QURANIC GRAMMAR AS-SARF

“Morphology of the words”Lesson 20

Lessons from the bookMABADE” ALA’RABIYAH –basics of Arabic Grammar

RASHEED SHARTOONI Compiled by: Sheikh Safdar Razi Ali

The pronouns (DHAMAAER)• There are two types of pronouns:1. Detached (MONFASILAH) منفصلة= أياك نعبد (You

only we worship) 2. Attached (MOTASILAH) متصلة = كنعبد (we worship

you)The attached are divided into two types:

1. Attached to the nouns (possessors) ككتاب ,(your book) يكتاب (my book)

2. Attached to the verbs, واكتب , كنعبد (they wrote)3. Pronouns related to the verbs are further divided

Grammatically into two types as well:4. Subject nouns: واكتب (they)هم 5. Object nouns: كنعبد, نعبدأياك

Pronounsالضمائر

متصلة منفصلة

Possessor

ككتاب

Subjectهم

ObjectFor transitive

verb

كنعبد

Subjectواكتب

Objectأياك

Detached Subject PronounThe person Single dual plural

1st ا��ن أI

X �ُن ن�ْح WE

2nd

Malefemale

�ن َت�أ (m)�ن َت#أ (f)

YOU

�ن ات�أ �م YOU BOTH

�ن م ت�أ (m)�ن ُن ت�أ )f(

YOU ALL

3rd malefemale

�و � he ه�she ه#ي

ا �م �هThey both

م �(m)هُن �(f) هthey all

Detached Object PronounThe person Single dual plural

1st ا�#ي َي�أ #ي�ا ن�اأ #ي�ا ن�اأ

2nd

Malefemale

#ي�ا ك�أ#ي�ا ك#أ

#ي�ا اأ �ك�م #ي�ا ك�م أ#ي�ا ك�ُن أ

3rd malefemale

#ي�ا ُه�أ#ي�ا اأ �ه

#ي�ا اأ �م �ه #ي�ا م أ �ه#ي�ا ه�ُن أ

Past tense +subject Pronoun (FAAE’L)

The person ضرب Single dual plural

1st ب �ر �َت�ضI hit

ب �ر �ن�اضBoth of us hit

ب �ر �ن�اضWe hit

2nd

Malefemale

ب �ر �َت�ضب �ر �َت#ض

You hit

ب �ر �ت�م�اضBoth of you hit

ب �ر �ت�مضب �ر �ت�ُن)ض

All of you hit

3rd malefemale

�ب �ر �ضHe hit

ب �ر �َت#ضShe hit

�ب �ر �اضب �ر �ت�اض

They both hit

�ب �ر �واضب �ر �ُن�ض

All of them hit

Present tense +subject Pronoun (FAAE’L)

The person ضرب Single dual plural

1st # ب�أ �ر ض �ر#ب�ن ض �ر#ب�ن ض

2nd

Malefemale

�ر#بَت ض �ب#َت ر# ْي ُنض

�ب�ي ر# انض �ب�َت ر# ونض �ب#َت ر# ُنض

3rd malefemale

�ر#بي ض �ر#بَت ض

�ب�َت ر# انض �ب�ي ر# ونض �ب#ي ر# ُنض

Past tense+ object pronouns (MAFO’OOL BEHE)

The person ضرب Single dual plural

1st ب �ر �ن#يضHe hit me

ب �ر �ن�اضHe hit both of us

ب# �ر �ن�اضHe hit all of us

2nd

Malefemale

�ب �ر �ك�ض�ب �ر �ك#ض

He hit you (m/F)

�ب �ر �ُك�م�اض He hit both of you

�ب �ر �ُك�م ض�ب �ر �ُك�ُن-ض

He hit all of you (m/f)

3rd malefemale

�ب �ر �ُه�ضHe hit Him

�ب �ر �اض �َهHe hit Her

ب# �ر �م�اض �َهHe hit Both of them

�ب �ر �َه�مض�ب �ر �ُن)ض �َه

He hit All of them

Imperative (command) +subject Pronoun

The person ضرب Single dual plural

1st

2nd

Malefemale

ر#ب ا ض ب# ر# ا ي ض

�ب ر# ا اض �ب ر# ا وض ب# ر# ا ُنض

3rd malefemale

Attached Pronouns + nouns (possessors)

