Radio spectrum resources and their usage Wireless ......Radio spectrum resources and their usage...
Transcript of Radio spectrum resources and their usage Wireless ......Radio spectrum resources and their usage...
Radio spectrum resources and their usage
Wireless Networks and Convergence
Annual Training 2012-2013 on Communication & Media Regulation
Antonio Sassano - Università di Roma “La Sapienza”
Fiesole - October 16, 2012
FLORENCE SCHOOL OF REGULATION
COMMUNICATIONS & MEDIA
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Outline
Mobile Broadband Growth … we (badly) need: More Spectrum for LTE (main focus)
How much spectrum do we hold? (spectrum holdings US / Italy)
Where to get more spectrum and how?
LTE Spectrum worlwide: a messy scenario Three Regions many strategies
ITU Conference WRC12 (Africa&ME need spectrum)
28+ different band arrangements (the Iphone5 case)
UHF: the sweetspot (who owns it?)
How to move on: TV – LTE co-existence or replacement? (white spaces, re-farming)
The United Arab Emirates proposal (July 2012)
Reverse Auctions & Repacking. The FCC proposal (October 2012)
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Mobile Broadband trends
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• 1 Exabyte = 1018 bytes
• 1 Exabyte = 109 Gigabytes
• 18 fold increase 2011-2016
Mobile Data Traffic per month 2011 -2016
• 2 Exabyte = data produced wordwide in one year (2004 estimate)
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Mobile Data Traffic per device type 2011 -2016
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Mobile Data Traffic per region 2011 -2016
(extrapolation at constant rate)
18 in 2016 1000 in 2020
Capacity Crunch?
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Spectrum/Capacity: Shannon Theorem (single carrier)
Example: Satellite Maximum Capacity BW = 10 MHz; S/N = 100 (20 dB) C = 10.000.000 x log2(101) 66 Mbit/sec
Increase Bandwidth More spectrum (100 MHz for 1 Gbit LTE – A)
Increase S/N Ratio Increase Signal Power or better # of cells (Network Density)
Increase Spectral Efficiency (MIMO, Coding)
Need More Capacity ?
Capacity
(Bit/sec) )
N
S1(logBWC 2
BandWidth (Hertz)
Signal/Noise Ratio
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Avoiding Capacity Crunch: the Ljubljana Cube
3GPP Ljubljana Meeting (June 2012) 45 vendors & mobile operators 250 technical presentations LTE Release 12 - “frozen” in 2014
1000 (2020 target) 3 Spectrum 6 Spectral Efficiency 56 Density of cells
CAPACITY = Bandwidth Efficiency Network Density
More spectrum & efficiency Lower # of cells Lower CAPEX/OPEX
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How much spectrum do we hold and
where do we get extra spectrum (more than 3 )
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Auctions, Refarming, Swaps, M&A etc.
OFCOM Consultation Document (700 MHz)
Better Quality
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Spectrum Holdings (USA)
Verizon 3.6b$ acquisition of SpectrumCo (Comcast, TimeW,..)
AT&T’s “failed” 39b$ acquistion of T-Mobile (FCC said no) Possible meger of T-Mobile and MetroPcs (NewCo) Clearwire to start deploying 5000 site TDD-LTE Network (2.5GHz)
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Spectrum Holdings (Italy)
Total (paired / unpaired) 800Mhz
900MHz
1.8Ghz 1.9GHz
(TDD)
2.1GHz 2.6GHz 2.6GHz
(TDD)
65 / 5 10 10 15 + 5 5 10 15 0
65 / 5 10 10 15 + 5 5 10 15 0
65 / 5 10 10 15 5 10 20 0
45 / 35 0 5* 15 5 15 10 30
* January 2014
In red 2011 auction acquisitions
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L Band
1452-1492
40MHz
2020: from 100 to 300 MHz per operator. How?
