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Christopher Smith summary of Quiz ExamplesIET 698 Spring 2015

Review Test Submission: Quiz One

Question 1

2 out of 2 points

What is research?Selected Answer:

Is a systemic process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting information and data in order to increase our understanding of a phenomenon about which we are interested or concerned about.

Correct Answer: Research is information gathering

Research is transportation of facts from one location to another.Research is rummaging for informatioResearch is a catchword used to get attention.

Question 2

0.5 out of 0.5 pointsWhich of the following observations on research is correct?Selected Answer: Increasing complexities in technology and business increase

the need for research.Correct Answer: Increasing complexities in technology and business increase

the need for research.

Question 3

0.5 out of 0.5 pointsThe value of applied research in a managerial environment comes from:Selected Answer: Its help in decision

making.Correct Answer: Its help in decision

making.

Question 4

0.5 out of 0.5 pointsresearch involves:Selected Answer: An application of scientific methods to information


collection and analysis.Correct Answer: An application of scientific methods to information

collection and analysis.

Question 5

1.5 out of 2 points(1) What is the main purpose for RESEARCH? (2) List and explain four categories that describe the existing types of research: Methodology, Applicability, Locality, and funding. (3) Describe the two types of research based on Methodology: Empirical and Theoretical.Selected Answer:

(1) To enhance our understanding of a phenomenon and communicate to the larger scientific community.

Methodology is the systematic, theoretical analysis of the methods applied to a field of study. It comprises the theoretical analysis of the body of methods and principles associated with a branch of knowledge. Typically, it encompasses concepts such as paradigm, theoretical model, phases and quantitative or qualitative techniques. taken from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodology

Emprical is based on actual testing and events.

Theoretical probability is given by the number of ways the particular event can occur divided by the total number of possible outcomes.

Applicability: This is the degree to which the results of an observation, study, or review are likely to hold true in your practice setting. taken from: http://ebem.org/definitions.html

Locality: analysis of research data that is gathered

funding: is a term generally covering any funding for scientific research, in the areas of both "hard" science and technology and social science. The term often connotes funding obtained through a competitive process, in which potential research projects are evaluated and only the most promising receive funding. Such processes, which are run by government, corporations or foundations, allocate scarce funds. taken from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funding_of_science

Correct Answer:

[None]


Question 6

0.5 out of 0.5 pointsAn estimate of next year's market share is an example of what type of research?Selected Answer: Predicti

veCorrect Answer: Predicti

ve

Question 7

1 out of 2.5 points

What is an assumption of a hypothesis?Selected Answer:

An assumption is a belief that forms one of the bases for the research. This belief is not to be tested or supported with empirical data. Very often belief is not stated in a research proposal.

A hypothesis is a tentative answer to a research question.

Where can a hypothesis be derived from?

a. from the observation before the research is conducted. This is called inductive hypothesis

b. from the theory. This is called deductive hypothesis.

It does not matter how you derive it, but it must: (a) state relationship between variables, (b) be testable–remember the operational definition, (c) be consistent with the existing theory/knowledge, and (d) be simple and concise.

Taken from: https://quantres.wordpress.com/2009/11/12/hypothesis/

Correct Answer:

An assumption is a condition that is taken for granted, without which the research project would be pointless. Assumptions are usually so self-evident that a researcher may consider it unnecessary to mention them.

Question 8


0.5 out of 0.5 pointsGood research studies:Selected Answer: Declare their limitations and flaws in

procedure.Correct Answer: Declare their limitations and flaws in

procedure.

Question 9

0.5 out of 1.5 points

What is a hypothesis?Selected Answer:

A hypothesis (plural hypotheses) is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon. For a hypothesis to be a scientific hypothesis, the scientific method requires that one can test it. Scientists generally base scientific hypotheses on previous observations that cannot satisfactorily be explained with the available scientific theories. Even though the words "hypothesis" and "theory" are often used synonymously, a scientific hypothesis is not the same as a scientific theory. A working hypothesis is a provisionally accepted hypothesis proposed for further research.[

Taken from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HypothesisCorrect Answer: A hypothesis is a logical supposition, a reasonable guess, an

educated conjecture. It provides a tentative explanation for a phenomenon under investigation.

Question 10

0.5 out of 0.5 pointsData was analyzed and it showed that: a salesperson's performance is directly and positively related to the salesperson's level of education. this is an example of what type of research?Selected Answer: Explanat

oryCorrect Answer: Explanat

ory


Question 11

0.5 out of 0.5 pointsApplied research:Selected Answer: Is problem directed and closely related to policy or

action needs.Correct Answer: Is problem directed and closely related to policy or

action needs.

Question 12

0.5 out of 0.5 pointsWhich of the following is a true statement?Selected Answer: research can provide guideposts even to experienced and

intuitive people.Correct Answer: research can provide guideposts even to experienced and

intuitive people.

