r A-A095 956 SRI INTERNATIONAL MENLO PARK CA F/614/

SH4OCKTUBE FOR BLAST/FIRE INTERACTION STUOIES.fU)

AUG Al S B MARTIN DNAOOIT86C-0230

I ~ lDNA-5412F NL

MENEND

STUDES LVELDNA 5412FSHOCKTUBE FOR BLAST/FIRE INTERACTIONSTUDIES

Stanley B. Martin

SRI International

333 Ravenswood Avenue

Menlo Park, California 94025

11 August 1980

Final Report for Period 1 April 1978-1 January 1979

CONTRACT No. DNA 001-78-C-0230

APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE;DISTRIBUTION UNLIMITED.

THIS WORK SPONSORED BY THE DEFENSE NUCLEAR AGENCYUNDER RDT&E RMSS CODE B364078464 V99QAXNL12256 H2590D.

Prepared for;'. . Director 1 . " -

DEFENSE NUCLEAR AGENCY mpR5 11t.Washington, D. C. 20305

r 81 05 003

Destroy this report when it is no longer

needed. Do not return to sender.

PLEASE NOTIFY THE DEFENSE NUCLEAR AGENCY,ATTN: STTI, WASHINGTON, D.C. 20305, IFYOUR ADDRESS IS INCORRECT, IF YOU WISH TOBE DELETED FROM THE DISTRIBUTION LIST, ORIF THE ADDRESSEE IS NO LONGER EMPLOYED BYYOUR ORGANIZATION.

oN 4

UNCLASSIFIEDSECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (Kh- 0l.1.F,

/9JREPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE RAD INSTRUCTIONS_________________________________________ BEFORECOMIPLETING FORM

I.DN P41ITTw71t R2 GOVT ACCESSION NO. 3. RECIPIENT'S CATALOG NUMBER

4~~ TITLE -IsRl'wh PERIOD COVERED

~}SHOCKTUBE FOR BLAST/FIRE INTE-rACT ION STUDIES. I Apr 78- 1 Jan 79~6 PERFORMING ORG. REFORT NU7MfIR

_______________________________________-SRI Project 7333'7 ST,.OR 8 CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBER(n,)

/ Stanley B. Martin / NA 601- 7 8-C-62 3 0",-

9 PERFORMING OHGANIZ ATIQ-4 NAME AND ADDRESS 10 PROGRAM ELEMENT PROJECT, TASK<

SRI Internationalv S RU K NTNUBR333 Ravenswood Avenue ubtasT99QAX 122-56

MenloPark, California 94025 _

'I CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME AND ADDRESS . 12. REPORT OATE ~ zDi rector 11 Augwit 19q(L ,Defense Nuclear Agency- /Washington, D.C. 20305 30____________

I4 -MONI T0RIN.5 AGENICY NAME & ADDRESS(I dIff-enri I ..... C-I&IiflE Off-' 15I SECURITY CLASS (,I III -Port)

UNCLASSIFIED

S~.* .~.IS" DECLASSIFICATION DOWNGRADINGSCHEDULE

16 DISTRIE3UTION STATEMENT (I4 h,S R~p-rII

Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.

17 [I-T RI Fi TON ST AT EMENT 1,1' 1,,. t-f-f ,nI, d in Blo,' 20, if dif-fer I,,- , ip-it)

IA SGLPPLEMENTARY NOTES

This work sponsored by the Defense Nuclear Agency under RDT&E RMSS CodeB364078464 V99QAXNLI2256 H2590D.

IQ KEFY WORDS ((C -f11 111 -]ne , , if -i, '~dr ~ d ,drlfvrA IMock ri... .cr,

Blast/Fire Interactions Simulation FacilityLong-Duration Pressure Pulse Overpressure

UNCLASSIFIEDSECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE(Whu Data Enter.d)

20. ABSTRACT (Continued)

orifices and a receiver tank at the exhaust end of the shocktube. Orificesizes are chosen to balance in- and out-flows while the test section ispressurized.

This facility is now in routine operation at USAG Camp Parks, California.Its design concepts could be readily scaled up to provide for testing of largerobjects such as weapon systems. Appreciably higher peak overpressures couldbe obtained if needed in other applications. Because of its short turnaroundtime, this airblast simulator is an attractive alternative to other methods,providing both low cost and convenience of operation and offering a diversityof test parameters not otherwise available.

UNCLASSIFIEDSECrjeIT.' CL_ AS;SIIIC eAT(ON )r 'HtIS PAGV'W, r'r,-

PR E FAC E'

This work was authorized Under Contract DNA00I-78-C-i2 io, Prorri

Element DI)2704H , Project V99QAXN, Task Area, 1.122, Work In it rit.

