Raczky60-Moments in Time

8/10/2019 Raczky60-Moments in Time

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MOMENTS IN TIME


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A A, G K, V K,G K and G V. S


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MOMENTS IN TIME

Papers Presented to Pl Raczkyon His 60thBirthday

E

Alexandra Anders and Gabriella Kulcsr

Gbor Kalla, Viktria Kiss and Gbor V. Szab

srgszeti rsasg / Prehistoric SocietyEtvs Lornd University

LHarmattan

B 2013


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English and German text revised by

Lszl Bartosiewicz, Alice M. Choyke, Judith A. Rasson and Magdalna Seleanu (English)Ul Morche and va Pvai (German)

Te publication of this volume was generously supported by

Etvs Lornd University, Faculty o HumanitiesDeutsches Archologisches Institut, Eurasien-Abteilung

srgszeti rsasg / Prehistoric SocietyNra 97 Kf.Archeodata 1998 Bt.

satrs Kf.

Te Authors, 2013 LHarmattan Kiad, 2013

ISBN 978-963-236-346-2ISSN 2063-8930

ypography by

Zsolt Gembela

Cover design

Gbor Vczi and Zsolt Gembela

Printed in Hungary by Robinco Kf.

Director: Pter Kecskemthy


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ibor MartonLBK Households in ransdanubia: A Case Study .............................................................................. 159

Zsolt Mester Jacques ixierPot lames: Te Neolithic Blade Depot rom Boldogkvralja

(Northeast Hungary) ...............................................................................................................................173

Krisztin OrossRegional raits in the LBK Architecture o ransdanubia ................................................................187

ibor PaluchMaroslele-Panaht, Legel: Data to the Middle NeolithicAnthropomorphic Vessel ....................................................................................................................... 203

Juraj Pavk Zdenk FarkaBeitrag zur Gliederung der lteren Linearkeramik ............................................................................213

Jrg PetraschStandardisierung versus Individualitt?Das Wesen der jungsteinzeitlichen Bestattungssitten ........................................................................ 237

Katalin Sebkwo Ceramic-Covered Burials rom the Middle Neolithico the Carpathian Basin .......................................................................................................................... 249

Peter Stadler Nadezdha KotovaTe Early LBK Site at Brunn am Gebirge, Wololz (56705100 BC):

Locally Established or Founded by Immigrants rom theStarevo erritory? .............................. 259

Gerhard rnkaEin bemerkenswerter Klingenkern aus Szentgl-Radiolarit

von Gro-Schollach im westlichen Niedersterreich ........................................................................ 277

Zsuzsanna M. VirgOn the Anthropomorphic Representations o LPC in Connectionwith Some Recent Finds rom Budapest (Figurines and Vessels with FacialRepresentations) ...................................................................................................................................... 289

L N P-C I W

Judit P. BarnaA Miniature Anthropomorphic Vessel rom the Early Lengyel CultureSite at Sorms-rk-ldek in Southwestern Hungary......................................................................311

John ChapmanFrom Varna to Brittany via Csszhalom Was Tere a Varna Effect? ..................................... 323

Alice M. Choyke Zsuzsanna th

Practice Makes Perect: Quartered Metapodial Awlsin the Late Neolithic o Hungary .......................................................................................................... 337

Contents

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Magorzata Kaczanowska Janusz K. KozowskiTe ransition rom the Neolithic to the Copper Age Lithic Industriesin the Northern Carpathian Basin ........................................................................................................ 353

Nndor Kalicz

Siedlungsstruktur und Bestattungen mit Prestigeobjektendes Fundplatzes p-Leb (sdliches Teigebiet, Ungarn) ........................................................... 365

Katalin KovcsLate Neolithic Exchange Networks in the Carpathian Basin ........................................................... 385

Kitti KhlerErgebnisse der anthropologischen Untersuchungen zweiersptneolithischer Bestattungen in Alsnyk ....................................................................................... 401

Johannes Mller Robert Hofmann Nils Mller-Scheeel Knut Rassmann

Neolithische Arbeitsteilung: Spezialisierung in einem ell um 4900 v. Chr. ................................. 407

Zsuzsanna Siklsiraces o Social Inequality and Ritual in the Late Neolithico the Great Hungarian Plain ................................................................................................................ 421