Marsden : NERA Consulting – June 2012
Use the UHF Band (the sweetspot) asymmetrically White spaces and Co-existence with TV services Re-pack TV stations and free the UHF spectrum
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LTE Tecnology : Carrier Aggregation
Each UE can have different aggregation capability Crucial for “backward” compatibility Simplifies migration. Adds Flexibility to Spectrum Management Ease the challenge posed by the need of “big chunks” of contiguous spectrum (>100 MHz) for Gigabit LTE Allows an asymmetric use of (valuable) spectrum
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UHF - The sweetspot
White spaces
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UHF-spectrum is valuable and scarce
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Supplemental DownLink
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Supplemental Downlink: asymmetric and efficient
• DLink and ULink traffic are asymmetric
• so .. assign the spectrum to DLink
• Using TDD (or half FDD band)
• L Band (1452-1492)
• or Upper 700 MHz Band
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Case Study: L Band (UHF 1452 – 1492)
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Case Study: L Band (UHF 1452 – 1492)
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White spaces and Cognitive Radio
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“Well-planned” TV Digital Networks leave white spaces
ITALY - SFN Network UK - MFN Network
GE06 PLAN - MFN Network
• White Spaces can be re-used
• Cognitive devices (Mode I)
• Geolocation & DataBases (Mode II)
• Managed co-existence: ASA concept
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WiFi, White Spaces and Cognitive Radio
WiFi (2.4, 5, 60 GHz) a possible solution to increase available BW … and improve LTE performances (offload broadband traffic)
White Spaces: 390-470 Band largely underused (Personal Mobile Radio, Tetra) TV Band (co-existence with local station) Femtocells?
Mode II DataBases: Google Spectrum Bridge
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Spectrum Availability DataBase
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Coexistence TV – MBB (ISBUL Project – AGCOM 2009)
A “primary” Digital Network SFN (82 sites BLUE)
Switch-on the TV sites one at a time
.. evaluating the etension of the “white area” (GREEN)
1 DVB-T site
Pop TV: 24.8
Pop MBB: 37.4
10 DVB-T sites
Pop TV: 63.1
Pop MBB: 22.8
82 DVB-T sites
Pop TV: 90.6
Pop MBB: 7.5
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The Authorized Shared Access concept (I)
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The ASA concept (II) – Managed co-existence
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UHF: from TV to LTE
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Three ITU Regions …
Americas Europe, Africa & Middle East
Asia Pacific
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Different needs
Africa is a wireless continent (AT Kearney 2011)
With no digital dividend!
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The 700 MHz Band: Asia-Pacific and Africa
Geraldo Neto : Qualcomm – Montevideo - June 2012
850 MHz in Africa & ME allocated to mobile:
Digital Dividend insufficient
Africa and Middle East: “we do not need 40 TV channels!”
40 Channels
30 MHz Mobile
30 MHz Base
61 62 63 68 69 64 65 66 67
9 Channels (TLC) (EUROPA – AFRICA – ME)
57 58 59 60 52 55 56 54 53 51 49 50
700 MHz Band 800 MHz Band
47 21
TV (DTT)
22 23
790 694
48
806 694
GUARD
45 MHz Base
61 62 63 68 69 64 65 66 67 57 58 59 60 52 55 56 54 53 51
45 MHz Mobile
GUARD
49 50
14 Channels (ASIA-PACIFIC) 7 Channels (TLC)
47 21
TV (DTT)
22 23
28 Channels
48
698 806
63 68 69 64 65 66 67
14 Channels (USA - AMERICAS) 7 Channels (TLC)
C' A B C E F A B C PS C' D PS D
61 62 57 58 59 60 52 55 56 54 53 51 49 50
TV (DTT)
28 Channels
47 21 22 23 48
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700 MHz band 800 MHz band
30 MHz Mobile
30 MHz Base
61 62 63 68 69 64 65 66 67
9 Channels 12 Channels
TV/TLC 2015 (co-primary)
40 channels currently assigned to TV broadcasting Digital Dividend 1
TV (DTT)
28 Channels
57 58 59 60 52 55 56 54 53 51 49 50 48 21 47 22 23
GENEVA 2012 – The Second Digital Dividend (DD2)
• 2012 – 2015 (intense) technical preparatory activity (ITU JWG – 4-5-6-7):
– Channel harmonization (Asia-Pacific or USA for Region 2?)
