Reactants: 6 CO 12 H Products: 1 m 10 nm 10 nm 1 nm 10 nm ... › faculty › hoffman ›...

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(a) Plants (c) Unicellular protist 10 µm 1.5 µm 40 µm (d) Cyanobacteria (e) Purple sulfur bacteria (b) Multicellular alga 1 Leaf cross section Vein Mesophyll Stomata CO2 O2 Chloroplast Mesophyll cell Outer membrane Intermembrane space 5 µm Inner membrane Thylakoid space Thylakoid Granum Stroma 1 µm 2 Reactants: 6 CO 2 Products: 12 H 2 O 6 O 2 6 H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 3 Light H 2 O Chloroplast Light Reactions NADP + P ADP i + ATP NADPH O 2 Calvin Cycle CO 2 [CH 2 O] (sugar) 4 UV Visible light Infrared Micro- waves Radio waves X-rays Gamma rays 10 3 m 1 m (10 9 nm) 10 6 nm 10 3 nm 1 nm 10 –3 nm 10 –5 nm 380 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 nm Longer wavelength Lower energy Higher energy Shorter wavelength 5 Reflected light Absorbed light Light Chloroplast Transmitted light Granum 6

Transcript of Reactants: 6 CO 12 H Products: 1 m 10 nm 10 nm 1 nm 10 nm ... › faculty › hoffman ›...

Page 1: Reactants: 6 CO 12 H Products: 1 m 10 nm 10 nm 1 nm 10 nm ... › faculty › hoffman › common... · 10–5 nm 10–3 nm 1 nm 103 nm 106 nm (109 nm) 380 450 500 550 600 650 700

(a) Plants

(c) Unicellular protist 10 µm

1.5 µm

40 µm (d) Cyanobacteria

(e) Purple sulfur bacteria

(b) Multicellular alga

1

Leaf cross section

Vein

Mesophyll

Stomata CO2 O2

Chloroplast Mesophyll cell

Outer membrane

Intermembrane space

5 µm

Inner membrane

Thylakoid space

Thylakoid

Granum Stroma

1 µm

2

Reactants: 6 CO2

Products:

12 H2O

6 O2 6 H2O C6H12O6

3

Light

H2O

Chloroplast

Light Reactions

NADP+

P

ADP

i +

ATP

NADPH

O2

Calvin Cycle

CO2

[CH2O] (sugar)

4

UV

Visible light

Infrared Micro- waves

Radio waves X-rays Gamma

rays

103 m 1 m

(109 nm) 106 nm 103 nm 1 nm 10–3 nm 10–5 nm

380 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 nm

Longer wavelength

Lower energy Higher energy

Shorter wavelength

5

Reflected light

Absorbed light

Light

Chloroplast

Transmitted light

Granum

6

Page 2: Reactants: 6 CO 12 H Products: 1 m 10 nm 10 nm 1 nm 10 nm ... › faculty › hoffman › common... · 10–5 nm 10–3 nm 1 nm 103 nm 106 nm (109 nm) 380 450 500 550 600 650 700

Wavelength of light (nm)

(b) Action spectrum

(a) Absorption spectra

(c) Engelmann’s experiment

Aerobic bacteria

RESULTS

Rat

e o

f p

ho

tosy

nth

esis

(m

easu

red

by

O2

rele

ase)

A

bso

rpti

on

of

ligh

t b

y ch

loro

pla

st p

igm

ents

Filament of alga

Chloro- phyll a Chlorophyll b

Carotenoids

500 400 600 700

700 600 500 400

7

Porphyrin ring: light-absorbing “head” of molecule; note magnesium atom at center

in chlorophyll a CH3

Hydrocarbon tail: interacts with hydrophobic regions of proteins inside thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts; H atoms not shown

CHO in chlorophyll b

8

(a) Excitation of isolated chlorophyll molecule

Heat

Excited state

(b) Fluorescence

Photon Ground state

Photon (fluorescence)

En

erg

y o

f el

ectr

on

e–

Chlorophyll molecule

9

THYLAKOID SPACE (INTERIOR OF THYLAKOID)

