QUALITY OF RESPONSE TOWARDS QUESTIONING UTTERANCES … · in Fawcett (in Singgih: 2013) said that...
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International Journal of Humanities, Religion and Social Science ISSN : 2548-5725 | Volume 2, Issue 8, 2018 www.doarj.org
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QUALITY OF RESPONSE TOWARDS QUESTIONING
UTTERANCES FOUND IN THE NOVEL “ME BEFORE YOU”
AND ITS TRANSLATION
Ahmad Kirom1, M.R. Nababan
2, Djatmika
3
1,2,3Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta, Indonesia, Indonesia
Abstract: This research discusses the quality of response towards questioning utterances
found in the novel Me Before You and its translation. This aims to describe (1) the types of
questioning response utterances, (2) the translation quality of questioning response
utterances based on accuracy and acceptability aspects. This research is classified as a
descriptive qualitative research which focuses on a single case. The source data of this
research is the novel Me Before You and the Indonesian translation version. The data focuses
on questioning response utterances. The data are collected by using document analysis,
questionnaire and Focus Group Discussion. Furthermore, the data is analyzed by using the
domain, taxonomic, componential analysis and cultural theme with three rater. The result of
this research showed that the response pf questioning utterances based on Searle’s theory is
vary such as assertive, directive, commissive and expressive. Then, the response translation
of questioning utterances is considered as accurate and acceptable.
Keywords: Response, accuracy, acceptability, questioning utterances
I. INTRODUCTION
Many experts expressed their opinion regarding response, among them Subandi
(1982: 50) proposed a response with the term back “feedback” that has a great role in
determining whether a communication is good or not. With the response communicated from
the communicant to the communicator, misinterpretation will be avoided in a communication
process. Meanwhile, according to Poerdawarminta (1999: 43), response is defined as
reactions and answers. From the above two explanations, it can be concluded that response is
reaction to what is delivered by the communicant partner towards communicator so that the
communication can run smoothly.
Translation, as explained by Newmark (1988: 5) is "rendering the meaning of a text
into another language in the way that the author intended the text", ie translating the meaning
of a text into another language according to what is intended by the native speaker.
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In line with the above idea, Nida and Taber (1982: 12) revealed that: "translating
consists of reproducing in the receptorlanguage the closest natural equivalence of the source
language message, first interms of meaning and secondly in terms of style." The definition of
Nida and Taber suggests that the style and meaning of Bsa should be commensurate with the
style and meaning of Bsu. It is quite clear from this last definition that translation is not only
correlated with diverting the message or meaning from Bsu to Bsa but also the style of the
language. This statement is supported by (Nababan, 2003: 20) who says that the style of
language in the context of translation needs to be considered by the translator.
Translation of a response utterance is not easy matter for a translator because there is
another purpose of an utterance that is not all explained in a dialogue. In line with this, Honig
in Fawcett (in Singgih: 2013) said that "However it is translated, the illocutionary force of
sentence would not change". Good translation is not only translating what is in a text but also
takes into account the context of the accompanying sentence. Regarded with the meaning
translated, sometimes a text in Bsu does not only have a literal or structural meaning, but
there is an intention contained in it. Reviewing a language like this is not a structural-kind of
study because structural review often results in a non-optimal study.
Example 1
Question: “Have you
been a carer for long?”
Response: “Um …
I’ve never actually
done it.”
Question: “Apakah anda sudah lama
menjadi perawat?”
Response: “Emm… Sebenarnya saya
belum pernah menjadi perawat.”
Example 2
Question: “What the
hell is she supposed to
do now?”
Response: “Well … she‟ll
just have to get another
job.”
Question: “Lalu. sekarang bagaimana?”
Response: “Yah…Lou kan bisa mencari
pekerjaan lain.”
In the above conversation, there are different ways of responding from the
communicant partner to the communicator. Furthermore, the researcher also examines the
quality of translated responses towards the above questioning utterances.
Among the related studies of illocution, there are still other types of illocution
emphasized, one of them is directive (Rahmat, 2012; Kuncara, 2013; Yuliana, 2015). In
addition, their research has not been much explored the type of assertive illocution, especially
on response towards questioning utterances.