As a preliminary etfort to al Oxperiltenat la study of ti i it crrct ion>;

of a irb last witI fires rest It ing f rom nuc ear xpoS ion , w(' Comp I et d A

special simulation facility, whose initial deLve' lopmeult was supportL'd by

funds from tile Defense Civil Preparedness Ageuc vy, and demonstr tcd tihe

feasibil ityv of tile design concept. Further support of thiis program bv

DNA has not, to date, been forthcoming.

Credit for tile concept is due Thomas C. Goodale of SRI's Poulter

Laboratory. Among those who contributed to succ ess ful tran slation of the

concept to an operating facility, Frank I. Laughridge, John R. Nichols,

Robert C. McKoe, Jr., and WaI ter Johnson are part iciularIV nottcworth'.

Much of tile Construction work was accomnplishted under subcmtract to

Steam Specialties Company of San Francisco.

The author is indebted to Colonel John C. Corral , ColmIand i g t fi-er

of USAG Camp Farks, for his patin cte during the protrar't ,d period od

cosi,,t ruic t i oil.

------------------------------------

Conversion factors for U.S. customaryto metric (Si) units of measurement.

To Convert From To kIloIt pl, 9,

angstrom meters I, I oi 00~ FN

attmosphere (normal) Li Inh pascalI kial 'F F 0 5 1 F

bar kilo pascil ik'aF 1110 ,10 XF

haren meter 2 lM2 h i:

British thermal omit Fthey-michemical) jole .FF F Y, "I'

F (thermochemical) Fim, mega )oule'M (iL'M 'm F 4. s ''00 F

calorie F thermochemical) S ule (I4 I 84 OF,:

.aloirie Fthermochehical F 'Xi joule per kilogram .F/kgF- 4 184 F0', X I

curiei gi ga hecqoerel ((bq)' '0 000 kOl II

dereCelsiiait degree kelvin J): r ( -.2 1,

degree iangle, radian Fradl i x0 12 2

elc r T o t oul" F1I 1FF.? 1) X F IF

erg§ i ou Ie F F) F )00 l000 X FI

erg, seond wat"t hi , 1000 000 F I

fioot Meter in, ;44 J100 0 F

foist -pound Ci)rce "ii Fe (JF( I ;V5 S1I

gall 'on Fl11 1 , I J i meter; Fm 1 8 4W 1 F1

Inch meter m) 54o 00 1()( 0x

jerk in Fe (.F111 1 1F (t( F0 X I

oale'kilogram FJI'kgF Fradiationdose ahsorhedF4 pras F(' P I 'FF0 (1(1.1

kiloti,§ terajoules 41is;

kip, F1000 Fbi: newton FNF 4 dS 2 2 1 F 3

k Ip'Imnh Fksi k IIoI rascal I a k 804 1i 89 F

ktaji mevtnn-secondm (s-s/m2 1l00FO x~ F *2

mi c emn meter m) I 000, il,,' I F

'nil me-ter 'ml -, 7: 10 1,' !

ile Ic intermat IomaIlI meter 'm) I 601)1i.1 5 1

p-nce kir~ Foru !kv 2.8lp~, e1-tI14 '.5

pound force itch newton miter N-m1 1 1.11 91q I F

pound for,e 'inch mewtin 'meter I N'mF I '5 F 2t15 5 F

pud- force Coot ki" x Iaia k' 2

ruind Circe/inch' (psi Ii Fki jiasl ' kfnI180

pound mas, Ibm aiirdiapois kioga g I k' I1 5or I,

p.ond mass- toot moment of inertia k logran -ter lkgm 424'I

p,imd-s Coot kiiga mee F-/i t I tIll Ir S FraF radiatiiin- i iise ahsorhed)i gr.)ai (ii I'c:

rmegeni iilmikF'rmF*i iIj

shake -AoF ,I'u~i

,lug kilogram (kgi 1 45i. ii 1

tore Imm Fg. 0*'F, k Ilo, pas " I'kF'aF I ;FF;I

Mhe g-a I I., )Is, t he aicepteId SI uI t q'uii aIemt I', t he nri ipartF Ai h,n i. rFT ' i t~ I Ieeorgc correspom4nd t Zro one 1 iIie 'k i ''g ramThe hei que re I o ( is % the, SF unit of radioac'is it .1u I St esrt

I Temvee )ut iee ma v he repr t ed i n deg ree F el s is as wel a' Feg vree ke IIcIn5FThese,'iIts ',hiild nit he c onert ed i n 'INA teiLhniialI repirts%. hiweins..1p alremt h,-tIi 1 'in t-~i',Ipermitted at the author's discretion

2

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Section Pg

PREFACE............................

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.....................

I INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2 OBJECTIVES.............................6

3 PROGRAM STATUS..........................7

Function of the Shocktube Facility.................7Description of the Shocktube Facility...............8Performance Without Fires, Diagnostic Requirements ........ 10Studies of Fire Extinction....................13Test Section Modifications....................15Flame Displacement over Fuel-Soaked Wicks ............. 17

4 RECOMMENDATIONS.........................22

REFERENCES............................23

3

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

F ijgj r

1 Shocktuhe F;Acilitv for BList/Fire Studies ....... 9

2 Shot 1 , Taber Gage P4 (Test Section) ............. 11

3 Shot 2, Taher Gage P4 (Test Section) ........ 11

4 Shocktube Test Section....................16

5 Pressure-Time Pulse, Shot 4 .................. 1

6 Pressure-Time Pulse, Shot 5 ................. 19

7 Pressure-Time Pulse in Short-Durat ion Mode, Shot 70) go2

8 Pressure-Time Pulse in Short-Duration Mode, Shot 42 .21

.4

S EC''TION I

I NTROI)UC1'l ON

F ire i s aIn i mpo r tan t c aus, otf tI' damalIZgi' resni t i ug t rom c\p 1)1os ions1 2

ot ni' clear weapons, ii t) act lca I as well as st ratCegiC n Imp ovi'n t

Al though f ire is not usuali vconlsid cred ai prime factor in taIrget tug

bee ani' its di st rue t iVene ss is notorious ly so di F i i n t to p re.dijt , it

cannot he, i-gnored as a colIlateral effect . Inl act , its eotlIseqtjiL'nICeS

mav out weigh all other effects combi ned.

Among t hie tactOrs l imit ing fir aae(and the maj or sources ot

tInI'ertai mtv\ inl ire-diamlage predict Lion) , airbi ast inlterac,'tions. arc tinique-

hot i iin po0t Cut ia inpor)ta''- a id inl the' exNtL'et o1 our ilrac boult themll.

'liii importanIce' 01 t IItse int~eract iVye effects of hi ast anld I i has heen'

recogn ized for a considerable timeI, but onIv a I jinl ted reseairch ct fort

has been d irected toward tintlrstand ing and quant i tat iVL~'1 V eva iat i ug

him . These L'11cc ts inc I nile the dIVnam Tic in!t IIIC, uece (ehaceen as Ie

aIs ext ingiisiment ) Of tIe psaeOf the air shock o~ver i gtt i I ci ;1a! or ia is

and thek peOr tirbat ions inl f ire growthI and spread cauIsed byV t itorW i I

(Ii. sarrav produced inl target clement s by bLast e'ffcts. Il is rscrc It

is provided some ins ight , hult t1it remain tug tontrat]i-;t tons b'at

reso vc'td on I v t itronith .ILIL i t i0ona 1 t xper intent a]1 sLtldv, comp 1 tttlit (-, 1)%b t lit,

dl'vc I opm, -tn t o I araIt i otta I met iiodt I ogv fo r comb i tied -ct Ic i" s a

lit t lit, Ic , i i - I Ii tuc ti a i lit i's , pt riaps t lit, one I hit ov\ t-

I;tdw .Ii I ot licr- i ~it, ext itelt ion (or suitpri'ss;itttt) ot I it b- y at

bla) 1 in l i, i t aI. i L,('-, 11(t 1 (t quest ioins as : How trtanv ( i 1 it11 1 ) i I c lIft

v iv, - I 1, h,1I is t , i 11 witi, t conld i t ions.-;, and inl what I ocaI t i otis, . itt 'li vt

we, , ittttot pro-d i ci t lit, comlb i iiit i ott- ,I C'tttii it i onls t hat t. it t 1, t~ cs

pr im.aIrY iris- - rdc it i I ite f wntor aI t imont t o a stlioI Iu' ittgll sti c--or et i 11-

1tIi i sit t Item oI It r i gltt I Il r kl'kd , we' have no0t hiOTI ab 1)1' to 0 1'( i dt' di It

wit i' It ttlit' nti;iv vair ia:b is ar' the important one's. TIIt' I ;ItC i I i t des

c ri bcdt i n t hIi s re porI-t was d itt' loped spec ifI i cta 1 1 v t o ovt'rcomt' t I Ii s t It-

1) t" I do! i c ieltv.

SI.(:'V I N 2

is".1 Ft T I VI's

'it ivtri l ' I Sitt Vt' , of IthM' rLt'stirt'h were to

t 1 XI e Ir! ,i :lt tit, i, cs 11d r hnniii ii ,,.o t i i I t i ' 1

)2) )> l oi pit t l -I t oili , I m( I v I s or lit, I tymnitii i1

irt C- It' d i S po i L il d itl ir)iin1 tile I osu res .

It [ l t t Ilk V, I id it V 0 1 mO)tI1 1)-l i t 011ion ' in i t C.

