oGGWp# L>82)8GGH &GGH#:07"%

iYH# t"? "(j5H05"% &(WT"8)p 3"# WooHb% ~5*T(X8?TC .

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88

52.E'(

(*N23 F]3*523 4/ ] c Ww8. ],?G6O\3A [, =6O\3 46=7&? @w .?*N23 Wj "'A .Kl=!*623 3u-E #D/ .=&w8 *iZh3 ]4b23@w XG?

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