Question 13

0.5 out of 2 points

What is a theory?Selected Answer:

Theories are analytical tools for understanding, explaining, and making predictions about a given subject matter. There are theories in many and varied fields of study, including the arts and sciences. A formal theory is syntactic in nature and is only meaningful when given a semantic component by applying it to some content (i.e. facts and relationships of the actual historical world as it is unfolding). Theories in various fields of study are expressed in natural language, but are always constructed in such a way that their general form is identical to a theory as it is expressed in the formal language of mathematical logic. Theories may be expressed mathematically, symbolically, or in common language, but are generally expected to follow principles of rational thought or logic.

Taken from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TheoryCorrect Answer:

A theory is an organized body of concepts and principles intended to explain a particular phenomenon.


Question 14

0.5 out of 0.5 pointsA predictive study showed that a company would gain a 10% market share if it reduced its product price by $5. The study assumed competitions would keep the prices of their products unchanged.Selected Answer: As the conpany cannot control the price decisions of its

conpetitors so the study is not very useful.Correct Answer: As the conpany cannot control the price decisions of its

conpetitors so the study is not very useful.

Question 15

0 out of 0.5 pointsWhich of the following types of research is conducted to evaluate specific courses of action or forecast current or future value?Selected Answer: Prediction

studiesCorrect Answer: Description

studies

Review Test Submission: Quiz 4 - Chapter 4 - Review of the Related Literature

Question 1


Explain how to understand this question “knowing when to quit” as a researcher conducts a review of the literature.

Selected Answer:

Knowing when to quit • Look for repetitive patterns in the materials you are finding and reading. When you no longer encounter new viewpoints then you may be reasonable sure that you are familiar with the critical parts of the literature. (Leedy, P.& Ormrod, J. ,2005)


Correct Answer:

In theory, the answer might be “Never”. As long as people continue to conduct research related to your topic, there will always be additional information that may be helpful to you.From a practical standpoint, however, you must finish your search, use what you have to trained, and get on with the study itself.n general, we strongly suggest that like as: look for repetitive patterns in the materials you are finding and reading. For example…..

Question 2

1 out of 0.66 points

Explain how to focus your attention through the main problem and subproblems when you read the literature.

Selected Answer:

Write the main problem at the top of the page. Then write each subproblem in its entirety across the page.

Correct Answer:

Write the problem at the top of a sheet of paperWrite each subproblem, in its entirety, across the page.Identify the keywords and phrases in each subproblemWrite these keywords and phrases in a column under the appropriate subproblem. The lists you generate become your “agenda” as you read the literature.Go to the liberty to seek out resources related to your agenda.&νβσπ;Read!

Question 3


Kirby is conducting a literature review in preparation for his study of “expectations regarding the sharing of financial and practical responsibilities among married and cohabiting couples in which both partners are between the ages of 20 and 29.” Conducting a keyword search on “couples” and “responsibility,” Kirby has generated a lengthy list of research articles. He decides to shorten the list of potential articles by eliminating all articles that were


not published in prestigious research journals. He will include all the remaining articles in his literature review. What is your opinion of Kirby’s approach to selecting articles for the literature review? Explain.Selected Answer:

the quality of the journal is only one factor worth noting when trying to decide which decision to make in the review. His search seems somewhat generic. He needs to narrow his list of articles and ensure he only uses the ones that are most relevant to his topic. Later in his research he might find to eliminate more articles but it is still too early in his study to make that decision.

Correct Answer:

Kirby is right that the quality of the journal in which articles are published is one factor worth noting when making decisions about what to include in the literature review. However, there were more important distinctions Kirby should have made before taking that particular step. The keywords Kirby used in his search were overly general. His list of articles undoubtedly contains many that are only remotely related to his research problem, as well as many that are closely related. To maintain appropriate focus in the literature review, Kirby needs to first narrow his list of articles to those most relevant to his particular research problem. It may later make sense to eliminate additional articles from the list on the basis of journal quality, but that decision is premature at Kirby’s present state.

Question 4


Explain the research cycle.

Selected Answer:

The research cycle was developed by Jamie McKenzie in 1995. Emphasis is given to the initial development of questions to clarify and establish subsequent steps in the research process.

The research cycle is composed of seven stages:

Questioning: student clarifies information needed and leads to elaborating questionsPlanning: student identifies likely sources of informationGathering: student collects pertinent information for considerationSorting & sifting: student sorts and sifts in search of information that contributes to understandingSynthesizing: student arranges and rearranges information in search of


patterns and/or a clearer pictureEvaluating: student determines what information might be missing and repeats earlier stages of the research cycle in search of better, clearer informationReporting: student reports findings or recommendations.

http://www.learnnc.org/reference/research+cycle

Correct Answer: • Research begins with a problem: an unanswered question in the mind of the

researcher.

• Research defines the goal in terms of a clear statement of the problem.

• Research subdivides the problem into appropriate subproblems.

• Research posits tentative solutions to the problems through reasonable hypotheses direct the researcher to appropriate data.

• Research looks for data directed by the hypotheses and guided by the problem. The data are collected and organized.

• Research interprets the meaning of the data, which leads to a resolution of the problem, thus confirming or rejecting the hypotheses and providing an answer to the question that began the research cycle. At this point, one or more new problems may emerge.