Krisztina Somogyi Zsolt GallinaBesonderes anthropomorphes Ge der Lengyel-Kultur mit doppelterGesichts- und Menschendarstellung in Alsnyk (SW-Ungarn) ..................................................... 437

Alasdair Whittle

Enclosures in the Making: Knowledge, Creativity and emporality ............................................... 457

Istvn Zalai-Galotenhaltung als Indikator relativer Chronologieim transdanubischen Sptneolithikum? .............................................................................................. 467

N S L

Lszl DomborczkiNeolithic Cult Objects and Teir Symbolism ..................................................................................... 487

Gheorghe Lazarovici Cornelia-Magda LazaroviciSacred house and Teir Importance or the Reconstructiono Architecture, Inner Furnishings and Spiritual Lie ....................................................................... 503

E C A B C

Attila Gyucha William A. ParkinsonArchaeological Cultures and the Study o Social Interaction:Te Emergence o the Early Copper Age iszapolgr Culture ..........................................................521

Contents

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Svend HansenFigurinen aus Stein und Bein in der sdosteuropischen Kuperzeit ............................................. 539

Judit RegenyeSurviving Neolithic Te Early Copper Age in ransdanubia,

North o Lake Balaton ............................................................................................................................ 557

Wolfram SchierAn Antiquarians Grave? Early iszapolgr Burialsin the Late Vina ell Site o Uivar (Romania) .................................................................................. 569

M C A A

Attila Lszl Sndor Jzsef SztncsujVessels with Handles with Discoid Attachments Discovered

in the AriudCucuteni Area and Some Problems in the Development andChronology o the Ariud (Ersd) Culture in Southeastern ransylvania ..................................... 579

Ildik SzathmriKuperhammeraxt mit Spuren eines Holzschafrestes

vom Donauuer bei Szentendre ............................................................................................................ 595

F L C A B B A T

Mria Bondr

Utilitarian, Artistic, Ritual or Prestige Articles? Te Possible Functiono an Enigmatic Arteact ....................................................................................................................... 605

Szilvia FbinA Preliminary Analysis o Intrasite Patterns at Balatonkeresztr-Rti-dl,a Late Copper Age Site on the Southern Shore o Lake Balaton in Hungary ..................................613

Lszl GyrgyLate Copper Age Animal Burials in the Carpathian Basin .............................................................. 627

Gabriella Kulcsr

Glimpses o the Tird Millenium BC in the Carpathian Basin ....................................................... 643

Vajk SzevernyiTe Earliest Copper Shaf-Hole Axes in the Carpathian Basin:Interaction, Chronology and ransormations o Meaning ............................................................ 661

E B A R N A

Jnos Dani Viktria KisjuhszBestattungen der Mak-Kultur in Berettyjalu, Nagy Bcs-dl ................................................ 671

Contents

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Anna EndrdiRecent Data on the Settlement History and Contact System o the BellBeakerCsepel group .............................................................................................................................. 693

M B A MMarietta Csnyi Judit rnokiA Dinner Set rom a Bronze Age Housein Level 2 o the rkeve-erehalom Settlement ................................................................................ 707

Klra P. Fischl Lszl RemnyiInterpretation Possibilites o the Bronze Age ell Sitesin the Carpathian Basin ......................................................................................................................... 725

Szilvia Honti Viktria Kiss

Te Bronze Hoard rom Zalaszabar. New Data on the Studyo the olnanmedi Horizon Part 2 ................................................................................................... 739

Magdolna ViczeMiddle Bronze Age Households at Szzhalombatta-Fldvr ............................................................ 757

L B A R P

Judit KosSptbronzezeitliche Grube mit besonderer Bestimmung

aus Oszlr-Nyraszg (Nordostungarn) ............................................................................................. 771

Gbor V. SzabLate Bronze Age Stolen. New Data on the Illegal Acquisitionand rade o Bronze Age Arteacts in the Carpathian Basin ........................................................... 793

Gbor VcziBurial o the Late umulusEarly Urnfield Periodrom the Vicinity o Nadap, Hungary ...................................................................................................817

I A E (P)Istvn FodorA Scythian Mirror rom Hajdnns, Hungary ..................................................................................831

Mikls SzabLivre celte de la puszta hongroise ........................................................................................................ 839

