Aao

Jal

Sanchay

Karein

Boond -

Boond se

Dharti

Bharein

Ravindra KumarRavindra Kumarravindra53@yahoo.co.in

Major GW IssuesMajor GW Issues

Quality Problems

Declining Water Levels & Depleting firstDeclining Water Levels & Depleting first aquifer

Over Exploitation of Ground Water

Water Scarcity (as in hard rock areas)Water Scarcity (as in hard rock areas)

Awareness among masses

22

Mass Awareness

Positive minded atmosphere of co-operation

EXPERTS CommunityLeaders

Guiding lightLeaders

In driving seatFunding

Fuel to take to goal

GOVERNMENT

F l id dFORCE

Assembly line

For long ride and

smooth sailing

Village Water Security Plan

Ground Water Assessment in U P (1975 to 2009)Ground Water Assessment in U.P. (1975 to 2009)Unit: BCM

S.N ItemYear

1975 1986 1990 1995 2000 2004 20091975 1986 1990 1995 2000 2004 2009

1 GW Recharge* 70.50 76.93 64.10 71.60 80.80 70.18 68.57

2 GW draft for Irrigation# 26.32 26.22 26.40 26.89 42.24 48.78 46.002 GW draft for Irrigation# 26.32 26.22 26.40 26.89 42.24 48.78 46.00

3 GW draft for I &D use 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.41 0.66 0.53 3.48

4 Gross draft 26.72 26.62 26.80 27.30 42.90 49.31 49.48

5 Stage of development  (%) 38 35 42 38 53 69 72

* GWRecharge has declined 1600 MCM by 2009 over 2004# Domestic sector water use has increased  to 3000 MCM

2-5 mbgl, mainly in Terai Region & areas covered under Canal Commandsunder Canal Commands

1010--20 20 mbglmbgl, mainly in , mainly in parts of Western UP & parts of Western UP & area lying betweenarea lying betweenarea lying between area lying between GangaGanga & Yamuna, & Yamuna, except part falling in except part falling in RamRam GangaGanga CanalCanal

> 20> 20 mbglmbgl as patches & mostly alongas patches & mostly along

Ram Ram GangaGanga Canal Canal CommandCommand

> 20 > 20 mbglmbgl, as patches & mostly along , as patches & mostly along Yamuna river from Agra Yamuna river from Agra uptouptoAllahabadAllahabad

8

2-5 mbgl, mainly in TerRegion & areas covereunder Canal Commandunder Canal Command

1010--20 20 mbglmbgl, mainly in parts of , mainly in parts of Western UP & along YamunaWestern UP & along Yamuna

> 20 mbgl, as patches & > 20 mbgl, as patches & mostly along Yamuna river mostly along Yamuna river f A t F b df A t F b d Western UP & along YamunaWestern UP & along Yamunafrom Agra upto Ferozabadfrom Agra upto Ferozabad

9

Water Level Trends (Decline)– Pre-monsoon (2002-2011)

Si bl h• Sizeable area show declining trend within 20 cm/ yr.

• > 40 cm/ yr decline observed in parts of

y

pBijnor, M’ Nagar, GB Nagar, Meerut, Mathura, Harthras AgraHarthras, Agra, Firozabad, Fatehpur, Banda, Hamirpur, Mahoba, Jalaun, Jhansi, Jaunpur, Varanasi, Kaushambi, Mirzapur,

1010

, p ,Sonbhadra districts.

Water Level Trends – Post-monsoon (1999-2008)

• Sizeable area showSizeable area show declining trend within 20 cm/ yr.

• > 40 cm/ yr declining trends observed intrends observed in conceivable part, mainly in western UP, and M i l All i l Pl iMarginal Alluvial Plain and hard rock area falling in Bundelkhand and in parts of Mirzapur and Sonbhadra districts

11

Ground Water Resource and Development Potential in India

Total Annual Ground Water Recharge

Balance Dynamic Ground

(433 BCM)

Annual Ground Water Draft

yWater Resource Available

(168 BCM)

(231 BCM)

Natural Discharge(34 BCM)(34 BCM)

Annual Ground Water DraftAnnual Ground Water Recharge

100150200

250

BCM Annual Ground

Water Draft

Ground Water

Recharge from

Ground Water

Recharge from Other

Sources

050

100

Irrigation Domestic &Industrial

Water Draftfrom Rainfall

67%

Sources33%

Country Annual GW GW Structures Extraction per PopulationCountry Annual GW Use (km3)

GW Structures (million)