Question 5



Use a actual example to explain how on-line catalog work

Selected Answer:

You enter up to three words or phrases in a database. In pull down menus to the right of the boxes you can indicate weather each phrase you have typed is a keyword, author, title, word, or phrase in the abstract or in its entity.

Like enter PsycInfo for a research project. each time you identify a useful source you can mark each record and at the end of your search of PsycINFO you can save it or print or email the complete list of sources you have identified.

Correct Answer: if you log on one university catalog, it

usually allow you to look for books by author, title, call number, or subject (i.e., by one or more keywords). And they will let you browse among related books quickly and easily. Then they will typically tell you the status of a book---whether it’s currently available or when it’s due to be returned.

For example………………

Question 6


List some command search engine sites you usually use, and then explain what strategies were applied when you use these search engine sites.

Selected Answer:

I normally use google or yahoo search engines. My strategy is looking for the top search engine sites listed then reviewing key words in each sub header in order to investigate further. After investigating I narrow my search down to just a few key sites to use for my research.

Correct Answer:

For example………

Use at least two keywords to limit your search. Type a plus sign (+) before any keyword that you definitely want used in your search.&νβσπ;&νβσπ;If you want to look for a phrase rather than a single word, put quotation marks around the phrase.

Question 7


Explain the benefits of a literature, as a researcher

Selected Answer:

Assessment of the current state of research on a topic. This is probably the most obvious value of the literature review. Once a researcher has determined an area to work with for a research project, a search of relevant information sources will help determine what is already known about the topic and how extensively the topic has already been researched.

Identification of the experts on a particular topic. One of the additional benefits derived from doing the literature review is that it will quickly reveal which researchers have written the most on a particular topic and are, therefore, probably the experts on the topic. Someone who has written twenty articles on a topic or on related topics is more than likely more knowledgeable than someone who has written a single article. This same writer will likely turn up as a reference in most of the other articles written on the same topic. From the number of articles written by the author and the number of times the writer has been cited by other authors, a researcher will be able to assume that the particular author is an expert in the area and, thus, a key resource for consultation in the current research to be undertaken.Identification of key questions about a topic that need further research. In many cases a researcher may discover new angles that need further exploration by reviewing what has already been written on a topic. For example, research may suggest that listening to music while studying might lead to better retention


of ideas, but the research might not have assessed whether a particular style of music is more beneficial than another. A researcher who is interested in pursuing this topic would then do well to follow up existing studies with a new study, based on previous research, that tries to identify which styles of music are most beneficial to retention.Determination of methodologies used in past studies of the same or similar topics. It is often useful to review the types of studies that previous researchers have launched as a means of determining what approaches might be of most benefit in further developing a topic. By the same token, a review of previously conducted studies might lend itself to researchers determining a new angle for approaching research.

Upon completion of the literature review, a researcher should have a solid foundation of knowledge in the area and a good feel for the direction any new research should take. Should any additional questions arise during the course of the research, the researcher will know which experts to consult in order to quickly clear up those questions.

http://libguides.unf.edu/content.php?pid=496677&sid=4082503

Correct Answer: It will increase your confidence in your topic if you find that others have

an interest in this topic and have invested time, effort, and resources in studying it.It can provide you with new ideas and approaches that may not have occurred to you.It can inform you about other researchers conducting work in this area---individuals whom you may wish to contact for advice or feedback.It can reveal sources of data that you may not have known existed.It can introduce you to measurement tools that other researchers have developed and used effectively.It can reveal methods of dealing with problem situations that may be similar to difficulties you are facing.It can help you interpret and make sense of your findings and, ultimately, help you tie your results to the work of those who have preceded you.

Question 8


Explain how to get ready for a review of the literature

http://libguides.unf.edu/content.php?pid=496677&sid=4082503


Selected Answer:

Get your mind clear, Have a specific plan, emphasize relatedness to your research problem, provide transitional phrases sentences or paragraphs that help your readers follow your train of thought, know the differences between describing the literature and plagiarizing it, always give credit where credit is due, minimize use of direct quotes, summarize what you have said, remember your first draft will not be your last, ask others for feedback.

Correct Answer:

problem for research&νβσπ;first subproblemsecond subproblem&νβσπ;third subproblem

Question 9


You are reading a literature review written by a novice researcher in your field. You notice that the researcher seems to have relied heavily on the World Wide Web in preparing the literature review. Your hunch is supported when you glance at the reference page and find a long list of Internet addresses. What goes through your mind regarding the quality and adequacy of the literature review in this situation?

Selected Answer:

I would be very skeptical in this instance because it would appear that not much research was conducted outside of others work. It would seem that they would only be rehashing out others reasearch and not conducting interviews or attending seminars for additional independent research. there are many other research tools that need to be used outside of a simple google search.

Correct Answer:

The World Wide Web certainly allows access to rigorous, valid information on a vast range of topics. This access may be provided through online journals or document delivery systems, or through websites associated with research labs, governmental agencies, or other trustworthy organizations and individuals. However, not all of the information on the Web goes through some type of vetting process to assure its accuracy and usefulness. Therefore, the researcher must constantly be critical


of what s/he is reading. A novice researcher may or may not possess the professional judgment needed to determine the quality of information available on the Web and, hence, make good decisions about what information is appropriately included in a literature review. A great deal of information related to professional research is not yet available on the Internet. So another concern about basing a literature review exclusively on Web sources is that relevant and important information may be missed.

