QURANIC GRAMMAR AS-SARF

“Morphology of the words”Lesson 16

Lessons from the bookMABADE” ALA’RABIYAH –basics of Arabic Grammar

RASHEED SHARTOONI Compiled by: Sheikh Safdar Razi Ali

What is a verb?• A verb is a word that denotes an action or

state in the past, present or future.• For example: • �نُت� �بُت� ,I was ُک �َت �ُکَت�ب ,I wrote ُک , write (you)ُا

�وُن� ,be ُک�ن �ب� I am ُاُک ,I write ُاُکَت• ن� ُذ� in the past and – (he was good) : َح�ُس� يأُخ�

(he takes) – in the present or future.

Mojarrad and Mazeed verbs

• د Verbs with Root letters – مجّر�– Any form of a verb that contains ONLY the root

letters. – He Hit – ضّرب– He Wrote – كَتب

• .Root Verbs with increased letters –مزيد– They wrote كَتبوُا– He went on strike أضّرب

Note: • The Mojarrad Verb can have a dhummah, kasra or fatha on

the Ayn of the verb. • The Fa and La of the verb must be fatha for past tense.• Past tense verbs are prefixed by the following letters: Seen,

Alif, Laam, Taa, Meem, Wow, Noon Yaa, or HaaMojarrad Three Lettered Verb has three forms

• شّرب َف�ِع�َل�• كَتب َف�ِع�َل�• َف�ِع�َل� قّربMojarrad Four Lettered Verb has one form:

• Fa’lala زلزل َفِعلَل

4&5-MOJARRAD and MAZEEDA singular triliteral verb is a triliteral verb that only has

its root letters, without any increased letter is called MOJARRAD .

For example َف� .(he knew) َع�ّر�A MAZEED triliteral verb with increased letter to its

root can be as follows:A. Either one added letter:

for example: َم�أ ُکّر� (he honored) AKRAMA.B. Or two added letters: for example: ن� �َق�ُا َط�ل (he was set free). INTALAQAC. Or three added letters: for example: � �سَت غَف�ّر�ُا (he asked for forgiveness).

ISTAGHFARAThe book mentions ten forms of increased (MAZEED)

verbs.

Mazeed with one letter If you increase three lettered Mojarrad Verb by

one letter, you can have the following forms:1. Fa’�ala with a shaddah on the A’YN of the verb

( �َم� Form: Alima Al’lama (Taught) (َف�ِع�َل� َع�لَع�ل�َم

2. Afa’la ( �َفِع�َل� Form: KaramaAkrama (Become (ُاGenerous) َم� �ّر� ُاك َم� �ّر� ك

3. Faa’ala ( Form: ShahadaShaahada (َف�اَع�َل�(Witness) شاَه�د� شَه�د�

MAZEED with one increased letter• There are ten forms of triliteral verbs with increase

letters, we will start with the form of one increased letter:

• There are three forms of triliteral verbs that have one increase letter:

A. َل��ِع5َف (FA’A’LA)This is form II Here the second root letter is doubled. For example: 5ّر� ب (he notified) ُخ�

B. َع�َل�اَف (FAA’ALA) This is form III. Here an alif is added to the root. For example: ّر�� (he negotiated)ُخاَب

C. َفِعَلأ This is form IV. Here a glottal stop is added to the beginning of the root. For example: ّر�� he) أُخبnotified)

Mazeed with two lettersIf you increase the three lettered Mojarrad Verb by Two letter, you

can have the following 5 forms:1. Tafa’ala with SHADDAH on A’YN ( �َف��ِع�َل� Form: Ta’al’lama (َت

(He Learned) ِع�ل�َم� َت2. Tafaaal( َتشاَر�ك Form Tashaaraka (Associated) (َتَفاَع�َل�

3. Infa’ala(أنَفِعَل ) Form: InTalaqa & Insarafa (Left)4. Ifta’ala(أَفَتِعَل) Form: Ijtamaa’ (he met )5. Ifa’al �a with SHADDAH on LAAM ( �َفِع�َل� Form: Ihmar’ra (ُا

(Become Red) إَحَم�ّر�

MAZEED with two increased letterThere are five forms of triliteral verbs that have two increase

letters:A. � َل�ِع5َف�َت (TAFA’A’LA)This is form V. Here a tā’ is added and the

second root letter is doubled. For example: 5َل� �َق�ب he accepted) َتwith strength) ; in respond to a demand strongly

B. � َع�َل�اَفَت (TAFAAA’LA)This is form VI. Here a tā’ and an alif are added. For example َق� �َل�اَت َب (he met) ;both parties agreed and initiated the action

C. ن� َف�ِع�َل�ُا (INFAA’LA)This is form VII. Here a glottal stop and a nūn are added. For example: نُا�َل�� َق�ب (it was accepted) :action under influence or under pressure

D. � �َفُا ِع�َل�َت (IFTAA’LA)This is form VIII. Here a glottal stop (HAMZA) and a tā’ are added. For example: َل�� �ب �قَت Action : (he received) ُاwith intention and purpose

E. � َل5َفِع�ُا (EFALLA)This is form IX. Here a glottal stop is added and the last root letter is doubled. For example: 5َحَم�ّر� he become) ُاred): transformation to a description

Mazeed with three letter

If you increase the three lettered Mojarrad Verb by Three letter, you can have the following forms:

1. Istafal( �َفِع�َل� �سَت Form: Istafsfara (Seeking the ( ُاMeaning)

2. Ifawala( �َفِع�وَع�َل� Form: Ihdowdaba (Bending) ( ُا�َحد�ود�ب� ُا

3. If’aal’l�a with SHADDAH on LAAM ( :Form ( ُاَفِعال�Ik’dhaar’ra (Becoming Very Green) � ُاُخضاَر�

MAZEED with three increased letterA. ُا� َفِع�َل��سَت (ISTAFA’LA)This is form X. Here a

glottal stop, sīn and tā’ are added. For example: غَف�ّر�� �سَت (he asked for forgiveness) ُا

B. � َل�وَع�َفِع�ُا (IFA’OWA’LA)This is form XII. Here a glottal stop and a wāw are added along with another second root letter , example: َحد�ود�ب�� ُا(It was bent outward)

For Form XI is not mentioned in this book

Four lettered Mazeed with max twoThe increase in the Four lettered Mojarrad Verb by

One or Two letters (A verb cannot exceed 6 letters), will be discussed further when studying the verbs in detail.

The infinitives for verbs with increase letters are as follows

• A. َّع�َل� َت�فَّعيَل�ة becomes َف� و َت�فَّعيَل• B. َفاَع�َل� becomes َف�َّعال و ُم�فاَع�َل�ة• C. أَفَّع�َل� becomes إَفَّعال• D. َّع�َل� َّع�َل becomes َت�ف� َت�ف�• E. َتفاَع�َل� becomes َت�فاَع�َل• F. ِا�َفَت�َّع�َل� becomes ِا�َفَت�َّعال• G. َّع�َل� َّعال becomes ِا�نف� ِا�نف�• H. ِا�َفَّع�َل� becomes ِا�َفَّع�الل• I. ِا�سَت�فَّع�َل� becomes ِا�سَت�فَّعال• J. ِا�َفَّع�وَع�َل� becomes ِا�َفَّع�يَّعال

Four letter• K. َّعَل�َل� َّعَل�َل becomes َت�ف� َت�ف�• L. ِا�َفَّع�نَل�َل� becomes ِا�َفَّع�نالل• M. ِا�َفَّع�َل�َل� becomes ل ِا�َفَّع�ال�

THE DIVISION OF VERBS INTOPERFECT, SOUND, AND UNSOUND

• A perfect verb is a verb that does not have any weak letters, glottal stops or doubled letters in its root. For example: َق�� ن ش� �َل� ق�َت ب� he) ض�ّر�hung, he killed, he hit)

• A sound verb is a verb that either has a glottal stop or a doubled letter in its root. For example: م�د� �َل� (he extended, he ate) أُک

Reminder• A double-letter verb is a verb that has two identical letters

in its root. For example: 5َف�ّر (he ran away).• If A verb that has a glottal stop in its a verb then it is

considered sound. For example: َل�� .(he ate) أُک• A verb truly has a glottal stop or is truly a double-letter verb

when the glottal stop or the two identical letters are in the root of the verb, not including added letters.

• NOTE:A. َق�� this verb does not have a glottal (INTALAQA) ُانَط�ل

stop because its root is .طلَق (TALIQA)B. ق�د5َم� (QADDAMA)this verb is not a double letter verb

because its root is .قدَم (QADIMA) C. َل�� This verb is not an unsound verb(QAATALA) قاَت

because its root is قَتَل (QATILA)

The verbs with vowels MO’TAL(ALIF, WOW or YAA)

There are three types of weak verbs (vowel letters alif, wāw or yā’in its root) : For example:

• MOTAL ALAWAL (he jumped) ب�� و�َث• MOTAL ALAWSAT or ALTHANI (he slept) اَم�� ن• MOTAL ALAAKHIR (he became satisfied) َی��ض َر�

Glottal stop (HAMZA of QATA’)There are three types of verbs that have a glottal stop in their

root:A. Glottal stop of the first root letter: ُذ� (he took) أُخ�B. Glottal stop of the second root letter: أل� (he asked) س�C. Glottal stop of the third root letter: أ �ش� (he emerged) ن

Strong VerbsStrong verbs have all 3 root letters as consonants. • The second and third letter (Doubled, has Shad-da) م�ض�ِعف

are the same (has Shad-da)– shook - َه�ز�– د� Returned - َر�– د� Stretched - ش�

• One of the root letters is a Hamza (Verb with Hamza)م�َهَموز– � أ Read - ق�ّر�– �ل� Asked - سأ– د� �ُخ� Took - أ

• ,If they do not fit in the above 2 categories (Complete) سالَمthe Verb is a Strong Verb– ب� Hit - ض�ّر�

Definition Weak Verbs• Weak Verbs are categorized by identifying the

placement of the vowel• Beginning (Mithaal) ل مثا

– د� Gave up hope – يئَس� ,Found - و�َج�

• Middle (Al-Ajoof - Hollow) أَجوَف – Said - قال

• End (Naqis-incomplete) ناقص– ,Become close – دنا– �َق�َى� met - ل

Cluster Verb• A verb that has two weak (vowel) letters is

called a cluster verb. There are two kinds of cluster verbs:

A. A cluster verb that has a weak (vowel) letter in the first and third root letters. For example: و�َف�َی (he completed)

B. A cluster verb that has a weak letter in the second and third root letters.

• For example: وی (it roasted) ش