Contents

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I A

Lszl Bartosiewicz Erika Gl Zsfia Eszter KovcsDomesticating Mathematics: axonomic Diversityin Archaeozoological Assemblages ....................................................................................................... 853

Katalin . BirMore on How Much? ........................................................................................................................... 863Zoltn Czajlik Andrs BdcsTe Effectiveness o Aerial Archaeological Research An Approach rom the GIS Perspective ............................................................................................... 873

Ferenc GyulaiArchaeobotanical Research o the Neolithic Sites in the Polgr Area ............................................. 885

Pl Smegi Sndor Gulys Gerg PersaitsTe Geoarchaeological Evolution o the Loess-Covered Alluvial Islando Polgr and Its Role in Shaping Human Settlement Strategies ...................................................... 901

Zsuzsanna K. ZoffmannSignificant Biostatistical Connections between Late NeolithicEthnic Groups rom the Carpathian Basin and Bronze Age Populationsrom erritories beyond the Carpathians .............................................................................................913

Contents

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Utilitarian, Artistic, Ritual or Prestige Articles?

The Possible Function of an Enigmatic Artefact

Hungarian Academy of SciencesResearch Centre for the HumanitiesInstitute of ArchaeologyH-1014 Budapest, ri utca [email protected]

Mria Bondr

MOMENTSINTIME BUDAPEST2013

Te find material o the Late Copper Age Baden culture includes a small, cylindrical arteact, terminatings intwo flat discs (H. 46 cm). Arteacts o this type, known mainly rom settlements and cemeteries o the earlyBaden period rom the cultures entire distribution, are generally interpreted as spools or spindle whorls, i.e.

as accessories o spinning and weaving. Were they indeed used as such?Tis brie study offers an overview o the possible unctions previously suggested or these arteacts (Figs

13),ranging rom spools used in spinning and weaving, pestles or crushing salt, scale weights, grinders andpolishers used by metalsmiths, to the headrest o Cycladic figurines, stands or vessels and hair braid clamps,alongside new possible interpretations (Figs 46). While the actual meaning attached to these arteacts re-mains enigmatic, the contexts in which these spools have been ound (wagon model, vessel modelled in theshape o a emale body, Bratislava type bowls, etc.) certainly support an interpretation as a ritual object. Te

Anatolian and Mesopotamian examples would rather reflect a special usage, perhaps as a symbolic arteactexpressing prestige or as a ritual object. It thereore seems likely that these arteacts had a non-domestic,unusual meaning during the Late Copper Age.

A ks rzkori badeni kultra leletanyagban ltezik egy kis mret, hengeres test, a kt vgn laptott ko-ronggal lezrt, ltalban 46 cm hossz eszkz. A nagy terleten megtallhat, telepen s temetben egya-rnt elordul, elssorban a kultra korai idszakra jellemz trgyat a kutatk dnt tbbsge spulninakvagy orsgombnak tartja, azaz a szvs-ons egyik kellkeknt rtkeli. Vajon tnyleg az volt?

E rvid tanulmnyban bemutatom az ismert trgyak (Figs 13) unkcijra vonatkoz elkpzelseket(szvs-ons eszkze, skszts kellke, mrlegsly, mozsrtr, drzslk, polroz eszkz, kkldikusidolok ejtmasza, ednytart eszkzk, hajonat rgzt) s jabb lehetsges hasznlati mdokra hvom ela figyelmet (Figs 46).bb lelhelyen is olyan klnleges unkcij leletekkel ordul el (pl. kocsimodell,kebles edny, bratislavai tpus tl, stb.), amelyeknek szakrlis tartalma nem vitathat. rtt llapotbanis srba kerlhetett, ami ugyancsak ezt tmasztja al. Az anatliai s kzel-keleti pldk is a klnlegestartalmat vagy a kultikus unkcit bizonytjk, a spulni/guriga teht nem htkznapi eszkz volt, hanem

klnleges tartalom/sttusz kiejezsre szolglt a ks rzkorban.


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Mria Bondr

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Te find material of the Late Copper Age Badenculture includes a fairly neglected artefact type,whose function is rather enigmatic; these cylin-drical artefacts terminating in two flat discs arevariously described as spools, spindle-whorls or

simply as cylindrical artefacts. Although occur-ring over an extensive area from the Late CopperAge to the Late Bronze Age, very few have beenrecovered from well-documented contexts.