SId t tst . M. 'istv C a st Ie)

1i ,> work r l ort od Iire I-itr t 1 L.' ilts in nit ii I t Iort to p r t I I I

aIt i V )I ) t tei L)V I b" t rfp t in[ g t it 'tlvcI oprmiiL oI lit neessk -

t, r 1 tl-r l nil it v. I eaI I , v, thIis r ir i-t., i rc'h 1) r- - o i I o-

tIIrot iii iteritiv, eei I C . hI'e t irst ittrat ion milt t I'hk'd(til t d

o l I tidt 1'w i I ie I -t S t v I dint I n o1 01v1 ) ot hj e .s der i \',d ( It 1 I . it e,

t I,: or i nMw t : I ,t fort it sk Iit [l1" i I I hot in t ht, > i St V tlIt I I Sr I. .

ton sidc'r ing the, eOmt exit v of t lith I nst-I ireu inIt 0r t ion r-ob I 1, t

t IIro'i( on1 o toI I t X t t ti),]t th' whole prohI em c bht I t Ilt toi in sine ' I

itra Lion oIt two \ venr's li t ion. NtVeCrt il, , wt i re , o id Li tnt tL tt

wek w iI I h 't, si gni i ialt Iv ;I(Vj tdc our ninde -st and i ng o t lt i nt 'vi- t ions

1iiit'll tlh;lt in it iAI i t rint i ol Co l lL t wit the t 110 C it monts p1inn 'k 1 o

tit pc'oin ii wi M IIII. RA(I e, Ven l t e1 t le' > i st V Cstl1 0 SCI- io.

I

64

9'1

SFPCIO N i

P)RoGRAM', STATU~S

thei SRI-devlopeId shockt. be ta c i Ii itv was c Omp~ I t 01d an1d tes-t e'd dnr i 1ic

thIis cont ract- per iod . I t i s now f i I\', opera-t i ona I and is be1wing used to

invest. igate a irblIast ext inct ion ot f ires undler contr rat to the Federail

l'intrgencv >lanagt'nlent Agencv ( FFMA) I n t Iis wayv , ai part i a I jt,;imnst rit i on

of its- (r ii itv anld vstii itvx has- been afforded; hwevcr, it,, fii I

p)otent iaI .111 liutb rca I ized unt il further investment isuniidc i n J.i i)nost c

inst. ruuuuJen't at jonl andJ inl reI inl ing t Ilie SSt (Liii Of or- i I ices, d i aphuras t ic'

receL'i ver tanlk , andi othI er accessor ies; tha t prov ide te Ici,;ia h i I itv I or

iunnIS1a I V I Ong poit i yepaednrat ionls nd t he indepncldenlt cont ro Io)

ovterprcesulre , dnrat ion , and decay Of part ic Ie (' lC 1 i t-V h('h i d t liW shoCJk

Ii Fis; sect. ion descr ibes the des ignl and opeCrat ion Of th lieslocktllnbc

talc iitjix anld the limited tests kconducted to improve its operation.

l.aitcr seof tiet fac ilI tv inl studiles of fire e-xt inct ion f unded b-y DuPA

FFMA i. sa I o described.

II Ni I IO N oF IIII P SHOCKTP BIP FAGCI1L1TY

In ai i I prey ions experimnlt s * tie last -waCve s Ia in lo

iT)uud(cfluit e to permit reso I lut ion oft the mlany a iu 1. l nvo 1 i!I

prawt ical si tiuat ions-. Thet fiundameuuta I weakness inl ecr iricni cu

to (late hasm been thliir lack of inde~pendent vrib I it v oI ik "u

press-,ure, p)osit iL-phase; diurat ion, anld f lw behl d tOW sok I ri'l Io

va ir i oh 1 i I i t v won I d a I l ow sv t eunat i c s;t i id v o I I irI' ,. t l ngi! i slIi in i e hun' ,11

and tiliedeedec of xt inlct in on1 peLrt ill'l ne I.'1 rol \nauii, I I ouI I I ion>

cnvalry s'o w ide iv, o* et ila I lv ill anl urban t aru "t t

The SRI-deLvelope)(d bjlast/fire facilI itv was, s pec I icul 1 1 ein

ulsed ill s'tuldying blas1t / f i re interac t i ons, by Ai lIow in l ucy'sp )"1 ].I

observed (Ili rct Ilv, prov id ing repeait abi I i t v of ,t oii itf i ons4 m

ye-n ince of operat ion, anld making systemat ic iuu'stigt ionl jj~'

t hrin I ildoponl(-lnt V 1iib i I itv of i i r ) 1iLt ciir;iwt r i - , yrw' tlit

Di"lSCR 1 1t M, OiFiIF QSlIOCPI lllif, FA (: 11.1 IY

I t I I II itL. is iIIns- trI- It Ck ill i 'l Iti I. ii Ir~j1 i~ t I1ir

t ilO iU- i 11('1-1 isi t , 11k' I- Ii i--LrI ivo VC o kt In I " I, IC1 l)"IlI J i I I r