In other studies related to illocution, other types of illocution both expressive and
directive is still be used by a group of people who have different culture and skills in using
some strategies (Mohsen, Jariah, 2012; Halimeh, Habib, Akbar, 2015; Sanaz, Fariba, 2014;
Quality of Response towards Questioning Utterances Found in the Novel “Me
Before You” And Its Translation
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Omid, Zeinab, 2012). In addition, there is no relationship between pragmatic and translation
in the above study.
Lastly, an expressive illocution study has been discussed about translation techniques
and the quality used in translating response utterance among them (Nuraeni, 2008, Mansur,
2014, Fitriana, 2014). However, their study is still not focused on the response to n utterance.
Based on the results of the above review, researchers have the opportunity to continue
research on utterance acts, especially on the response towards questioning utterance. First,
researchers wanted to know about the type of response towards questioning utterance that
was classified based on Searle's theory. Secondly, researchers wanted to study about
translation quality of response towards the questioning utterance which seen from aspects of
accuracy and acceptability in novel Me Before You.
II. METHODS
This study is categorized as a qualitative descriptive study focusing on single case
only. The data source of this research is the novel Me Before You and its translation. The
data used is response towards questioning utterance. Data were collected by means of
document analysis, questionnaires and Focus Group Discussion. Furthermore, data were
analyzed by domain analysis, taxonomy, component and cultural theme involving three rater.
Assessment of the translation quality in this study was taken using instrument of
translation quality assessment presented by Nababan, et al. (2012). The following table
presents the level of accuracy and acceptability.
Table 1. Instrument of Accuracy Level Assessment
Translation
Category Scale Qualitative Parameter
Accurate 3
The meaning of a word, technical terms, phrase,
clause, sentence or text of the source language
which is accurately translated into the target
language; there is absolutely no distortion of
meaning.
Less Accurate 2
Most of the words meaning, technical terms,
phrases, clauses, sentences or source language text
are accurately translated into the target language.
However, there is still a distortion of meanings or
double meaning translations (taxa) or omitted
meanings that disturb the integrity of the message.
Inaccurate 1
The meaning of words, technical terms, phrases,
clauses, sentences or source language texts is
translated inaccurately into the target language or
omitted.
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Table 2. Level of Acceptability
Translation
Category Scale Qualitatif Parameter
Acceptable 3
The translation feels natural; the technical used is
commonly used and familiar to the reader; the
phrases, clauses and sentences used are in line with
Indonesian principles.
Less
Acceptable 2
Generally, the translations are already natural; but
there is still little problem with the use of technical
terms or a few grammatical errors found.
Unacceptable 1
The translation is not natural or feels like a
translation work; the technical terms used are not
commonly used and are not familiar to the reader;
the phrases, clauses and sentences used are not in
accordance with Indonesian principles.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Through a deep analysis, there are several types of responses towards questioning
utterance found in the novel Me Before You, where it is then classified according to the
Searle theory of utterance response. Researchers found four types of response towards
questioning utterance; i.e assertive, directive, commissive, and expressive. The most common
type of response found is assertive of 116 data (86,57%) from 134 research data. There were
13 data (09,70%) of directive response, commissive of 2 data (01,49%), and expressive of 3
data (02,23%) as written in the following table along with the explanation.
Table 3. Types of Response towards Questioning Utterance
Types of Response Utterance Total Data Percentage
Assertive 116 86,57 %
Directive 13 data 09,70 %
Commissive 2 data 01,49 %
Expressive 3 data 02,23 %
Total 134 100 %
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a. Assertive
Assertive is a type of utterance response that expresses the communicator‟s trust
towards something, such as stating, reporting, mentioning, demonstrating, concluding,
describing, and affirming.
Example:
1) Kode : 001
BSU : “What‟s the problem?
“Legal hitch.‟
BSA : “Ada masalah apa?”
“Masalah legal”
2) Kode : 004 BSU : “Where‟s Mum?”
“Upstairs.”
BSA : “Mum dimana?”
“Di atas.”
The two examples of response above are a response from Will‟s friend, Patrick, and
Louisa‟s mother which is a form of reporting and showing. So, it is a form of assertive
illocusion.
b. Directive
Directive is an utterance response that expresses a communicator‟s intention. This
intention tends to ask other speakers to do something like telling, begging, demanding,
challenging, giving advice, and instructing.
Example:
1) Kode : 012
BSU : “Um … Have you ever considered joining the entertainment industry?‟
“What, as in pantomime dame?‟ BSA : “Emm… apa kau pernah menimbang-nimbang untuk bekerja di industri
hiburan?”
