RATE project Helium diffusion experiments give nuclear ...RATE project Helium diffusion experiments...
Transcript of RATE project Helium diffusion experiments give nuclear ...RATE project Helium diffusion experiments...
![Page 1: RATE project Helium diffusion experiments give nuclear ...RATE project Helium diffusion experiments give nuclear evidence for a young world “1.5 billion years” of nuclear decay](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022041614/5e3a45eb1dfb4e65aa37d6b2/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
RATE project
Helium diffusion experiments givenuclear evidence for a young world
“1.5 billion years” of nuclear decayoccurred between4,000 and 8,000 years ago
Updated !
D. Russell Humphreys, Ph.D.Institute for Creation Research
![Page 2: RATE project Helium diffusion experiments give nuclear ...RATE project Helium diffusion experiments give nuclear evidence for a young world “1.5 billion years” of nuclear decay](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022041614/5e3a45eb1dfb4e65aa37d6b2/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Tiny “zircon” crystals in the Earth’scontinental crust are radioactive
Zirconium Silicate, ZrSiO4
75µm
Contain Uraniumand Thorium atoms
![Page 3: RATE project Helium diffusion experiments give nuclear ...RATE project Helium diffusion experiments give nuclear evidence for a young world “1.5 billion years” of nuclear decay](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022041614/5e3a45eb1dfb4e65aa37d6b2/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
The radioactivity makes helium
Eighthelium
atoms
Nuclear decay in zircon
U-238
Pb-206
![Page 4: RATE project Helium diffusion experiments give nuclear ...RATE project Helium diffusion experiments give nuclear evidence for a young world “1.5 billion years” of nuclear decay](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022041614/5e3a45eb1dfb4e65aa37d6b2/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
The helium is still in the zircons
Fenton Hill, New MexicoLos Alamos geothermal site
Radioisotope age: “1.5 Billion years”
Helium retained in Zircons% of “1.5 Billion” year’s worth:
0.127739305
1.223935024
1719729003
2715121702
581059601
Helium(%)
Temp.(ºC)
Depth (meters)
Sample
![Page 5: RATE project Helium diffusion experiments give nuclear ...RATE project Helium diffusion experiments give nuclear evidence for a young world “1.5 billion years” of nuclear decay](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022041614/5e3a45eb1dfb4e65aa37d6b2/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
The helium diffuses out of the zircons
HeliumAtom
Lightweight Fast-movingSlippery
Crystal Atoms
Wiggles through crystalLeaks through cracks around crystals
![Page 6: RATE project Helium diffusion experiments give nuclear ...RATE project Helium diffusion experiments give nuclear evidence for a young world “1.5 billion years” of nuclear decay](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022041614/5e3a45eb1dfb4e65aa37d6b2/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
The hotter the crystal, the faster the diffusion
Pure Crystal
Defects
Temperature (°Kelvin)33340050066610002000Infinity
Inverse Temperature, 1000 / T0 0.5 1 1.5 2 3
Diff
usio
n R
ate
Hot Cold
2.5
Typical “Arrhenius” plot:Diffusion ratevs. temperature
We needed ratedata for zircon
![Page 7: RATE project Helium diffusion experiments give nuclear ...RATE project Helium diffusion experiments give nuclear evidence for a young world “1.5 billion years” of nuclear decay](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022041614/5e3a45eb1dfb4e65aa37d6b2/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Before 2001, only one measurement of helium diffusion in zircon was in printMagomedov (1970)“Study of the mechanism of radiogenic productmigration in zircon”,Geokhimiya 2:263-267.
![Page 8: RATE project Helium diffusion experiments give nuclear ...RATE project Helium diffusion experiments give nuclear evidence for a young world “1.5 billion years” of nuclear decay](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022041614/5e3a45eb1dfb4e65aa37d6b2/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Magomedov’s data were ambiguousWhat does
mean?