xIC rin i i i iiit i 1hl)i1 -i i r c int , 't ioni[ I. I I 5iCtiO I r Li

sIve s th a t s ii[lit t he (lhaicI ri -t vs oI k i I ot on- t- tOll inKI

\ I 1os io i - i n i r. ['Zak O'11 ovurprurt, and pos it i vc-phiist, dli rait i on i F">

r t-s c" tu"d anld oilt rol I I )" t 1 cL)1 opratr IvuprLsu0 I tV r1 1-r I-

Ii l-( d hV C' OIlljL'uC 0 1 1 itL i l I -Cslr ',U - 1 t i. 1) 1 nLHU t hlt I- i'' k 11C s~nk

t InIhu TII L d nrat ion is C k11t r70 I d ; l I 1111 i~ a F In oln r rt- L, i I lW'i

pru.,siirt, by v i v rt in1 a 1-rt iotnI o I ti h, ii r I Io, low : Lm lti' silK i-6

Ln Va ii' is LIL' s 01 L' 1c to ProV iI dc P"A t,' I- s~r I- I n r

IlIst LK ps al Lo itV ivc-iias I I I-rIt ions r:0', :11hnilt Ii tos r~ tioi

* scotnd s. A sN-st L'In o) or i t i ous At both inl 'II( oI t 11_ sho ktn), OF.-

h)i ned with ai rcoL iver t ank at ti txlniis CId , 71AtCII th 1 h' CInIt I~ l ow

L 1 r~CC(iver tank (when it is -, t I v u IIrosi to th' out! I ',"0 t h

1) on i to privclnL t Kit pr-(l~i;it lin ra ro t i t io Oll 0 LI t -st s- "t noIl. !I,

ii t. ilil IL ad", te I ("'ol)ill, Ltost - - Ct i onl, tosiir t it at )%,,s I ro

l, 011 L~on 'sat I iS I I ' , Wh i I'k h~umiii i ii n i~ i o nci m-u .h i: r, ' s

'l"Ii''t'j Fd. 1 ) hrl.,anli i s LthC1iC IsP 0 lus II t As th sWi'k i it

wi ii tn () 1)m rtvI to liv ti) t--Lii i V. i no ti i r oLt 0:- 1n1 or I- i

pcrait in thIIis '- C osor k l m Cs o In I ntr o.it L li A I l'n 1 I. lu'; i~ t-I

rcio t c loo.I i il

'K shoo ( ck is ' i it i att'(1 h% L'xpo si 1 liIu ~-ui~-,

tuj itlv l d-sot t a;ii iiu I itirii h11 'i i ti n 1 I1 I in 1 r

11 itlt th ll - l Is I tin.t' t10W Mi i IuI Iiil it 1 V u I I'I!IL Wit; tn 'Xlilii

tit im I t i -1 p' r t i i ru~t d u il i im ir 1k i wim i i I i l! d I Ii- Ii 1p . Ii onl I i

ot tIi pos i t i c-luhisu k d Ira t ion)t ht z n Ii r ' L. I i' 1i 31i 1

t is u tIIr

-0

0.W I-

zd0

Ip ------U

cc0

.- . . . . .

11FRFC)RMANCE WI 'l'lH(t'l FI REKS, 1)1AGNOSTIC RIKQI' IRFMFNlS

The t i rst ,Ihot was f i red oin I'~) Iheemb h -r 1) /8 . A p1 enuM11 IresTrt, of

I I pig produiced a remairkathlv ci can, * nominAl I ' Z psi, pa-vrrsir

shock wave of l3 po s it i v L-p1)hase k dii1rijt ion III e Fi gi rt 2) . Ti[h, I oni :

1),-;itL i Ve phalse W it 1 oi v' iinor pe rt LI rhat i on TiUe t o I'ema1tnr1 C ra rkl ic t it

1s a '( I in Iilr ICIiCVCIIvemet , andlk tle generai I I v sncsiltl resn uI t a;Irt

rt-markathl tor a I irst t r\. To' shock-dissipationl malt I I r' ait tilt eTlI

of thle tube worke-d as- it WaIs designedW to, digrad inlg tileL timtir inc hok

so om COI etc 1' to p)otent ial fl ow as it enItere d the rceiver taink t hat

incarbv ohbservers heard more of I a WhOilosi t ian aI 'hanig.

I 11 DLcaslieet techn iqIlic tor rulliir ing , t Ie- lprkessilrt rsrai i

d i iplir~im al Iso worke(d exac t I v' as des; i gncd , instant I v palrt inlg th a1 I 1 i:1i in1c1::

inlto -si X ih'tal s - t hat foIde-d tI 'Ita 1 taIainIIstL tilt the walls with !mmi il

ret arda t ionl of thle flow of- ai r driving the shock and no i nt roda' t ionl of

extraneikous miter ia s or d iaipliraign fragmenlts into the t es;t sec t i on.