Question 10


Explain four scales of measurement and give an rxample for each scale

Selected Answer:

4 Levels of Measurement

Nominal Scale

The nominal scale (also called dummy coding) simply places people, events, perceptions, etc. into categories based on some common trait. Some data are naturally suited to the nominal scale such as males vs. females, redheads vs. blondes vs. brunettes, and African American vs. Asian. The nominal scale forms the basis for such analyses as Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) because those analyses require that some category is compared to at least one other category.

The nominal scale is the lowest form of measurement because it doesn’t capture information about the focal object other than whether the object belongs or doesn’t belong to a category; either you are a smoker or not a smoker, you attended college or you didn’t, a subject has some experience with computers, an average amount of experience with computers, or extensive experience with computers. No data is captured that can place the measured object on any kind of scale say, for example, on a continuum from one to ten. Coding of nominal scale data can be accomplished using numbers, letters, labels, or any symbol that represents a category into which an object can either belong or not


belong.

Ordinal Scale

The ordinal scale has at least one major advantage over the nominal scale. The ordinal scale contains all of the information captured in the nominal scale but it also ranks data from lowest to highest. Rather than simply categorize data by placing an object either into or not into a category, ordinal data give you some idea of where data lie in relation to each other.

For example, suppose you are conducting a study on cigarette smoking and you capture how many packs of cigarettes three smokers consume in a day. It turns out that the first subject smokes one pack a day, the second smokes two packs a day, and the third smokes ten packs a day. Using an ordinal scale, your data would look like this.

1. Ten packs a day smoker2. Two packs a day smoker3. One pack a day smoker

The ordinal scale rank orders the subjects by how many packs of cigarettes they smoke in one day. Notice, however, that although you can use the ordinal scale to rank the subjects, there is some important data missing; the first smoker occupies a rank the same distance from the second smoker as the second smoker occupies a rank the same distance from the third smoker. Consequently, no information exists in the ordinal scale to indicate the distance one smoker is from the others except for the ranking. Richer than nominal scaling, ordinal scaling still suffers from some information loss in the data.

Interval Scale

Unlike the nominal scale that simply places objects into or out of a category or the ordinal scale that rank orders objects, the interval scale indicates the distance one object is from another. In the social sciences, there is a famous example often taught to students on this distinction.

Suppose you are near the shore of a lake and you see three tree stumps sticking out of the water. Using the water as a reference point, it would be easy to measure which stump rises highest out of the water. In this way, you can create a relative measure of the height of the stumps from the surface of the water. For example, the first stump may breach the


water by twenty-four centimeters, the second by twenty-six centimeters, and the third by twenty-eight centimeters. Unlike the nominal and ordinal scales, you can make relative distance measurements among objects using the interval scale.

However, the distance the stumps extend out of the water gives you no indication of how long the stumps actually are. It’s possible that the bottom of the lake is irregular making the tallest stump look tallest only in relation to the water. Using interval scaling, you have no indication of the absolute length of the stumps. Still, the interval scale contains richer information that the two lower levels of scaling.

Ratio Scale

The scale that contains the richest information about an object is ratio scaling. The ratio scale contains all of the information of the previous three levels plus it contains an absolute zero point. To use the example above, the ratio scale allows you to measure the stumps from the bottom of the lake; the bottom of the lake represents the absolute zero point.

The distinction between interval and ratio scales is an important one in the social sciences. Although both can capture continuous data, you have to be careful not to assume that the lowest possible score in your data collection automatically represents an absolute zero point.

Take extraversion captured using a psychometrically sound survey instrument. The items that capture this construct may range from zero to ten on the survey but there is no guarantee that a score of zero on the survey places a subject at the absolute zero point on the extraversion construct. Yes, you know that a subject with a score of eight on the scale is more extraverted than someone with a score of seven, but those numbers only exist for comparison between each other, not in comparison to some absolute score of zero extraversion.

Conclusion

The four levels of measurement discussed above have an important impact on how you collect data and how you analyze them later. Collect at the wrong level, and you will end of having to adjust your research, your design, and your analyses. Make sure you consider carefully the level at which you collect your data, especially in light of what statistical procedures you intend to use once you have the data in hand.


http://johngarger.com/articles/methodology/4-levels-of-measurement-in-social-science-research

Correct Answer: • Nominal scale of measurement

• Ordinal scale of measurement

• Interval scale of measurement

• Ratio scale of measurement

Question 11


Explain how to evaluate, organized and synthesize your literature

Selected Answer:

Summarize and synthesize

Remember to summarize and synthesize your sources within each paragraph as well as throughout the review. The authors here recapitulate important features of Hamilton’s study, but then synthesize it by rephrasing the study’s significance and relating it to their own work.

Chronological of Events If your review follows the chronological method, you could write about the materials according to when they were published. This approach should only be followed if a clear path of research building on previous research can be identified and that these trends follow a clear chronological order of development. For example, a literature review that focuses on continuing research about the emergence of German economic power after the fall of the Soviet Union.

