Read and Do Science ROCKS
Transcript of Read and Do Science ROCKS
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ROCKSRead and Do Science
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Written by Melinda Lilly
Photos by Scott M. Thompson
Design by Elizabeth Bender
Educational Consultants
Kimberly Weiner, Ed.D
Betty Carter, Ed.D
Maria Czech, Ph.DCalifornia State University Northridge
Vero Beach, Florida 32964
Read and Do Science
ROCKS
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For Lyra
—S. T.
©2006 Rourke Publishing LLC
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or byany means, electronic, or mechanical including photocopying, recording, or by anyinformation storage and retrieval system without permission in writing from the publisher.
The photos on pages 8, 9a, 11, and 17a are courtesy of the National Park Service.
Thank you to Paul David Numer of Devil’s Punchbowl Nature Center.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Lilly, MelindaRocks / Lilly, Melinda.
p. cm. -- (Read and do science)ISBN 1-59515-404-3 (hardcover)
Printed in the USA
Before You Read This Book
Think about these facts:
1. What is a rock?
2. How do you think rocks are made?
The experiments in this book should be undertaken with adult supervision.
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Table of ContentsRocks! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Sedimentary Rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Igneous Rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Metamorphic Rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Which Description Best Describes
Which Type of Rock? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Rock Recipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Dig . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Take It Further: Water Erosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Think About It! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
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What can be as old as the hills
or as young as this minute?
Not your grandpa!
Rocks!
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5
Land may seem as though it never
changes. However, your backyard
may once have been a desert,
a rain forest, a swamp,
or more. A dinosaur may
have roamed where you
now climb on a slide.
?
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Sedimentary Rocks
Sedimentary rocks tell the
history of the land. They are
made of soil and other
materials brought by water,
wind, and ice. Each time
the land changes it
makes a new layer.
The layers make some
sedimentary rocks look like
slices of layer cake.
yum!
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7
Squeeze the layers together
for millions of years and they
become sedimentary rocks.
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8
Igneous Rocks
Some rocks start out as hot molten rock, flowing
like syrup. They can burst out of a volcano or remain
trapped deep in the earth.
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9
When molten rock cools and
hardens it becomes igneous rock.
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10
Metamorphic Rocks
It’s hair-raising
with what
some rocks go
through!
Burst out of a
volcano? That’s
nothing!
Earthquakes and
other forces may
squish and fold
them. Hot liquids
may splash them
until they almostbecome molten
rock. Some go
through it all!
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11
These rocks may have originally been igneous or
sedimentary. The heat and stress change them, and
they become metamorphic rocks.
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12
Which Description BestDescribes Which Type
of Rock?1. Stacked like pancakes
2. Made of rock that bubbles and bakes
3. Squeezed and folded when the earth quakes
Answers: 1 A, 2 C, 3 B
A. Sedimentary B. Metamorphic C. Igneous
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13
Follow this recipe to make
pretend rocks!
Rock Recipe
What You Need:• 1 1/2 cups flour• 1/2 cup pebbles or gravel• 1 cup sand• 1/4 cup rock salt• 3 tablespoons alum (at the grocerystore on the spice shelf)• 3/4 cup water• A big bowl
• A tablespoon
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If you were making real
rocks, minerals would be
your ingredients. A mineral
used in this recipe is halite,which is natural rock salt.
Put everything in
the bowl. Mix.
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Ick! It’s notlike cookie
dough!
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15
Grab a handful of
rock dough.
Put it under a mountain.
Wait a million years for the
earth to shape it into a rock.
Don’t want to wait? Squeeze it
into the shape of a rock.
Save the rest of
the dough for the
activity on page 18.
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Set your rock aside. Check it in a week to see if
it’s as hard as a rock.
How is a real rock like yours?
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Some rocks have
fossils or gems
inside.
Paleontologistsstudy fossils to learn
about animals and
plants of long ago.
17
leaf fossil
shell fossils
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18
Dig
What You Need:
• Rock dough (recipe on page 13)
• Chicken bones
• Shells
• Fake gems
• At least 25 pounds (11.3 kilograms) of
clean sand
• A plastic tub or
other container
• Plastic shovels
Hide pretend fossils and gems, and then dig for them!
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Hide bones, shells, or gems
inside each ball of rock dough.
Wait two days. Your rocks
should be slightly soft. You
need to be able to open
them with your hands.
Have an adult pour sand into the plastic tub.
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Buriedtreasure!
Hide the rocks.
Dig in!
Pry open the
rocks.
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What other secrets do rocks contain?
Geologists study them to learn what the world was
like long ago. Rocks also reveal the ingredients that
make up the earth. It’s some recipe!
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Glossaryerosion (ih ROW zhun) — the wearing away of land by water, ice,
wind, or other forces
fossils (FOS ilz) —anything remaining of animals or plants that
lived in ancient times
geologists (jee ALL oh jists) — scientists who study the history
and make-up of the earth
halite (HAL iet) — natural rock salt mineral
igneous (IG nee us) — rock made by great heat in the earth
metamorphic (met ah MAR fik) —rock that has changed its form
minerals (MIN er alz) — natural substances with specific chemical
make-ups, minerals are the building blocks of rocks
molten rock (MOAL ten ROK) — rock that is so hot it has melted
and is a liquid
paleontologists (pay lee on TALL oh jists) — scientists who study
ancient life
sedimentary (sed ih MEN tah ree) — rock that is formed of dirt
and other material left by wind, water, or ice
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23
Take It Further: Water Erosion
L earn how water changes the landscape by washing
some of it away. Shape the sand in the plastic tub
into hills and valleys. Put rocks, shells, and other
items in your landscape.
Using a large spray bottle or a hose with a spray
attachment, spray water on your landscape as rain.
Watch how the hills and valleys change through
erosion.
What happens to the sand underneath the rocks
and other items? How will the landscape erode if
you put ice on the sand instead of water?
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Think About It!1. Hawaii was formed by volcanoes. Could you expect to find a lot of
metamorphic, igneous, or sedimentary rocks in Hawaii?
2. If you wanted to go fossil hunting, would you look for igneous,metamorphic, or sedimentary rocks?
3. Please pass the halite! There are other types of natural salt besidesrock salt. Where is another place in nature that you could findsalt?
Index erosion 22, 23
fossils 17, 18, 22, 24
halite 13, 22, 24
igneous 8, 9, 11, 12, 22, 24
metamorphic 10, 11, 12, 22, 24
sedimentary 6, 7, 11, 12, 22, 24
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Read and Do Science helps children get excited
about science! These attention-grabbing books explain
concepts, showcase three fun experiments per title,
and reinforce the learning steps of pre-teach, teach,
and re-teach by including thought-provoking questions
at the beginning, in the main text, and at the end of
each book. Read and Do Science satisfies most
state standards while it fosters curiosity and fun!
ENERGY
HOT AND COLD
ME AND MY SHADOW
ROCKS
SUN AND MOON
WATER AND ICE