The re i s no dloubht t ha t tlIti is t echln i que w i I I wo rk e qIalI lv we I I onl thI W

minII t i ape rttred )h plnium re I etf de(Vi1Ce , anld t here hV al lIow thet!1 pre-SSU1-('

pali ISC dIurat ionl to he var led ill sinaI I step)s doXn to le CS S tha 1111oneL'-teka1t Ii I

o I t It( ,,a Incit risi l I t inig t rom t lIti s tes-t , inl wich al I I t he Co0p11s)ed A i r

n 1 t heC P1 ennrn \xiians t ed thItrough thet shI o(,kt iibc

SeveralI non ideal character i.st 105 were noted in the pre s sn ri'- tim

pi) 111 S C0 Shot I , s~howi in F igure 2 . A 2h)-ms s;pike of- roug Iv I pi

;impl i tildhe aj;ipers oil tilLi Shock f ront a1nd is t )1 lowed 1() to hi) m T I at jr-

ox' aI s imi lI r -,piket of someIwhat reduiced ovcrpressiluri . I t is rIioa I

t Isa)pos t ha t thei f i rst i ktc rosa, I t f s I roni the i p I so 1o0 I h cd kt I)nait i no

iDctalshLe ;is'tert orm used to calt tlet dliaphiragm.

Itl' Stetold sp ike' covid thlen he expi ai ntd ais aI re-f I ct toil from t lii

1Iiitra~lT or ifice ofl tue c'ounterpart shock created hv tlii same ml Is-

t rinsm i t t ti throtigli thet aliium of- the d iapliin--sict- tile path ip and

hack is jlast over 61) ft (i.e., if we tae 1120) ft/s as, tihe spee'd oi SMirld

iln air, the ,il)rL)XiMlt( shock trans~it t iTlit wolll he 60!112(0 (.0.53s

Sin1ce tie( or if tCt diameter was ahoiit hat the tuabe d iomit-er, t bret'-

qua rtecrs of a pla ne shoe Lk wave coulId hi retuIirned by Iref I Icc i on.

10

__________Roo !I- ~

"9)

Q)tr

C-4'

maw==

ii is ikts wotn It hIob p r I)TOrt ji ,tt' IY ullrt Ob * Lo-t i 011llIhl at t I OW(ir

oak ovc rp ri'ssurcs ; t I I rC' 1ore0, WC luIVL' ('n1S jdtrt'-d oLIicr t u Cll i (1('-;01

d i I pdI ~I raTT rti~ p t ri' t lla t dI o nt cTTup I o' e'x[I I os i Ves . Ont' ,scIo) t orh i It it,

Is f CICCL ti I '1 I I\' h LiaIt OLd W i t o 0CIIt 1101u1a11(III i' Cti ja prg~ I L' .g

Th' rI fatL i v Iv I It - t 0 1 1d )o rtL i on1 of t ho 1 prcssiu re puL -Ic I p t o

11) tn t !i)() m.s) is not t it] lv, indi'rstood . Further at tent ion should he

1A tll Ld noIIn idi L hI Ihav iotir .

Ani , ahr Il1)t d I-o 1 in prossur wsohStrvcd ait ter * 00 Ils ait thu) tes t

s't, t ion and at tt'r 3001 m-s at a rtsromonitoring s;tat ion aholit IhalI

wayV djowuslt roaIm thIt' t nk' . l spres;ur' tdrop is prk_'suahl v czmtaiisi byv t ho

rot uirn ug '~o c on htwa ndqutl\ sipprt'.'tl~ hV thlt Iflow-, ouit ro

or it Itt' an/o 0 too1C i vor t an k vo Iuvio o r i g ina ljIIv c'hosten . Some m iti s toht was.-

e'nt i rtL' I V' t'\xt't' t dOtil n t'I fi rst Shot hOIUct thC StatC Of thuC art de

not pt'rm i t t'x;ot oaf t'n1 fat ion of or i Iito (Ii .schargc' Coot I it' ioentLs. NCVL, r-

th lo IVss , t hoL 1) rt's sit rt' t(Lo av roma i noti po s it i ye t It roti-lhou t tlIV n r t ur

ha t i onl, antC thu no rtrin I-dot'a v wave o rmT was r's t or-d a ft tlr I s.