Extraction per Structure (m3/year)

Population Dependent on 

GW (%)Pakistan‐Punjab 45 0.5 90000 60‐65Pakistan Punjab 45 0.5 90000 60 65

India* 150 21.3 7900 55‐60

China 75 3.5 21500 22‐25

Iran 29 0.5 58000 12‐18

Mexico 29 0.1 414285 5‐6

USA 100 0.2 500000 <1‐2

* By 2009 GW Annual Draft has increased to 231 bcm* By 2009 GW Annual Draft has increased to 231 bcm

• Supply Side Measurespp y– Scientific Development of Ground Water

Resources• Ground Water Development in Alluvial Plains:• Ground Water Development in Alluvial Plains:• Ground Water Development in Coastal Areas:• Ground Water Development in Hard Rock Area

Ground Water Development in Water logged Areas• Ground Water Development in Water-logged Areas• Development of Flood Plain Aquifers

– Rainwater Harvesting and Artificial Recharge• Demand Side Measures

– GW Regulation

Back in the 1950's when energy use was considered

synonymous with economic progress, state power

utilities in India aggressively persuaded unwilling farmersgg y p g

to install electric tubewells. When the Green Revolution

was found to follow the tubewell revolution with a lag ofwas found to follow the tubewell revolution with a lag of

3-5 years

Groundwater, though part of hydrological cycle and a

community resource is still perceived as an individualcommunity resource, is still perceived as an individual

property and is exploited inequitably and without any

consideration to its sustainability leading to its overconsideration to its sustainability leading to its over-

exploitation in several areas.

Low consciousness about the overall scarcity and economic

value of water results in its wastage and inefficient use.

There is a need to map the aquifers to know the quantum and

quality of ground water resources (replenishable as well as

non-replenishable) in the country. This may be periodically

updated.

Declining ground water levels in over-exploited areas

d t b t d b i t d i i dneed to be arrested by introducing improved

technologies of water use, incentivizing efficient water

use and encouraging community based management of

aquifers. In addition, where necessary, artificial

recharging projects should be undertaken so that

extraction is less than the recharge. This would allow theg

aquifers to provide base flows to the surface system, and

maintain ecologymaintain ecology.

Safe blocks of U.P. in Ground Water Decline745

682

605600

700

800

s

400

500

600

of B

lock

s

200

300

Num

ber

0

100

2000 2004 2009Years

YearStage of  Nos. of OE/

YearDevelopment % Critical blocks 

2000 54 222004 69 50

Category of Stressed Stressed Stressed

2004 69 502009 72 108

Category of blocks

2000Stressedblock

2004Stressed block

2009Stressedblock

Over Exploited 2275

37138

7621513 3275 138 215Critical ‐ 13 32

Semi Critical 53 88 107Safe 745 682 605Safe 745 682 605Stressed blocks in % of Total

820 (9.1%) 820  (16.8%) 820  (26.9%)

250Trend of Increase in Stressed blocks over time

215

200

250

138150Blo

cks

7588

76

107100

umbe

r of

200020042009

22

53

75

37

76

3250

Nu

2213

0Over Exploited Critical Semi Critical Stressed block

Category of Blocks

9314 ponds in rural areas and 140 ponds in urban areas havep pbeen rejuvenated/ constructed.16634 check dam of varying dimensions have beenconstructed on different rivers/streamsconstructed on different rivers/streams.Roof top rainwater harvesting system has been installed in1715 private buildings & 684 government/semi-governmentb ilding in different citiesbuilding in different cities.An ambitious ground water scheme, named as “AdarshJalashay Yojna” has been launched in the state in thefinancial year 2006-07, wherein 52002 ponds would berejuvenated/constructed, one in each Gram Sabha.28 Industries have installed piezometers to monitor GW8 dust es a e sta ed p e o ete s to o to GLevel/Quality

Flood plains along the major river courses of the country offergood scope for groundwater development.Similarly, there are areas in the country with artesian condition,which can be mapped and suitable development plansformulated.In the alluvial areas where multi aquifer systems exist there isIn the alluvial areas, where multi-aquifer systems exist, there isa need to concretize methodologies for assessment ofdevelopment potential of deeper aquifers.There is urgent an need for coordinated efforts from variousThere is urgent an need for coordinated efforts from variousCentral and State Government agencies, non-Governmentaland social service organizations, academic institutions and thestakeholders for evolving and implementing suitable groundwater management strategies in the countrywater management strategies in the country.