By PublicationOrder your sources by publication chronology, then, only if the order demonstrates a more important trend. For instance, you could order a review of literature on environmental studies of brown fields if the


progression revealed, for example, a change in the soil collection practices of the researchers who wrote and/or conducted the studies.

Thematic [“conceptual categories”]Thematic reviews of literature are organized around a topic or issue, rather than the progression of time. However, progression of time may still be an important factor in a thematic review. For example, a review of the Internet’s impact on American presidential politics could focus on the development of online political satire. While the study focuses on one topic, the Internet’s impact on American presidential politics, it will still be organized chronologically reflecting technological developments in media. The only difference here between a "chronological" and a "thematic" approach is what is emphasized the most: the role of the Internet in presidential politics. Note however that more authentic thematic reviews tend to break away from chronological order. A review organized in this manner would shift between time periods within each section according to the point made.

MethodologicalA methodological approach focuses on the methods utilized by the researcher. For the Internet in American presidential politics project, one methodological approach would be to look at cultural differences between the portrayal of American presidents on American, British, and French websites. Or the review might focus on the fundraising impact of the Internet on a particular political party. A methodological scope will influence either the types of documents in the review or the way in which these documents are discussed.

Other Sections of Your Literature ReviewOnce you've decided on the organizational method for your literature review, the sections you need to include in the paper should be easy to figure out because they arise from your organizational strategy. In other words, a chronological review would have subsections for each vital time period; a thematic review would have subtopics based upon factors that relate to the theme or issue. However, sometimes you may need to add additional sections that are necessary for your study, but do not fit in the organizational strategy of the body. What other sections you include in the body is up to you but include only what is necessary for the reader to locate your study within the larger scholarship framework.

http://libguides.usc.edu/writringguide/literaturereview


Correct Answer: Compare and contrast varying theoretical perspectives on the topic.

Show how approaches to the topic have changed over time.Describe general trends in research findingsIdentify discrepant or contradictory findings, and suggest possible explanations for such discrepancies.Identify general themes that run throughout the literature

Question 12


Explain how to write a clear and cohesive review.

Selected Answer:

Focus on an important, relevant, and operationally defined topic in the psychology of men and masculinity, and make a strong case for why a literature review of this topic is important.Include a critical and inclusive review of previous theory related to the relevant topic. "Critical" means that the literature review reveals problems, contradictions, controversies, strengths, next steps, and potentials in the theories. "Inclusive" means that there is an active evaluation of all of the theory relevant to the topic.Include a critical and inclusive review of previous empirical research related to the relevant topic.Critically analyze the distinction between authors' interpretation of their data and the actual empirical evidence presented. A good review critically analyses how accurately previous authors have reported their findings and whether they have refrained from asserting conclusions not supported by dataDiscuss the methodological diversity of studies reported in the literature review and the implications of this diversity for new knowledge or future researchRaise provocative and innovative questions on the topic not discussed before in the literature.Write the review so that theoretical knowledge and empirical research is significantly advanced in the psychology of men and masculinity, and that there is an overall contribution to the field's theory, research, and clinical practice.Include many "take home messages" (Sternberg, 1991) that generate new theories and empirical research.

http://www.apa.org/pubs/journals/men/literature-review-guidelines.aspx

Correct Answer: •&νβσπ;Get the proper psychological orientation


•&νβσπ;Have a plan

•&νβσπ;Emphasize relatedness

•&νβσπ;Review the literature.

•&νβσπ;Summarize what you have said

•&νβσπ;Remember that your first draft will almost certainly NOT be your last draft

•&νβσπ;Ask other for advice and feedback

Question 13


Explain how to organize the information you have collected.

Selected Answer:

1. An introductory paragraph: Here you identify the general topic and the research question or problem (that is, the question that the thesis statement of your paper will answer). You should also establish the significance of your research.

2. A section that describes the larger historical context and perspective on your topic: Try to identify the major trends in the literature on your topic, and very briefly review that literature. Who has written on the topic, and what have they found? (See “How do I find sources for my paper?” and “Why create an annotated bibliography?”) What questions remain to be answered? Restate your question in the context of this literature review, showing how it fits into this larger picture.

3. A section describing your methodology: In this section, you describe your “plan of attack”—that is, how you will approach your problem, and what sources you will use.

4. In the final paragraph(s), discuss what you expect will result from your research (your hypothesis ) and reiterate how it fits into the larger historical perspective on the topic.

5. You must also include your sources that lists the articles and books you plan to use in your paper.


After identifying what your research strategy will be, and preparing a research proposal that will guide your inquiry, you're ready to do the actual research.

http://www.indiana.edu/~histweb/seminars/07_methodology.htm#six

Correct Answer: To encounter similar frustration---albeit on a smaller scale.

To have both types of files.To review your not cards.

Question 14


Explain how to maximize your efficiency at the Library.

Selected Answer:

Go to the library armed with data gathering tools

Identify the materials you want to read and determine whether your library has them.

Develop an organized plan of attack for finding the sources you have identified.