Our second shot , f irod onl 20) Decembehr 1 978, was ant ait tcu'TTtjt to ,'orrt't

t hut pi'rt irhlt in duokiL t o premIat urt'L rairo t ac t i on. Prt'I a I-rrt I At' t ion)

c'an reski ft. from anyv of so~vt'ra I dt'S il p ITTi smalt Ctl's. F i t 110'r an1 Ol\'t''S i Ztd

sokt tif rel. iuf Or if it't'5 inl tl' roto0ivt'r tank or ain IIn~it'rs ;i 7'd 0r if ito

hotwoonl plentim andf tube wonult do Ia\' tilt,' f if I ing of the root'iVC't' tanlk aidl(

I)r Il Ong L It' rarefat't i oi I)rOCLt'S . 'ih:aIt isL , t I It' Or if itt('s IlI,'t ho0 Ta*t C I I d

re'I lti VC to t'ITh Ot Ior, huI t inl atftci i on tiih' ahsol lt' c auo V [mIllst h)t'

I argt' unon01gh to porm it thte flIow bhin d t ICt shIot'k to thecalv as it woTII dt

i n t reo air . No rtov r, tfhe voi ITT' of t the rt''ui vt' r ( jIWI' lid ilug t I' Io tIllit

oft the munt I('r chIambehr) mu~lst. ho Malt Chic to t ICi ((ia'IIt it' Of ;il' StiII it'd

to it . Tlhe s imploC pressure-t inT inforTTat ion aIvalilahi t' I roT tilho t irst

,'hot Wa o T it'it'nt to asc'ertain tu[Ti fia o ttnird tiin'

fore', we a rb i tra rify vchoso to r('tl m then di ant'Lr t'i5of tlit diown)st reamTT

or if ices fur the si'onuf shot.

Thle t imes oIF appearance arc ent i re Iv cons i st ent wi t li t hu p)ropTaga L ioil

rat es and (I s tances.

12

The second shot was intended to be an exact duplicate of the first

except for the change in downstream orifice size. However, because we

lacked control of plenum air temperature, it was necessary to compensate

for the lower temperatures on the second shot (resulting from less solar

heating of the tank) by increasing the pressure. The pressure at the

time of firing was 18.4 psig.

Figure 3 compares the record for the second shot with that from tht

first, illustrating the close similarity of the two for the first 54 ms.

Unfortunately, spot welds holding the cover of the muffler section let

go about the time the pressure in the muffler chamber reached its peak,

thereby shortening the positive phase. The effect of this shortening

was apparently not felt at the test-section pressure gage until after the

rarefaction wave reached it, so the record provides evidence that our

remedy was unsuccessful. We now suspect that a better choice would have

been to enlarge the upstream orifice.

Nevertheless, this second test was very useful, and it nicely illus-

trates the pitfalls in trying to remedy design mismatches without suffi-

cient and appropriate diagnostic measurements. It also gives unmistakable

evidence of the validity of the design concept. The sudden loss of pres-

sure from the muffler resulted in an abrupt increase in the rate of decay

of positive pressure. Note that sudden decompression of the muffler

chamber does not produce immediate blowdown of the receiver tank, since

the two are connected through a series of small holes. This accounts for

the somewhat gradual loss in pressure instead of abrupt terminiationl ot

the positive phase. The test also showed that, with proper diagnosti(s,

we could proceed with confidence to determine what is needed to eliminate

the perturbing effects of premature rarefaction.

STUDIES OF FIRE EXTINCTION

All use of the facility since December 1978 has been restricted to

studies of fire extinction. Before this feature of the facility could

This summary of effort funded by DCPA/FEMA is extracted from Reference .

13

CQ:

44

d. 1/ o

~/)1&I'~14

be exploited, it was necessary to modify the test section of the shock-

tube to provide a fuel supply, fuel bed support, and a means for fast,

semiautomatic closure of the test-section breach. Test target designrequirements were complicated by the necessity of supporting the ensemble

without interfering with either the operation of the telescoping breach

closure or with the shockwave as it approaches the target.

TEST SECTION MODIFICATIONS

The initial experiments were visualized to be idealizations of the6

kerosene/gravel fuel beds used at Mixed Company. To minimize pertur-

bations in the air shock and subsequent flow, a thin, flat plate having

sharp leading and trailing edges was chosen as the basic form of the

fuel bed support. This platform, illustrated in Figure 4, is rigidly

supported in a near midstream position by a sharp-edge Cantilever

attached to the stationary shocktube section just torward of thL te-st

section opening. The platform accepts 10-inch-wide fuel bL'eds of variable

lengths up to 37 inches along the direction of shock propagation. TH)e

fuel is set into a recess on the top surface and is ordinarilv flush with

the top surface. The telescoping section is closed on remote command,

initiating an automatic sequence to start the cameras. After a 1.6 s

delay, to allow the film to accelerate to full speed, the line

charge asterform -n the diaphragm is fired to initiate the shock. A

borosilicate glass window in the sliding section allows the fuel bed -Id

flames over it to be observed and recorded on film.

Measurements are I imited to temperature-time and overpresslmre-t ime

records. The principal form of target response information, Osides he

postshot observation of whether extinguishment has occurred, is providcd

by high-speed cclor photography (approximately 2000 frames-per-second

framing rate) of the flames during shock diffraction and the period of

subsequent hydrodynamic motion.