JBSB- The Pilot Project jarea

Total Groundwater recharge = 3268 mcm

R h f i f ll 1939Recharge from rainfall = 1939 mcmRecharge from other sources = 1329 mcmCanal seepage 527 mcmCanal seepage 527 mcmReturn flow from irrigation

Surface 282 mcmG d 484Ground 484 mcm

Recharge from other measures 36 mcm

Scenario: Scenario: Current management practice (direct Current management practice (direct outlets open, groundwater not preferred) with outlets open, groundwater not preferred) with current cropping intensity (~150% ricecurrent cropping intensity (~150% rice--wheat)wheat)pp g y (pp g y ( ))

Scenario: Scenario: Jaunpur Branch running with direct outlets between Jaunpur Branch running with direct outlets between Amethi and Tikri Dys closed with current cropping intensity (~150% Amethi and Tikri Dys closed with current cropping intensity (~150% ricerice--wheat)wheat)ricerice wheat)wheat)

Scenario: Scenario: Jaunpur Branch closed with current cropping intensity Jaunpur Branch closed with current cropping intensity (~150% rice(~150% rice--wheat)wheat)

TYPICAL APPLICATIONS OF JBS DSSTYPICAL APPLICATIONS OF JBS DSS

The task of computing and presenting outputs in a comprehensible manner becomes increasing difficult for a decisionThe task of computing and presenting outputs in a comprehensible manner becomes increasing difficult for a decision makingmakingThe task of computing and presenting outputs in a comprehensible manner becomes increasing difficult for a decisionThe task of computing and presenting outputs in a comprehensible manner becomes increasing difficult for a decision--making making (what(what--if scenario) involving integrated water resource management (IWRM) without any computer software package. The JBS if scenario) involving integrated water resource management (IWRM) without any computer software package. The JBS DSS contains a computer model, iCROP, that can be used to compute crop water requirement, allocate resources, groundwater DSS contains a computer model, iCROP, that can be used to compute crop water requirement, allocate resources, groundwater profile, socioprofile, socio--economic value of a decision etc. For example, a planner has to investigate if available water resources in JBS economic value of a decision etc. For example, a planner has to investigate if available water resources in JBS is is adequate enough if the cropping intensity is increased from currently about 150% to 230% and conjunctive water management adequate enough if the cropping intensity is increased from currently about 150% to 230% and conjunctive water management policy is adopted. The 10policy is adopted. The 10--year weekly simulation of depth to groundwater evidently suggests that such resources use is year weekly simulation of depth to groundwater evidently suggests that such resources use is p y pp y p y y p g y ggy y p g y ggsustainable and consequently, the groundwater profile will also improve significantly.sustainable and consequently, the groundwater profile will also improve significantly.

10-yr Weekly Simulation of Depth to GW iCROP Output: Depth t o GW Map-Kharif

-7

-6

-5

W, m

bgl

Scenario: Proposed Cropping Pattern with Conjunctive Use

-9

-8

Dep

th to

GW

-10

20/0

6/20

0620

/12/

2006

20/0

6/20

0720

/12/

2007

20/0

6/20

0820

/12/

2008

20/0

6/20

0920

/12/

2009

20/0

6/20

1020

/12/

2010

20/0

6/20

1120

/12/

2011

20/0

6/20

1220

/12/

2012

20/0

6/20

1320

/12/

2013

20/0

6/20

1420

/12/

2014

20/0

6/20

1520

/12/

2015

Scenario: Proposed Cropping Pattern with Conjunctive Scenario: Proposed Cropping Pattern with Conjunctive UseUse

E ti t d R hEstimated Recharge ha.m/yr 

Total  RecharRecharCheck Dams(No )

Ponds(No.)

Estimated Recharge

Recharge depth(

Ponds Check  Roof Top Rainwater 

Recharge depth on(No.) Recharge 

(MCM)  mm)Ponds  Dams  Harvesting 

on developed area

16931 84647 16929 3386 103 204 0.84 16.816931 84647 16929 3386 103 204 0.84 16.8

Seepage  depth CCA

Seepage  depth on T hi lon CCA

(mm)Topographical area

(mm)

58.26 29.47

Conclusion

Conjunctive use policy is the best way for socially economically and environmentallysocially, economically and environmentally water resources sustainability.

Canal seepage if managed properly would provide the best way of water harvesting forprovide the best way of water harvesting for rural areas.

Aquifer management is equally important having withdrawal from varying depth forhaving withdrawal from varying depth for varying discharges.

Thank You