Track down your sources.

Research all basic information as you read each source.

Identify strategies for obtaining sources that are not immediately available.

Correct Answer:

Go to the library armed with data-gathering tools.Identify the materials you want to read, and determine whether your library has them.Develop an organized plan of attack for finding the sources you’ ve identified.Track your sources downRecord all basic information as you each source.Identify strategies for obtaining unavailable sources.

Question 15



If parts of the problem can not be researched empirically, what should the researcher do?Selected Answer:

I think the researcher would have to use his or her own opinion or judgment based on others opinions or advanced research and come up with their own conclusion.

Correct Propose an alternative design, such as a policy analytic Study

Review Test Submission: QUIZ 6-Writing the Research Proposal

Question 1

0.5 out of 1 pointsExplain what the weaknesses related to the Research Design and Methodology are.Selected Answer:

The researcher cant be constrained in the quest of new knowledge by self discipline methodological restraints. The research project might take the researcher into new and unfamiliar territory that have been historically been unassociated with other content areas. This could lead the researcher to conduct the research outside a specific area of study and they might research all possibilities outside a specific methodology.

Correct Answer:

The description of the design and method is so vague and unfocused as to prevent adequate evaluation of its worth.

The data the investigator wishes to use are either difficult to obtain to inappropriate for the research problem.

The proposed methods, measurement instruments, or procedure are inappropriate for the research problem.

Appropriate controls are either lacking or inadequate

The equipment to be used is outdated or inappropriate.

The statistical analysis has not received adequate consideration, is too simplistic, or is unlikely to yield accurate and clear-cut results.


Response Feedback:

[None Given]

Question 2

0.5 out of 1 pointsExplain what the weaknesses related to the Investigator areSelected Answer:

The researcher weakness is someone who merely thinks the research proposal is merely a formality and who does not give it serious consideration to its readers. Also someone who does not think clearly and is unable to process their thoughts on paper. Their thoughts seem unfocused and poorly organized.

Correct Answer: The investigator does not have sufficient training or

experience for the proposed research.The investigator appears to be unfamiliar with the literature relevant to the research problem.The investigator has insufficient time to devote to the project.

Response Feedback:

[None Given]

Question 3

1 out of 1 pointsExplain which suggestions we must adopt when we are going to write the first draft.Selected Answer:

Use a computer or word processor.

Adhere to any guidelines required by the institution, organization, or funding agency to which you are submitting to.

When writing the first draft focus more on organization and logical thought sequences than on exact wording, grammatical corrections, spelling and formating details.

Present the research problem at the beginning of the first chapter.


Convince the reader of the importance of your project.

Assume your reader knows nothing whatsoever of your project.

Communicate that you have an open mind about what you will find.

Describe your methodology with as much detail as possible.

If you intend to use data that already exists, describe where the data is located and how you plan to obtain the data.

Describe how you will use the data to address your research problem.

Use appendices to present informed letters of consent, specific measurement instruments, and other detailed materials.

Correct Answer: • Adhere to any guidelines required by the institution,

organization, or funding agency to which you are submitting the proposal.

• When writing the first draft, focus more on organization and logical thought sequences than on exact wording, grammatical correctness, and spelling.

• Present the research problem at the beginning of the first chapter.

• Convince the reader of the importance of your project.• Describe your methods with as much detail and

precision as possible.• Use appendices to present informed consent letters,

specific measurement instruments, and other detailed material.

• Describe how you will analyze the data to answer your research problem.

Response Feedback:

[None Given]


Question 4

1 out of 1 pointsExplain how to revise your proposal.Selected Answer:

Set it aside for a few days after your first draft is completed.

Read a paper copy of your first draft to reveal problems with the text.

Carefully scrutinize what you have written, looking for disorganized thoughts, illogical thinking, and inconsistencies with your terminology.

Look for places where you are not as clear as you should be and your message is very vague.

Keep your sentences simple and straightforward.

Choose your words very carefully..

Check carefully for errors in grammar, punctuation, spelling, and formatting.

Make sure that items are bulleted lists are parallel in structure.

Make sure there is one to one correspondence between the citations in the text and references in the reference list.

Consider the feasibility of your project once again.

Print our your second draft, and read your proposal carefully once again.

Seek out the feedback of others.Correct Answer:

Set the proposal aside for a few days.Carefully scrutinize your work, looking for disorganized thoughts and illogical thinking.Look for places where you are not as clear as you might be.


Seek the feedback of othersCheck carefully for errors in grammar, punctuation, and spelling.Consider the feasibility of your project once again.

Response Feedback:

[None Given]

Question 5

1 out of 1 pointsExplain what characteristics of proposal are.Selected Answer:

The reasearch proposal should be well written and demostrate that the author be able to write clearly, without confusion. It needs to demonstrate precise, logical, systematically, and be thorough about the job that needs to be completed.

Correct Answer: A proposal is a straightforward document.

A proposal is not a literary production.A proposal is clearly organized.