15

.-. . -.- -

0

c m~

0- 0

c-)CD m w

Cd,

E 0

0 (0cCL

w

U-

L.:.2

cna

C.))4-i

C1U

FLME I SPLACEMENT OVER FUEL-SOAKEI) WICKS

The initial experiments Modeled the incone lusivu experiments run in6

the field in 1972 at Operation Mixed Company. n-Hexane was chosen) as al

Class B f ue I subs t itute for the kerosene used at Mixed Company. This

change was te lt to be desirable main1y because the use otf a singile sub-

stanTce of well -defilled properties avoids possible ambiguities of lss

well-defined mixtures whose properties can change with time, but also

because hexane is somewhat cleaner burning (less sooty) than kerosene.

The first set of Class B fuel tests was run with t1e longest ava i I -

able positive-phase durations. Comparison of the pre ssure pu I ss f rom

shots 4 and 5 (Figures 5 and 6) suggests that we were able to make

progress toward eliminating the perturbing rarefaction without the help

of diagnostic instrumentation; however, that may not be so, because the

effcts of the flames may be obscurring pressure transients in these tests.

Consistent extinction of flames occurred at all overpressures down

to about I psi (where the pressure spike from the line-charge e'xplosive'

used to cut the diaphragm appreciably perturbs the air-driven pre, ssure

pulse) . Therefore, we decided to drastically shorten the pulse duiration,

but rather than using the alternative venting feature, we chose to blank

off the tank at the orifice flange and use only the 33.5-foot section ol

tube between the diaphragm and the tank as the pressure plenum. For the

remainder of experimental work reported in Reference 5, we cont inued to

operate in this short-duration mode. Example pressure pulses are shown

in Figures 7 and 8.

17

188

w

/ Liw -

/.

;hD

CY 4 U N I0 V) V Pm N 4 y

C' 1 WJ 3WflS3Udc3AO

19

O~TT

08

w

00

00

200

00 T

08

08

OLC

C4

009

09

('F~> 3W~klcJ3w

21.

ima

SFIK(I N 3

We he i tvc that D)NA utsni que rCeq irent-nt s that (-;an c ipct advan-

tI CO IIlVt tirougth t it' tiL- tI thIIis- re seairch fa c i I it v I t a lpp Ii icah1i Ii t

to 1,rob1 1 ems of I i rc as a tO 1 o Iaitera I e1 fI e ct o1 fnic I oar exp 1 1 iionsissI-

k -v i d(I I t ziald W c r k I k)11 t -I I tha It t 1Li f A i I i t V' - n t~li( it ' f ltt 'ZI IIr ( , l k n I

to ( I I r L heC r o I r Iionic r L .II!i [I0 i th ba h s iC 1)11\~ s i ! I lit cr'C i ()to I i -

bllst with firs- in snitnort of taitial and straitegic trei: sv-

as- in smpport ,I not i tno rprdns eg FI->A) planniing. A a I s

suggest-; thalt there'L are- (iitt probably other uises for this fat iiitv thait

ilove llotlli mo to tke withI f irt pt-oh les, and we urge DNA to cos ider tit

faci It ' till iqnle calpab iI it L s wi th1 ot her tiuc I ca r weapon s e-ffec ts

re~searchl appI icat tons- inl m-ind.

22

R F FER EN CES

S. Martin, "The Role of Fit in Nuclear Warfare," l)NA 2692F, URSResearch Company, 155 Bovet Road, San Mateo, Calitornia 94402, FinalReport (August 1974).

2. .I. W. Kerr et al., "Nuclear Weapons Effects in a Fort-st Environm-nt--Thermal and Fire," C. E. Tempo (IDASIA), Santa Brbara, Cali orn i a

(Julv 1971).

3. S. J. I iersma and S. B. Martin, "The Nuclear Fire Threat to UrbanAreas," Final Report, SRI Project PYU-8150, DCPA Work Unit 2561A,Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, California (April 1975).

4. S. Martin et al., "The Impact of Fires Produced b, Tactical Nuc learWeapons," DNA 4214T, Science Applications, Inc., 1200 Prospectl)riVe, La jolla, California 92037 (December 1976).

5. S. Martin, "Experiments on Extinction of Fires by Air Blast,Displacement as an Extinction Mecnanism," Annual Report, FEMA WorkUnit 2564A, SRI International, Menlo Park, California (January 1980).

6. Proceedings of the Mixed Company/Middle Gust Results Meeting, 13-15March 1973 (Santa Barbara), DNA 3151P1, Volume 1, Project LNI10,"Scale Effects in Blast-Fire Interaction," pp. 296-307, G. E. Tempo(DASIAC), Santa Barbara, California (May 1973).

23

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-A T