“Main teater, Maksudmu?” 2) Kode : 017
BSU : “I can‟t afford to buy a suit. What if I don‟t get the job?‟
“You can wear mine,…”
BSA : “aku tidak mampu beli setelan. Kalau aku tidak mendapatkan pekerjaan ini,
lalu gimana?”
“pakai punyaku saja,…”
The two examples of responses are responses from Louisa and her mother which is a
form of asking and suggesting. So it is a form of directive illocusion.
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c. Commissive
Commissive is a kind of utterance response used by speakers to engage themselves
and make a commitment to an action in the future. Such actions include promising,
threatening, committing, and vowing.
Example:
Kode : 098
BSU:-)„You‟d get a tattoo?‟
„If it persuaded you,
BSA:-)“ kau mau membuat tato?”
“kalau dengan cara itu aku bisa membujukmu”
The above example is a response related to the future that is presupposition. Thus, it is a
form of commissive illocusion.
d. Expressive
Expressive is a type of utterance that states about the communicator‟s feeling.
Subcategories of expressive utterance can be praising, thanking, criticizing, complaining, and
apologizing.
Example :
1) Kode : 014
BSU : “Would your mum like a job?”
“Funny”
BSA : “Apakah ibumu butuh pekerjaan?”
“Lucu.” 2) Kode : 069
BSU : “Is there any way at all that we could get a table in here?”
“I‟m really sorry,‟ she said.” BSA : “ apakah tidak bisa diusahakan supaya kami bisa makan di sini?”
“saya benar-benar minta maaf.”
The two examples above are responses from Louisa and the waiter which takes form
of mocking and asking apologize. Thus, it is a form of expressive illocusion.
Translation quality of response towards questioning utterances found in the novel Me
before You
Quality of response towards the questioning utterance will be measured regarding its
accuracy and acceptability. It is said that an ideal translation is an accurately and acceptable
transferred message, according to the rules of the target language and understandable by the
target reader. The instrument together with its parameters have been mentioned in the above
method. In this study, researchers do this task with raters to assess the accuracy and
acceptability. While the technical assessment is conducted by giving a questionnaire on each
rater, then it is expected that they are able to give value in accordance with the above
mentioned parameters. The next process is FGD (Focused Group Discussion), i.e. rater and
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researcher discuss to reach an agreement so that researchers can easily make a decision based
on the instruments and arguments of each rater.
Accuracy
In the accuracy assessment, there is a corresponding correlation between the source
language text and the target language. In other words, the source language text must be
accurately conveyed to the target language. To assess the accuracy of the translation results,
the method taken is to use the instrument of accuracy level with parameters that have been
described by Nababan, et al 2012.
Table 4. Percentage of the Accuracy Level
Accuracy Level Total Percentage
Accurate 132 98,50%
Less Accurate 1 00,74%
Inaccurate 1 00,74%
Total 134 100%
Based on the table above, it can be seen that most of response in words, phrases, and
sentences towards the questioning utterance in the novel Me Before You is an accurate
translation with percentage of 98.50% or 132 data. Some of the results are less accurate
translation, i.e. 1 data or 00.74% and 1 data or 00.74% is inaccurate. Thus, it can be
concluded that research on response towards the questioning utterance in the novel Me Before
You is a translation that tends to be accurate with an indication of high accuracy quality
assessment. Some examples of the accurate translations can be seen in the following
example:
Kode :114
BSU : -) “What – what are you doing there?‟
„„Ssh. Don‟t raise your voice”
BSA : -) “Kalian… sedang apa di situ?”
“ssst. Pelankan suaramu.
Kode :078
BSU : -) „„What does that mean?‟
“If you‟d bothered to ask me, Clark.‟
BSA: -) “apa maksudnya?”
“Andai kau mau bertanya dulu padaku, Clark.”
From the above two examples, the translated message from the source language is
accurately transfered into the target language. It is proved by the absence of distorted
meanings in the target language.
Examples of Inaccurate Translation:
Quality of Response towards Questioning Utterances Found in the Novel “Me
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Kode: (080)
BSu : „Are those short stories?
I can‟t believe you noticed that.‟ BSa : “Apakah kumpulan cerpen itu?”