Response Feedback:

[None Given]

Question 6

1 out of 1 pointsIn regard to quantitative research proposals, novice researchers often find it very challenging and tedious to explain in detail how the data will be analyzed and interpreted in their study. Explain why it is essential that the researcher not cut corners in this section of the proposal.Selected Answer:

You cant assume that others know what you intend to do with the data and if they will understand it. Ensure that you spell out the treatment and interpretation of the data even if its a long tedious process. The data has to have purpose and meaning and ensure that it shows value in your overall research project and that the reader clearly understands its merit and meaning. It needs to be so detailed and so specific than any other qualified person could carry out the research project.

Correct Answer:


By clearly specifying in advance how questionnaires will be scored or other measurements used, the researcher avoids gathering data that turn out to not lend themselves easily to quantification. By specifying in advance what statistical techniques will be used, the researcher avoids a situation in which the data gathered are not suitable to the planned analysis (e.g., wrong level of measurement—ordinal, interval, etc.—in the outcome measures, grouping information not available, sample size too small). By specifying in advance how the results of statistical tests will be interpreted in light of the research question, the researcher avoids ending up with results that do not fully or adequately address the research problem set forth.

Response Feedback:

[None Given]

Question 7


0.5 out of 1 pointsExplain how to format a research proposal.Selected Answer:

Use the 5 different levels of headings spelled out by the American Psychological Associations Publication Manual (2010) specifies the following formats:

Level 1 headings: Boldface Uppercase and Lowercase Letters and are centered on the page.

Level 2 headings: Boldface Uppercase and Lowercase Letters that begin at the left side of the page.

Level 3 headings: Boldface first letter only uppercase, ending with a period. They are indented to the same degree that the paragraph is indented and the first paragraph in the section follows the same line.

Level 4 headings: Italicized boldface first letter only uppercase, ending with a period. They are also placed indented at the beginning of the first paragraph in the section.

Level 5 headings: Itelisized non boldfaced first letter only uppercase ending with a period. They are placed indented at the beginning of the first paragraph in the section.

Correct Answer: The problem and its setting

(1) the statement of the problem and subproblem

(2) the hypotheses

(3) the delimitations

(4) the definitions of terms

(5) the assumptions

(6) the importance of the study The review of the related literature The data and the treatment of the data

(1) Subproblem 1(the subproblem is restated


here)

(2) subporblem 2 (the same format for subproblem 1 is followed here)

(3) Additional subproblmes are discussed in the same manner.

The qualifications of the researcher and any assistants.

An outline of the proposed study References Appendixes.

Response Feedback:

[None Given]

Question 8

0.5 out of 1 pointsExplain how to describe your treatment of the data.Selected Answer:

The treatment of the data should be so unequivocal and so specific that any other qualified individual could carry out your research project solely by following your proposal. Every contingency should be anticipated; every methodological problem should be resolved.

Correct Answer:

Address each subproblem in a systematic fashion.

Clearly identify the data you need to resolve the subproblem

State precisely where the data are located.

State explicitly how the data will be secured.

State fully and unequivocally how you intend to interpret the data.

Spell out every7 step in the interpretation of the data.

Remember that the research process is cyclical.


Be sure the data support you conclusions.Response Feedback:

[None Given]

Question 9

1 out of 1 pointsExplain what the weaknesses related to the Research Problem are.Selected Answer:

Some weaknesses for a research problem is:

Research projects used only for self enlightenment.

Problem whose sole purpose is just to compare two sets of data.

Simply calculating a correlation coefficient between two sets of data to show a relationship between them is not acceptable.

Problems that just result in a yes or no answer.Correct Answer:

The description of the project is so nebulous and unfocused that the purpose of the research is unclear.

The problem is unimportant or unlikely to yield new information

The hypothesis is ill-defined, doubtful, or unsound, or it rests on insufficient evidence.

The problem is more complex than the investigator realizes.

The problem is of interest only to a particular, localized group, or in some other way has limited relevance to the field as a whole.

Response Feedback:

[None Given]

Question 10

1 out of 1 points


Explain how to use a word processing to write your proposal.Selected Answer:

Take the time to find and use a specific word processor software that can help you type as fast as you can and will aide in grammar and spelling. You can insert table graphs and will help you format your proposal properly. You can also save your work and be able to revise your work over the life of the study.

Correct Answer:

Edit, but know when to stop

Use the thesaurus to get just the right word

Use the grammar checker

Use the spell checker, but don’t rely on it exclusively.

Learn the mathematical capabilities of your software.Response Feedback:

[None Given]

Review Test Submission: Quiz 8-Historical research

Question 1

0.5 out of 1 pointsExplain how different the chronology now appears. Provide a real life example.Selected Answer:

Chronology now appears more in data driven charts showing chronological graphs indicating numerical facts or trends. Like the great depression impact on homelessness over a 10 year period.

Correct Answer:

It is no longer merely a list of items. It has become series of events placed along a time continuum at he precise points of their relative occurrence. The dynamics of history are now becoming apparent. Notice also the rhythms along the


timeline.

Response Feedback:

[None Given]

Question 2

0.5 out of 1 pointsExplain how to make a space dimension. Provide a real life example.Selected Answer:

You want to ensure you look at the historical research from multiple dimensions of time, space, personality, and specific subject matter.