The person Single dual plural

1st #اب�يك#ت �ن�اك#ت�اب �ن�اك#ت�اب

2nd

Malefemale

�ك�ك#ت�اب

�ك#ك#ت�اب�اك#ت�اب �ُك�م �ُك�م ك#ت�اب

�ُك�ُن ك#ت�اب

3rd malefemale

�ُه�ك#ت�اب

�اك#ت�اب �َه�اك#ت�اب �م �َه �م ك#ت�اب �َه

�ُن)ك#ت�اب �َه

EMPHASIS AND NON-EMPHASIS• A verb is emphasized when heavy nūn of emphasis

is added to it, for example: -ُن � or the light لْي�بتَهْحnūn of emphasis is added to it,

• for example:.ُن�َح �لْي�فر• The nūn of emphasis is not added to the past tense

at all. • It is added to the imperative (AMR) form without

any conditions.

Emphasis of demanding present tense• It is added to the present tense only with the

condition that indicates the future only.• or if it is mentioned after a talab (demand) baleen

(soft) or be’anf (vigorous ) , nahi (prohibition), imperative (command), tamani (wish), taraji (hope), aradh (offer), tahdhidh (imposing),

• for example: رَحمة#اللُه مُن ُن- �َتْيأَس . ال• Or, if it is mentioned after an oath, • For example: . َع�َهد�ک َظ�ُن- �ألَحف �أبْيَک و

Conjugation of the all forms of verbs with nūn of emphasis

• The present tense: • Regular: -ن �ر �ي�نص ن- ، ال �ر �الن�نص ، ن- �ر �أنص ال ال

ن �ر � َت�نص• Five verbs:ال ، ران> �َت�نص ،ال ران> �الي�نص ، ن �ر �َت�نص ال ، ن- �ر �ي�نص ال

�ن-ر#َت�نص Feminine noon <رنان �رنان> ، الَت�نص �ي�نص ال • LAAM of Emphasis ، ن- �ر � لت�نص• The imperative form: ، ن- �ر �ا�نص ، ، ن- �ر �ا�نص

�رنان> ر#ا�نص �،ا�نص ران> �ا�نص ، ن-

Demonstrative nouns (this, these, that, those) اإلشارة أَسماء

Relative nouns (the one who) األَسماء الموصولة

Verbs have implicit pronouns• A clear pronoun is a pronoun that is written and spoken, for

example: � . أنَت• An implied pronoun is intended and not written or said, for

example: م� is implied in the ’ أنَتIn this example a ‘you ا#فَهverb.

1. In the present tense: • A pronoun is implied with the singular third person pronoun, for

example: ينطلق �المسافر (when a sentence starts with a subject)

• It is implied with the singular masculine second person pronoun, for example: � . َت�سأُل

• It is implied with all first person pronouns, for example: . �أَسأُل

• In the past tense with the singular third person pronoun �انط�ل�ق• In the command AMR with the singular masculine second

person pronoun, for example:أَسأُل

Change in the doubled letter word• Double-lettered verbs are changed because of idghām. This

is obligatory if both of the like letters have vowel signs, for example: -د � . م

• If the first letter has a vowel sign and the second letter does not it is obligatory to write them separately if the sakūn is used to connect the verb to the nominative pronoun with a vowel sign, for example: �د�دُت � . م

• It is permissible to do idghām or to write the letters separately if it is a present tense verb in the SUKOON state or a verb in the imperative form

• for example: -د �ي�م . or لم ي�مد�د لم

1. When attaching to the pronoun, a triliteral hollow verb whose third root letter is a vowel letter, the second root letter will remain, for example: . قامَت (QAAMAT)

• But, if the third root letter does not have a vowel sign the second root letter will be erased, for example: . �مَت � ص(SUMTO)

• If a defective verb (ends with a vowel letter) is connected to the plural wāw or the second person yā’ its third root letter will be erased. In this case, if the second root letter has a fathah, for example: ی� ,it will remain the same , ر�مfor example: وا�م � If the second root letter has a . رdummah, for example: و� :or a kasrah, for example ي�دَع it will be given a dummah with the wāw and a , ي�رم#يkasrah with the yā’, for example: �ي�دَع�ون

• The third root letter is also erased if it is an alif connected to the feminine tā’,for example: .َت�م �ر

Notes on attached pronouns

Connection with the subject pronouns• If a defective verb is connected to the dual

alif or nā and the third root letter is an alif, it will be changed back to what it originally was, for example: ْينا �م � . ر

• But, if it is a verb with four or more letters, the third root letter will be changed into a yā’, for example: . �ا#هت�د�يَت