“mau bagaimana lagi.”
From the above example the message translation in the source language is
inaccurately transfered into the target language. It is evidenced by the existence of distorted
meanings in the target language and messages conveyed to the source language are not fully
contextual.
Acceptability
This component is related to notwhether the translation results have been stated
according to the rules, norms, and culture of BSa or not, both in the micro and macro level
(Nababan, 2010). If the accuracy focuses on the message delivered, the acceptability focuses
more on the fairness of a translation.
Based on assessment on the acceptability of the translation of 134 data, there is 129
data or 96.26% categorized into acceptable translation, 4 data or as much as 02.98%
categorized into less acceptable translation, and 1 data or 00.74% classified into unacceptable
translation. Thus it can be concluded that the quality of acceptable response translation
towards the questioning utterance can be categozed as acceptable of 96.26%. More detail
information can be seen in the following table:
Table 5. Percentage of The Acceptability Level
Acceptability Level Total Percentage
Acceptable 129 96,26%
Less Acceptable 4 02,98%
Unacceptable 1 00,74%
Total 134 100%
Examples of Acceptable Translation:
1. Kode : 006
BSU : -) „Are you going somewhere?‟
-)„No.‟
BSA : -) “Apa kamu mau pergi?”
-)“Tidak.” 2. Kode : 104
BSU : -) “What was the best place you‟ve ever visited?‟
“„In terms of what?
BSA : -) “Tempat mana yang paling asyik yang pernah kau kunjungi?”
““Paling asyik berdasarkan apa?
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From the above two examples, the translated message from the source language is
acceptably transfered to the target language. It is evidenced that the response utterance is
familiar to the readers and the rules used are in accordance with the rules of the Indonesian
language.
Examples of Less Acceptable and Unacceptable Translations
1. Kode Data: „002
BSu : That you, love?
„Yup.‟
BSa : “Kaukah itu, love?”
“Yup”
2. BSu : „Are you and Pat having some problems?‟
„Mum, I –‟ BSa : “Apa kau sedang ada masalah dengan Pat?”
“Mum, aku…”
From the above two examples, the translated message from the source language is less
acceptably or unacceptably transfered to the target language It is evidenced that the response
utterance seems not familiar to the readers and the rules used are not in accordance with the
principles of the Indonesian language.
The results of this study are in accordance with the theory stated by Searle (in Yule,
1996) which classifies utterance into 5 types i.e. 1) assertive 2) directive 3) commissive 4)
expressive and 5) declarative. There are only 4 types of response towards the questioning
utterance stated i.e. assertive, directive, commissive and expressive. While declarative is not
found in this study. The dominant utterance found in this research is assertive. This is in
accordance with what has been investigated by Rahmadwisudawanto who found four types of
utterance. However, what makes this research different from the prvious research is previous
researchers use comic as its object and they only analyze one character only. Thus, it is
possible that there are other types of new utterance in other characters. While in this esearch,
researchers analyzed every character in the novel. Researchers get a strong assumption after
doing his research that there are four types of response towatds the questioning utterance
found in the novel Me Before You, i.e. assertive, directive, commissive and expressive.
Based on rater‟s assessment, the translated response towards the questioning utterance
tends to be accurate and acceptable. For the assessment given by the rater, researchers can
conclude that from 134 findings, the translation has a high level of accuracy. The translator is
also trying to stress the message and style used by the original author without leaving the
important elements of the novel study Me Before You.
IV. CONCLUSION
Based on the results and discussion of the research related to the type of response
towards the questioning utterance and its translation quality in the novel Me Before You, the
researcher can underline some final conclusions as follows:
Quality of Response towards Questioning Utterances Found in the Novel “Me
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From analysis result of 134 data, there are four types of response towards the
questioning utterance: assertive, directive, commissive and expressive. Response utterances
which dominant is assertive.
The quality of response uttered towards the questioning utterance from the aspect of
accuracy and acceptability is in good quality. It is evidenced that there are only 2 from 134
data which categorized into less accurate and inaccurate. Furthermore, based on the
acceptability aspect, there are only 5 from 134 data which is less acceptable and
unacceptable.
From the the total data collected, it can be concluded that only assertive illocution
which is considered as inaccurate and unacceptable. Thus, the next researcher or novel
translator must be careful in translating response utterance towards the questioning utterance
of assertive illocusion type.
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