World War 2 you would want to look at it from the axis and allies side. What triggered the early conflicts? What countries were involved in the conflicts? As time went on what countries joined the conflicts or changed sides based on strategic needs?

Correct Answer:

We have arranged the same historical data in three ways: first, in a simple chronological listing; second, along a timeline continuum; and third, in geographical relationship. Each arrangement provides a different insight into the meaning of the data. In each instance, we more fully answered the basic question every researcher asks of any data, what do these data mean? The geographical placement of the information reveals a number of new insights aside from those apparent through the chronological and timeline presentations.

Response Feedback:

[None Given]

Question 3

1 out of 1 pointsExplain the concept of conceptual historical research. Provide a real life example.


Selected Answer:

Conceptual is concerned with the origin, development, and influence of ideas and concepts. Ideas and concepts can influence the course of history just as surely as events and people do.

Democracy and Western civilization and how the ideology has shaped freedom and our laws over the last 2 centuries.

Correct Answer:

Conventional historical research is the study of significant events and the individuals who played a role in them.

Response Feedback:

[None Given]

Question 4

1 out of 1 pointsExplain what difference is between two concepts, historiography and chronology. Provide Example,Selected Answer:

Historiography deals with the study, sources, critical methods and interpretations used by researchers to study a specific event. The rise and Fall of the Greek Empire.

Chronology involves gathering of facts and organizing into a specific sequence and come to historical conclusions based on the data. Darwin's study of evolution.

Correct Answer:

Historiography is genuine historical research, for example, a study of history. However, chronology is the setting down of occurrences and events in the order in which they happened. Provide Example,

Response Feedback:

[None Given]

Question 5

1 out of 1 points


As Internal Evidence, what should we ask when considering a manuscript or a statement? Give exampleSelected Answer:

What is the author trying to say To what individuals or events do certain phrases refer? What interpretations can be extracted from the words?

Like Martin Luther Kings speech I have a dream. What did he mean "And as we walk, we must make the pledge that we shall always march ahead" Did he mean to keep pushing for equal rights or staying together for the greater cause because it was a long journey?

Correct Answer:

What was the author trying to say? Provide example.

To what individuals or events do certain phrases refer?

What interpretations can be extracted from the words?

Response Feedback:

[None Given]

Question 6

1 out of 1 pointsExplain how to evaluate the data of historical research. Give a real life example.Selected Answer:

First the researcher must evaluate if it is fact or fiction. They have to judge weather a document if artifact or authentic. If it is authentic then they must decide what it means.

If you came across the real Declaration of Independence what exactly does the word interpretation mean in the document? Who wrote it? What year was it? Who signed it and who were they?

Correct Answer:

First, we must judge whether a document or artifact is authentic.


Second, we must decide, if indeed the item is authentic, what is, or perhaps a part of is, means.

Response Feedback:

[None Given]

Question 7

0 out of 1 pointsExplain how to make a paper-pencil approach in a historical research. Provide a real life example.Selected Answer:

If you have limited computer skills and your project is small and only has a small amount of data.

Keep a list of indexes and abstracts notes on one page for the study of bird behavior during the seasons.

Correct Answer:

Planning for the organization of mote cards and bibliography cards should be cone with a through appreciation of the important of such foresight.

Noting the multidimensional nature of historical data. A fact may lie simultaneously in the province of time, of space, of personality, and perhaps of subject matter.

Facilitate analyzing a single note card form multiple perspectives, you should, ideally, make multiple copies—perhaps three of four, depending on your ultimate analysis of the data.

Response Feedback:

[None Given]

Question 8

1 out of 1 pointsConducting rigorous historical research involves more than reading historical documents, taking notes, and organizing those notes. Explain. Provide a real life example.


Selected Answer:

Its the interpretation of those facts. Interpretation of the data is the central most important fact of all research. The task of the researcher is not to merely describe what events happened but to present a factually supported rationale to suggest a how and why they may have happened.

Like what is the interpretation of what led to the ideology of the terrorist of 9-11? What motivated the hijackers? Was it political or religious or both?

Correct Answer:

In addition to gathering and organizing data, the researcher must interpret those data if the resulting report is going to be a historical research study rather than a historical narrative. It is in the interpretation that the string of events takes on meaning. Students may also mention that some material of interest will exist in something other than a written form. For example, the researcher may want to review videotape, look at photographs, visit historical sites, and interview relevant individuals.

Response Feedback:

[None Given]

Question 9

1 out of 1 pointsExplain the concept of External Evidence. Give an example.Selected Answer:

External is primarily concerned with the original question. Is the article genuine? Is the document valid to use for the credibility of the research?

Does the carbon analysis and handwriting authenticate the Declaration of Independence at Independence Hall?

Correct Answer:

External evidence is primarily concerned with the question, Is the article genuine? Counterfeits and frauds are not uncommon, nor is their acceptance by the naïve scholar


and researcher unusual. Provide an example.

Response Feedback:

[None Given]

QQuestion 10

0.5 out of 1 pointsExplain those useful rules for argument you should keep in mind when you are writing about a historical research study. Provide a real life example.OK

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