![Page 9: RATE project Helium diffusion experiments give nuclear ...RATE project Helium diffusion experiments give nuclear evidence for a young world “1.5 billion years” of nuclear decay](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022041614/5e3a45eb1dfb4e65aa37d6b2/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Interpreting “ln D” makes a big difference
lneD
lne(D/a2)
log10D
1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
10–14
10–12
10–10
10– 8
10– 6
10– 4
1000 / Temperature (ºK)
D(c
m2 /s
ec)
In 2000 we assumed this— very fast diffusion
Russian zircon interpretations
![Page 10: RATE project Helium diffusion experiments give nuclear ...RATE project Helium diffusion experiments give nuclear evidence for a young world “1.5 billion years” of nuclear decay](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022041614/5e3a45eb1dfb4e65aa37d6b2/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Zircons are embedded in biotite, a dark mica
Biotite
Zirc
on
Biotite might slow down diffusionHelium-in-biotite rateshad not been measured
So in 2000 we commissioned experiments on biotite
![Page 11: RATE project Helium diffusion experiments give nuclear ...RATE project Helium diffusion experiments give nuclear evidence for a young world “1.5 billion years” of nuclear decay](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022041614/5e3a45eb1dfb4e65aa37d6b2/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
We developed two theoretical models
Predicted biotite rates required to retain observed helium for:
1. 6000 years (Creation)
2. 1.5 Billion years (Uniformitarian)
Zircon
Biotite
![Page 12: RATE project Helium diffusion experiments give nuclear ...RATE project Helium diffusion experiments give nuclear evidence for a young world “1.5 billion years” of nuclear decay](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022041614/5e3a45eb1dfb4e65aa37d6b2/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
We published the predictions in the year 2000
![Page 13: RATE project Helium diffusion experiments give nuclear ...RATE project Helium diffusion experiments give nuclear evidence for a young world “1.5 billion years” of nuclear decay](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022041614/5e3a45eb1dfb4e65aa37d6b2/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
In 2001 we found zircon was more important
1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
10–14
10–12
10–10
10– 8
10– 6
10– 4
lneD
lne(D/a2)
log10D
1000 / Temperature (ºK)
D(c
m2 /s
ec)
2001 zircon data agreedwith lowest Magomedovinterpretation
2001 Nevada Zircons
So we started zircon experimentsand changed models to zircon
Russian zircon interpretations
Biotite data 10 x aboveCreation model
![Page 14: RATE project Helium diffusion experiments give nuclear ...RATE project Helium diffusion experiments give nuclear evidence for a young world “1.5 billion years” of nuclear decay](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022041614/5e3a45eb1dfb4e65aa37d6b2/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
10 -23
10 -21
10 -19
10 -17
10 -15
10 -13
10 -11
1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6
2001 Nevada1970 Russian
re-interpreted
UniformitarianModel
CreationModel
D(c
m2 /s
ec)
1000 / Temperature (°K)
Zircon creation model within 0.5% of biotite
Defect line
Still needed Jemezzircon measurements 100,000 x
difference
Published zircon data approached creation model
![Page 15: RATE project Helium diffusion experiments give nuclear ...RATE project Helium diffusion experiments give nuclear evidence for a young world “1.5 billion years” of nuclear decay](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022041614/5e3a45eb1dfb4e65aa37d6b2/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
We extracted minerals from core samplesCore samples fromsame borehole & depths
Crushed, sieved, separated
Fenton Hill site GT2Jemez Granodiorite750 meters & 1500 metersLos Alamos National Laboratory
ICR Geology Laboratory, andActivation Laboratories, Ontario
![Page 16: RATE project Helium diffusion experiments give nuclear ...RATE project Helium diffusion experiments give nuclear evidence for a young world “1.5 billion years” of nuclear decay](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022041614/5e3a45eb1dfb4e65aa37d6b2/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Extracted zircons were like Gentry’s
![Page 17: RATE project Helium diffusion experiments give nuclear ...RATE project Helium diffusion experiments give nuclear evidence for a young world “1.5 billion years” of nuclear decay](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022041614/5e3a45eb1dfb4e65aa37d6b2/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
An expert measured the helium diffusion rates
Didn’t know sponsors, goals, or sites
![Page 18: RATE project Helium diffusion experiments give nuclear ...RATE project Helium diffusion experiments give nuclear evidence for a young world “1.5 billion years” of nuclear decay](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022041614/5e3a45eb1dfb4e65aa37d6b2/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
10 -23
10 -21
10 -19
10 -17
10 -15
10 -13
10 -11
1.5 2 2.5
2002 Data2003 Data
Uniformitarian
Jemez Zircon Data
July, 2003Lengths 50-75 µmLower temperatures
Creation Model
D(c
m2 /s
ec)
1000 / Temperature (°K)
Shown in ICC paper
Model
New !
