The History of

Computers

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By aC ssie: CutlerI

An Abacus, which is also called a counting frame, is a calculating tool that is primarily used in Asia for doing arithmetic.

The Abacus was used centuries beforeThe numeral system was adopted and it is still used by traders and clerks in Africa and Asia.

The First Abacus wasJust a smooth surface That was covered with sand and the math was done with a stylus or finger. Stones could be used to represent one animal and a pile of stones could represent a bunch of livestock.

The Abacus

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At first, computers weren’t machines at all… they were people. A “computer” was actually a respectable job title. These people made data tables that were used for nuclear fission, war, trigonometry, and astronomy. This job was often held by women because it was the only job women could have in the science field. When Charles Babbage was checking over these data tables, he found so many mistakes that he came up with a machine that did data tables for you.

Charles Babbage

Worked for the Royal Astronautical Society when he caught all the errors in the data tables.

So, he reasoned that a machine could made

to do all the tables and print them out for

you.

In 1822, he thought

of the Difference

engine which was

made of metal gears

and shafts.

Great Britain funded his

project, making it the

first country ever to

support technology

Ran into trouble when the parts he needed could not be made. So, he made better machine parts.

Then he thought that he

could make a machine that

could do any mathematical

problem. So he created the

Analytical Engine

The mill did all the calculations

like the CPU.

The store held the numbers

needed like the memory,

And the instructions and

numbers were fed with punch

cards.

Finally part of his machine was finished, and it could do mathematical problems up to six digits. But it cost too much time and money so the government pulled out

The Daughter of Lord Baltimore, who met Charles Babbage at a party. He showed her his Analytical engine and she was one of the only people to understand and appreciate his invention. She wrote an article about the machine explaining what it does and how great it was. Her article was widely accepted and she was then known as the First Programmer.

Ada Augusta

A B C D E F G H I

J K L M N O P Q R

S T U V W X Y Z .,:

Dictionary

Meet Herman Hollerith…

His Machine , The Hollerith , Made

counting 10 times faster!

Can my invention be used on the railroad?

During World War II, The Germans had a code machine that was called Enigma which was considered “unbreakable.” Well… it was unbreakable until a Polish Scientist made a proposition

with England and said that he would get the code for Enigma. So he was smuggled into Germany and learned that Enigma it worked with plugs that were plugged into letters which was why the

letters had an amazing number of combinations. Then a machine called Colossus was made which could interpret Enigma’s codes. Unfortunately, Colossus wasn’t’ finished for WW II, it was

finished after the Japanese surrendered.

But the Machine could only run for 30 minutes because a tube was always burned out

So he was given half a million dollars to

make his machine he called ENIAC

It had 1800 Vacuum

tubes

CAUTION

CAUTION

CAUTION

CAUTION

CAUTION

CATUION

CAUTION

CAUTION

CAUTION

CAUTION

CAUTION

CATUION

DANGER

DO NOT ENTER

MISSILE

TESTING

The New President is… Eisenhower!

1952 Presidential Election

Dwight D. Eisenhower

Adlai E. Stevenson

VOTE

America vs. RussiaRACE TO THE MOON

Soon America realized that they would need to make a computer that was as powerful as one that would take up a whole room, fit into the shuttle.

So Transistors were made and they replaced the vacuum tubes. The creator even won the Nobel Prize

Then they created an Integrated Circuit, which was one 10 oz. chip with information that replaced a 30 lb. piece.

Then they made a micro possessor, which is all the information for a computer on one chip.

In Apollo 13 their computer was the only reason that they survived.

The ship lost 2 fuel tanks,

And they were leaking oxygen into space

They had to use their computer to calculate how to sling the ship back into the earth’s orbit

emitterbase collector

Transistors are electronic parts that work like switches

They can turn on in varying degrees

They have 3 wires; one to collect power, one to

release it, and one to sense a signal

But transistors don’t actually have any

moving parts

And the base acts as a sensor, letting the part know what you want it to do and how much power to give it

The base is able to switch large amounts of power with a small amount of

power

Because of this the transistor can also be used as an amplifier

The Collector and Emitter route the

main power

INTEGRATED CIRCUIT

Microprocessor

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Gaming

Math

Communicates with the

rest of the computerWord processing and spell check

Printing

The Microprocessor is the brain of

the computer and it does everything from gaming to spell

check. The first one was the Intel

4004 which was introduce in 1971.

All it could do was add and

subtract, but it was amazing that

everything was on one chip.

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Hello, Welcome to Xerox park! Doug Englebart here… well, 30 miles away. This is the Star, it has a mouse, a printer, and graphics see… With Microwaves, it can even be controlled 30 miles away! This is the easiest computer you can find, so… BUY IT!

30 Miles

Welcome to

the 60’s

Steve Jobs

And

Steve Wasniak

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Ok, so there were 2 guys who had a dream of creating a computer. So to begin, they sold their car and calculator to fund their project. Then they created the Apple 1, but it was way

too large and bulky.

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Then they created the Apple 2, and while they were perfecting it in their garage, a man named Mike Markola walked in. He loved their invention and offered to fund

their computer. Soon Apple computers took over the world of computers and became more and more successful. Steve Jobs became the head of the business. After years of drama and hard work, Steve Jobs retired, but Apple computers is still flourishing today.

Welcome to

the 60’s

Bill Gates

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Originally, Bill Gates told Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry systems (MITS) that he had made an interpreter for their platform.

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Unfortunately, that was a complete lie, he only wanted to get their attention. So he quickly had to actually make an interpreter.

Microsoft

Soon Gates, made his own company he called, Microsoft. He then got a new operating system from Tim Paterson of Seattle Computer Products and made a partnership with IBM because of it.

IBM

Gates was made president of the company and chairman of the board He became, and still is, THE RICHEST MAN IN THE WORLD!