Most of these small ceramic artefacts came tolight on settlements. Finds of this type have beenreported from Bulgaria (Fig. 2. 4),1Romania (Fig.1. 2224),2the former Yugoslavia (Fig. 1. 18, Fig. 2.2, Fig. 1. 1921),3Austria (Fig. 1. 2527),4Slovakia(Fig. 2. 3, 5, 79),5Moravia (Fig. 2. 1019),6and Bo-hemia (Fig. 2. 6),7as well as from several Hungar-

ian sites (Fig. 1. 117),8from the Aegean, Anatoliaand Mesopotamia (R 2006, 7381, Abb.11, Anhang 5).

Very few comparable finds are known from theBaden distribution, and it is quite possible thatsome were not published owing to their seem-ing insignificance. Artefacts of this type, knownmainly from settlements and cemeteries of theearly Baden period from the cultures entire distri-

1Slatino: 1986, Abb. 2. XI, cylindrical artefacts

decorated with black, red or white encrustation from the EarlyCopper Age.

2Clnik: R 1977a, Pl. 52. 27; 1977b, af. 39. 10; BocaMontan: R 1977a, Pl. 52. 30; Dubova-Cuina-urcului:R 1977a, Pl. 52. 36, all finds of the Coofeni culture.

3Brza Vrba: M 1976a, af. 5. 19, af. 11. 14; 1976b, af.VI. 5, finds of the Cernavod culture; Sarva: B 2006, ab.58. 220222, from the Copper Age.

4 Mdling-Jennyberg: R 1995, Abb. 16. 8; Pleissing:R 2000, af. 6. 66; Schwechat: R 1971, af. A. 11,all finds of the Bolerz group.

5 Mal nad Hronom/Kicsind: N-P 1974,Abb. 54. 2223; Nevidzany/Nved: N-P1974, Abb. 42. 22; Bratislava/Pozsony: BK 1984,

ab. 2. 2; Mula/Muzsla: K 1995, Obr. 80. 2; Nin ipov/Magyarizsp: DJM 1996, Obr. 20. 3, all finds ofthe Bolerz group and the Baden culture.

6Finds from Layers C, C1 and C2 of the Jeviovice settlement:M-B 1981, af. 48. 1, 3, af. 49. 9, 1113, af.113. 67, af. 146. 79. Layer C1 is contemporaneous with theBaden period.

7Cimburk: Z 2000, af. 4. 20.8 Pilismart-Basaharc (Istvn orma, personal communica-

tion); Nagykanizsa-Billa: P. B 2003, Fig. 23. 13; Nagyt-Gblyjrs: B 2002, Fig. 6. 3; Balatonszd-emeti-dl: H 2006, 105, note 38 and Fig. 12, all sites of theBolerz group and the Baden culture. Grave 403 of the Budaka-lsz cemetery yielded one broken and four intact spools; how-

ever, only two of these were later inventoried and nothing isknown about what happened to the other pieces.

bution, are generally interpreted as spindle whorls,i.e. as accessories of spinning and weaving.

However, an alternative interpretation is alsopossible. While studying the wagon model fromSzigetszentmrton, on which the axle and the

wheel are combined in one, it occurred to me thatthese small objects had perhaps been parts of sim-ilar wagon models (B 2004, 1516, Fig. 1.3b). Assuming that the axle was not fixed throughthe wagon box, several rectangular objects, whichcan perhaps be interpreted as wagon boxes, can beadded to the corpus of currently known Late Cop-per Age wagon models (B 2004, Fig. 2. 13,Fig. 3, Fig. 4. 12). In this case, the combinationof the axle and the wheels meant the creation ofrollers onto which the rectangular wagon box was

placed. While a technical solution of this kindwould hardly have been too practical in the case ofreal-life wagons, it may have been used in the caseof their clay replicas. Most scholars agree that wag-on models were part of the paraphernalia of ritualsand in this context, a separate wagon box placedon top of an axle-with-wheels element would havebeen a simple and ingenious combination.