Our new zircon data strongly support creation
![Page 19: RATE project Helium diffusion experiments give nuclear ...RATE project Helium diffusion experiments give nuclear evidence for a young world “1.5 billion years” of nuclear decay](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022041614/5e3a45eb1dfb4e65aa37d6b2/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
New data give a more accurate diffusion age
0.1
1.2
17
27
58
Helium(%)
7.97 × 10-16
1.87 × 10-16
5.49 × 10-17
1.09 × 10-17
_____
Measured D(cm2/s)
7330
5730
2400
7270
Age(years)
277
239
197
151
105
Temp.(ºC)
5
4
3
2
1
Sample
Estimated Age: 5680 ± 2000 years
![Page 20: RATE project Helium diffusion experiments give nuclear ...RATE project Helium diffusion experiments give nuclear evidence for a young world “1.5 billion years” of nuclear decay](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022041614/5e3a45eb1dfb4e65aa37d6b2/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
10 -23
10 -21
10 -19
10 -17
10 -15
10 -13
10 -11
1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Cooler formation? Would require refrigeration!Loophole # 1
– 36°C+105°C
Data extrapolationUniformi-tarian
Model
D(c
m2 /s
ec)
1000 / Temperature (°K)
Model extrapolation
141°C
249°C+277°C
1.5 Gyr requires:> 140°C cooler most of the time
To– 100°C
![Page 21: RATE project Helium diffusion experiments give nuclear ...RATE project Helium diffusion experiments give nuclear evidence for a young world “1.5 billion years” of nuclear decay](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022041614/5e3a45eb1dfb4e65aa37d6b2/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Loophole # 2
Much helium outside zircons? Data say “no”
BiotiteZirc
on
zircon: 1320 nmol / ccbiotite: 7 nmol / cc
Czircon >> Cbiotite
Helium at 1490 meters:
Diffusion always fromgreater to lesser C
4He diffusingout of zircons
![Page 22: RATE project Helium diffusion experiments give nuclear ...RATE project Helium diffusion experiments give nuclear evidence for a young world “1.5 billion years” of nuclear decay](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022041614/5e3a45eb1dfb4e65aa37d6b2/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Loophole # 3
Big Gentry error? Our data support his
~ 80957502002
2715121702
0.127739305
1.223935024
1719729003
4212414922003
581059601
Helium(%)
Temp.(ºC)
Depth (meters)
Sample
30
40
50
60
100 110 120 130 140 150 160
Helium Retention%
Temperature (°C)
Our 2003 Data1
2
![Page 23: RATE project Helium diffusion experiments give nuclear ...RATE project Helium diffusion experiments give nuclear evidence for a young world “1.5 billion years” of nuclear decay](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022041614/5e3a45eb1dfb4e65aa37d6b2/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Loophole # 4
“Closure” temperature? Low and not relevantC
losu
re
Ope
ning
Tclosure
Tem
pera
ture
Hel
ium
Time
Time
ClosureInterval << 1.5 Gyr
10 -17
10 -16
10 -15
1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6
Jemez zirconclosure temps
128°C
-170°C197°C
105°C
277°C
D(c
m2 /s
ec)
1000 / T (°K)
![Page 24: RATE project Helium diffusion experiments give nuclear ...RATE project Helium diffusion experiments give nuclear evidence for a young world “1.5 billion years” of nuclear decay](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022041614/5e3a45eb1dfb4e65aa37d6b2/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Two zircon “clocks” disagree by millionsSummary
Nuclear decay:1.5 billion years
Helium diffusion:4000 to 8,000 years
We suggest nuclear decay rate change in past
![Page 25: RATE project Helium diffusion experiments give nuclear ...RATE project Helium diffusion experiments give nuclear evidence for a young world “1.5 billion years” of nuclear decay](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022041614/5e3a45eb1dfb4e65aa37d6b2/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Conclusion
RATE helium diffusion experimentssupport the young world of Scripture
5680 years± 2000 years