Reaction and Revolution

People should be as free as possible from gov’t restraint◦Protection of civil libertiesEquality before the lawFreedom of speech, assembly, press

Liberalism

◦Favor constitutionalismRule by constitution

◦Religious tolerance◦Separation of church and state

◦Representative assembly

Liberals did not believe everyone had right to vote◦Right to vote should be open only to men of property

Tied to middle-class men◦Especially industrial middle-class

Nationalism fuels effort to build nation-states

Nationalists loyal to people, not kings

Share common bondsPeople of single ancestry should unite under single gov’t

Ideal of Nationalism

Force for Disunity or Unity?◦DisunityPeople that want to restore old order from before French Revolution

Ethnic groups want nation states = split and crumble of empires

◦UnityBring ethnic groups together

Nationalism Shakes Aging Empires

TYPE Characteristics Examples

Unification Mergers of politically divided but culturally similar lands

GermanyItaly

Separation Culturally distinct group resist unification or try to break away

Greeks in Ottoman Empire

State-Building

Culturally distinct groups form new state; adopt single culture

United States

6 Bonds1. Culture2. History3. Language4. Territory5. Nationality6. Religion

Nationalism

1846 – Economic Problems lead to hardships◦Lower-middle class, workers, peasants

Middle class wanted right to vote◦Gov’t refused to make changes

1848 – monarchy overthrown◦Provisional government created◦Constitutional Assembly Elected by Universal Male Suffrage

Revolutions of 1848 - France

Nov. 4, 1848 – Second Republic created◦Single legislature elected by all males

December 1848 – Elect Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte president◦Nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte

Italy ruled by many groups◦Austria Venetia and Lombardy

◦Spanish Bourbons Kingdom of Two Sicilies

Italians don’t want to live under separate rulers◦1815 – 1848 – move toward unification

Italian Unification

1848 – nationalists look to Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia for leadership◦Largest and most powerful Italian state

◦Liberal constitution1849 – King Victor Emmanuel II

1852 – Camillo di Cavour appointed prime minister◦Expanded economy to increase gov’t revenues

◦Created army Not large enough to defeat Austrians

◦Cavour allies w/France 1858 – Louis-Napoleon Combined army takes over northern Italy, except Venetia

Cavour Secretly helped rebels in southern Italy

Giuseppe Garibaldi leads Red Shirts◦Capture Sicily◦Conquers Southern Italy◦Given permission by people to unite North and South

March 17, 1861 – Italy finally unified◦Garibaldi turns over control to King Victor Emmanuel II

Southern Italy

◦1866 – Venetia becomes part of Italy

◦1870 – Italians take Papal StatesRuled by popeRome becomes capital of Italy

1839 – German Confederation◦39 German states formed into a loose grouping

◦Dominated by largest states Austria-Hungary Prussia has advantages Mainly German population Powerful army industrialized

Bismarck Unites Germany

Prussia Leads German Unification◦Authoritarian gov’t King had control over gov’t and military

◦1861 – Wilhelm I succeeds throne Reforms army and doubles military Liberal parliament refuses to give money

Seen as challenge to authority Supported by Junkers – conservative wealthy landowners

Wilhelm I appoints Otto von Bismarck prime minister◦Realpolitik “Politics of reality” Power politics w/no room for idealism Based on practical matters not theory

◦Ruled w/out consent of parliament and budget Ruled by “Blood and Iron”

Prussia Expands◦1864- forms alliance w/Austria War w/Denmark to win Schleswig and Holstein

Seven Weeks’ War◦Causes conflict w/Austria over Schleswig

and Holstein Austria declares war in 1866

◦7 Weeks’ War Prussian victory Austrians lose Venetia to Italy Prussia controls northern Germany Joins eastern and western parts of Prussia 1867 – North German Confederation

dominated by Prussia

Franco-Prussian War◦war with France◦Bismarck claims French insulted Wilhelm I

◦French declare war on July 19, 1870◦Southern Germany joins Prussia Nationalism joins territories

◦January, 28, 1871 – French surrender Pay 5 billion francs Give up Alsace and Lorraine

Wilhelm I crowned kaiser (emperor) at Versailles◦Second Reich◦Dominance through “blood and iron” War and military strength

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Deutsches_Reich1.png

A Shift in Power Following Congress of Vienna 5 Great Powers◦Britain, France, Austria, Prussia, and Russia

By 1871 – 2 great powers◦Britain and Germany Most powerful militarily and economically

◦Austria and Russia Lag far behind

◦France in the middle Balance of Power had shifted

◦Sets up possibility of future conflict