One case in point is the wagon model fromSzigetszentmrton (Fig. 3. 2), which instead ofindividual solid wheels, clearly has two rollers on

a longish axle on which the rectangular wagonbox was placed (B 2004, Fig. 1. 3b). Simi-lar wheels can be seen on a Mesopotamian wagonmodel too (Fig. 3. 1) (B 2004, Fig. 13. 4),which has a covered wagon box placed on a clayaxle with two wheels, and on a bronze model fromAnatolia, which has the wagon box likewise placedon the axles fitted with a pair of wheels (Fig. 3. 3)(B 2004, Fig. 14. 2b). Te underside of an-other bronze wagon model from Anatolia (Fig. 3. 4)provides an excellent illustration of this technical

solution (B 2004, Fig. 14. 3b). Te creationof wagon models from their two main components(a separate wagon box and the wheels fixed to it to-gether with axles) would explain why the axles arenot marked on the vessel-like, rectangular wagonmodels without wheels. It would also provide anexplanation for the enigmatic spool-like artefactscoming in various sizes found on Bolerz sites,which have generally been regarded as a relic ofhousehold cras (spinning and weaving). Accept-ing the above interpretation of the wagon modelsfrom Szigetszentmrton and Anatolia, the possiblefunction of these hitherto neglected spools can be


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Utilitarian, Artistic, Ritual or Prestige Articles? The Possible Function of an Enigmatic Artefact

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Fig. 1.15: Budakalsz Grave 403, 6: Nagykanizsa (aer P. B 2003, Fig. 23. 13), 712: Pilismart-Basaharc Grave401, 1316: Pilismart-Basaharc Grave 411, 17: Nagyt (aer B 2002, Fig. 6. 3), 18: Brza Vrba (aer M1976a, af. 5. 19), 1921: Sarva (aer B 2006, ab. 58. 220222), 22: Dubova (aer R 1977a, Pl. 52. 36), 23: Boca

Montan (aer R 1977a, Pl. 52. 30), 24: Clnik (aer R 1977a, Pl. 52. 27), 25: Schwechat (aer R 1971,af. A. 11), 26: Mdling (aer R 1995, Abb. 16. 8), 27: Pleissing (aer R 2000, af. 6. 66)


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Fig. 2.1: Mula/Muzsla (aer K 1995, Obr. 80. 2), 2: Brza Vrba (aer M 1976b, af. VI. 5), 3: Nevidzany/Nved(aer N-P 1974, Abb. 42. 22), 4: Slatino (aer 1986, Abb. 2. XI), 5: Bratislava/Pozsony (aerBK 1984, ab. 2. 2), 6: Cimburk (aer Z 2000, af. 4. 20), 7: Nin ipov/Magyarizsp (aer D

JM 1996, Obr. 20. 3), 89: Mal nad Hronom/Kicsind (aer N-P 1974, Abb. 54. 2223), 1019:Jeviovice C (aer M-B 1981, af. 113. 67, af. 146. 79, af. 48. 1, af. 49. 3, 9, 1113)


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set in a new perspective. Obviously, the currentlyknown spool finds must be rigorously examined inorder to determine whether they had indeed func-tioned as roller-like wheels based on their form,size and traces of use-wear.

Spool-like artefacts of this type have beenfound together with wagon models on the Badensites at Pilismart-Basaharc and Budakalsz. Te

finds from Mdling-Jennyberg too include bothspools and a wagon model, again providing ad-

ditional evidence in favour of the interpretationproposed in the above.

Te grooved cylinders on house models fromAzor (Fig. 4. 1) suggest another possible function,namely a decorative use as gable ornaments onhouses of the Late Copper Age. Spool-like decora-tive elements of this type occur on various depic-tions from the Ancient Near East, for example on

house shaped urns (P 1979, Fig. 73; S1998, cat. no. 31). Several buildings of the Late

Fig. 3.1: epe Gavra (aer B 2004, Fig. 13. 4), 2: Szigetszentmrton (aer B 2004, Fig. 1. 3ab), 3: Anatolia (aerB 2004, Fig. 14. 2b), 4: Anatolia (aer B 2004, Fig. 14. 3b)


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Uruk period in Mesopotamia, contemporaneouswith the Baden period, were decorated with col-ourful mosaics created from black, red and whitepainted stone cones driven into the wall of temples(Fig. 4. 23), distinguishing thereby sacred build-ings from profane ones (SW 1999,cat. nos 239240). emples of this type are calledstone-cone temples.