– GE06 (TV plan) revision (bilateral agreements with GE06 rules)
– TV - LTE cross-border co-existence (e.g. Italy and North-Africa)
– OFCOM consultation (Re-packing of Digital TV networks)
• ITU WRC12: African & Middle East Members ask for DD2 (700 MHz)
• Decision: 2015 96 MHz (700MHz) for co-primary use TV / MBB
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Channel 56
Channel 52
• North-Africa will “squeeze” TV uses to maximize the Second Digital Dividend
• Coordination based on rights guaranteed by Geneva 2006 Allotments (never changed)
• “300 Km separation required” – Francois Rancy Director ITU Technical Board
• We should ask: “give up your Mobile BB in order to let me to watch 100 DTT programs”
coordination is very difficult!
Cross Border coordination (GE06)
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Channel harmonization
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Geraldo Neto : Qualcomm – Montevideo - June 2012 Channel harmonization
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Channel harmonization: “What if” Region 2 choses APT ?
CEPT DD1 (800 MHz)
APT (700 MHz)
both options
ITU Technical Group (July 2012): United Arab Emirates proposal
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Are the smartphones compatible with this solution ?
The Iphone5 case
Not EU DD1 !
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LTE Frequency Bands
EU DD1
EU IPHONE5
WRC12 DD2
US AT&T
US VERIZON
A messy scenario
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Qualcomm’s reply to UAE consultation : Band 28 on the Iphone 5S ?
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61 62 63 68 69 64 65 66 67
9 Channels for TLC Final Configurations Phase 1
48 57 58 59 60 52 55 56 54 53 51 49 50 21
TV (DTT)
47 22 23
28 Channels
30 MHz Mobile
30 MHz Base
30 MHz Base
(or TDD)
UAE proposal suggests a 2-phase strategy for Europe?:
Phase 1 (2015): Only 4 TV channels relocated 57-60 (reduced repacking)
Compatible with
current options for
700MHz
Phase 2 (2020): The rest of 700 MHz Band is vacated. TV channels repacked
30MHz used as supplemental downlink (as Band L) :
competitive auction possible with options for the uplink (future) band
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The FCC Strategy
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“The CTIA estimates that the average cost
of a TV station transferring to a new channel
(also referred to as channel swapping) would
be $898,000.
Such costs include new transmitters, new
towers, various electronics, and installation.
It is not clear that TV station owners will find
this a reasonable number“ (Milgrom et alii)
Broadcasters on the “war-path” : “The FCC GRAB”
• High political pressure on FCC
• Voluntary spectrum release
• Spectrum Act (Feb 2012)
• FCC Consultation (Oct 2012)
• Responses (Dec 2012)
• FCC answers (Feb 2013)
• Auction June 2014
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• broadcaster bid to voluntary relinquish spectrum rights
• .. or to accept interference, a UHFVHF swap or channel-sharing
• each option has a (descending) “price” defined by the auctioneer (FCC)
• the bidder either exits and gets a channel in the original band (re-packing)
• .. or stays active and implicitly accepts the current offer
Reverse Auction
• the “objects” (5 MHz “generic” blocks) are defined by the Reverse Auction
• downlink (X) and uplink (Y) channels are not necessarily paired
• clock auction: FCC raises the prices when demand exceeds the offer
Forward Auction
The FCC proposal : An Incentive Auction
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Reverse Auction and Re-Packing
Coverage and Interference evaluated
Feasible assignment (re-packing): Each bid is satisfied (channel cleared and
paid, UHF-VHF swapped or re-assigned to
the original band with no interference)
Cost of satisfying a bid (re-pack) varies
• Population covered
• Interference produced
• International Coordination
• …..
How to choose among 1050 re-packings?
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Incentive Auction (II): a two side mechanism
• Target Clearing Cost (max amount payable to clear the spectrum)
• Clearing Target (n channels to be cleared)
SET
INTERLEAVED VERSION (SKETCH)
Reverse Auction Find the feasible assignment that clears
the n channels (8Mhz) at minimum cost
Forward Auction Assign m = f(n) blocks (5 Mhz)
with a clock ascending auction
Closing Rule If Net Revenue > Net Revenue Target
then STOP
else decrease Clearing Target by 1
- Collect the bids
- Assign a “price” to each bid (scoring)
- The sum of “prices” is the cost
of a feasible assignment and is
Target Clearing Cost
Find (a new) feasible assignment
clearing n channels and having
minumum cost (re-packing)
- If some bids are “useless” in the
minimum cost assignment
- Decrease the “prices”
- Announce them to bidders
- Some of them will leave the auction
Integer Programming
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Thanks for your attention!