STROMA

e–

Pigment molecules

Photon

Transfer of energy

Special pair of chlorophyll a molecules

Th

ylak

oid

mem

bra

ne

Photosystem

Primary electron acceptor

Reaction-center complex

Light-harvesting complexes

10

Pigment molecules

Light

P680

e–

Primary acceptor

2

1

e–

e–

2 H+

O2

+

3

H2O

1/2

4

Pq

Pc

Cytochrome complex

Electron transport chain

5

ATP

Photosystem I (PS I)

Light

Primary acceptor

e–

P700

6

Fd

Electron

transport

chain

NADP+ reductase

NADP+

+ H+

NADPH

8

7

e– e–

6

Photosystem II (PS II)

11

Mill makes

ATP

e–

NADPH

Ph

oto

n

e– e–

e–

e–

e–

Ph

oto

n

ATP

Photosystem II Photosystem I

e–

12

Page 3: Reactants: 6 CO 12 H Products: 1 m 10 nm 10 nm 1 nm 10 nm ... › faculty › hoffman › common... · 10–5 nm 10–3 nm 1 nm 103 nm 106 nm (109 nm) 380 450 500 550 600 650 700

ATP Photosystem II

Photosystem I

Primary acceptor

Pq

Cytochrome complex

Fd

Pc

Primary acceptor

Fd

NADP+ reductase

NADPH

NADP+ + H+

13

Key

Mitochondrion Chloroplast

CHLOROPLAST STRUCTURE

MITOCHONDRION STRUCTURE

Intermembrane space

Inner membrane

Electron transport

chain

H+ Diffusion

Matrix

Higher [H+] Lower [H+]

Stroma

ATP synthase

ADP + P i H+

ATP

Thylakoid space

Thylakoid membrane

14

Light

Fd

Cytochrome complex

ADP +

i H+

ATP P

ATP synthase

To Calvin Cycle

STROMA (low H+ concentration)

Thylakoid membrane

THYLAKOID SPACE (high H+ concentration)

STROMA (low H+ concentration)

Photosystem II Photosystem I

4 H+

4 H+

Pq

Pc

Light NADP+

reductase

NADP+ + H+

NADPH

+2 H+

H2O O2

e– e–

1/2 1

2

3

15

Ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP)

3-Phosphoglycerate

Short-lived intermediate

Phase 1: Carbon fixation

(Entering one at a time)

Rubisco

Input

CO2

P

3 6

3

3

P

P P P

ATP 6

6 ADP

P P 6 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate

6

P

P 6

6 6 NADP+

NADPH

i

Phase 2: Reduction

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P)

1 P Output G3P

(a sugar)

Glucose and other organic compounds

Calvin Cycle

3

3 ADP

ATP

5 P

Phase 3: Regeneration of the CO2 acceptor (RuBP)

G3P

16

C4 leaf anatomy

Mesophyll cell Photosynthetic cells of C4 plant leaf

Bundle- sheath cell

Vein (vascular tissue)

Stoma

The C4 pathway

Mesophyll cell CO2 PEP carboxylase

Oxaloacetate (4C)

Malate (4C)

PEP (3C) ADP

ATP

Pyruvate (3C)

CO2 Bundle- sheath cell

Calvin Cycle

Sugar

Vascular tissue

17

CO2

Sugarcane

Mesophyll cell

CO2 C4

Bundle- sheath cell

Organic acids release CO2 to Calvin cycle

CO2 incorporated into four-carbon organic acids (carbon fixation)

Pineapple

Night

Day

CAM

Sugar Sugar

Calvin Cycle

Calvin Cycle

Organic acid Organic acid

(a) Spatial separation of steps (b) Temporal separation of steps

CO2 CO2

1

2

18

Page 4: Reactants: 6 CO 12 H Products: 1 m 10 nm 10 nm 1 nm 10 nm ... › faculty › hoffman › common... · 10–5 nm 10–3 nm 1 nm 103 nm 106 nm (109 nm) 380 450 500 550 600 650 700

Light Reactions:

Photosystem II Electron transport chain

Photosystem I Electron transport chain

CO2

NADP+

ADP P i +

RuBP 3-Phosphoglycerate

Calvin Cycle

G3P ATP

NADPH Starch (storage)

Sucrose (export)

Chloroplast

Light

H2O

O2

19


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