Another possible function is illustrated by aclay figurine found in Gilat, dating from 45003800 BC, portraying a woman sitting on a biconi-

cal stool, holding a two-handled vessel resemblingthe pans of the Baden culture under her rightarm and a spool-like object under her le (Fig. 5)(S 1998, cat. no. 19). However, the possiblesymbolic meaning of the joint occurrence of thesetwo artefacts remains elusive.

In his discussion of the distribution of vari-ous commodities and innovations of the EarlyBronze Age (depas amphikypellon, Syrian flasks,decorated bone cylinders, cylinder seals, weights,spools, scales, etc.), Lorenz Rahmstorf noted that

the wares and innovations of Mesopotamia andAnatolia rapidly spread to the eastern Aegean at

the time of the so-called second urban revolution.He suggested that the rapid spread of these com-modities could be attributed to the fact that theAegean communities had reached a similar levelof civilisation and were therefore ready to absorbnew consumer goods. Spools represented one ofthe many new innovations: one particular vari-ant of spools perhaps functioned as scale weights,reflecting an advanced mathematical knowledge(R 2006, 76). Spools made from mar-ble and Spondylus were probably prestige items.

Discussing the functions of spools, L. Rahmstorfraised the possibility that they were used as pes-tles or rubbing stones, or that they functioned aspolishers used by metalsmiths, or as the headrestof Cycladic figurines (R 2006, 74).

Quoting comparable finds from Germany andtheir reconstruction, nde Horvth recentlyproposed another possible interpretation of thesespool-like objects, suggesting that these small ar-tefacts, made from either clay or stone, had beenused as pestles for crushing salt (H 2006,

105, note 38 and Fig. 12). In a more recent study,she suggests six possible functions for these ar-

Fig. 4.1: Azor (aer P 1979, Fig. 73), 23: Uruk (aer SW 1999, cat. nos 239240)


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Fig. 5.Gilat (aer S 1998, cat. no. 19)

tefacts. She quotes evidence that they may havebeen thread spools used in spinning and weav-ing (H 2008, Fig. 5), or stands for vesselsduring cooking or pottery firing (H 2008,Fig. 4). In her view, these cylindrical artefacts may

equally well have been used as hair braid clamps(H 2008, Fig. 6), or as back-rests andhead-rests (H 2008, Fig. 7). It seems to methat of the possible uses suggested by . Horvth,spools could hardly have been suitable for crush-ing salt or for use as back-rests owing to their sizeand fragility.

While spools and spool-like objects appear to beartefacts occurring over an extensive area and dur-ing many periods, the number of published finds issurprisingly low. It is possible that these seemingly

insignificant objects were not published or, alter-nately, that their number is indeed low. In the lattercase, they could hardly have been used for every-day activities since in that case considerably morepieces would be known. If the number of thesefinds is indeed as low as it appears to be, it confirmstheir rare, unusual function. While the function ofthese small ceramic objects continues to elude us,the above overview of their possible uses will per-haps stimulate interest in these objects.

Te examples quoted above tend to belie the

everyday utilitarian use of these artefacts. TeAnatolian and Mesopotamian examples wouldrather reflect a special usage, perhaps as a sym-bolic artefact expressing prestige or as a ritual ob-ject. While the actual meaning attached to theseartefacts remains enigmatic, the contexts in whichthese spools have been found (wagon model +spools,9vessel modelled in the shape of a femalebody + spools,10 Bratislava type bowl + spools,11etc.) certainly support an interpretation as a rit-ual object. It is certainly noteworthy that spools

were deposited in several graves of the Pilis-

9Pleissing, Pilismart-Basaharc, Budakalsz.10Balatonszd, Bratislava, Brza Vrba, Jeviovice, Pilismart-

Basaharc.11Bratislava, Brza Vrba, Jeviovice.

mart-Basaharc and Budakalsz cemeteries.12 AtBalatonszd, one of the most remarkable sites ofthe Baden culture, the features containing spoolsyielded a number of other less than commonfinds: a mask, a stamp, a footed goblet, a bipartitebowl and the wheel of a wagon model (H2008, ab. 1a). It therefore seems likely that theseartefacts had a non-domestic, unusual meaning

during the Late Copper Age.

12 Pilismart-Basaharc: six spools from Grave 401 and four

spools from Grave 411; Budakalsz: one broken and four intactspools from Grave 403.


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