qarTul-rusuli konfliqti - amnesty.org · Amnesty International noemberi 2008 indeqsi: EUR...

mSvidobiani mosaxleoba cecxlis xazzeqarTul-rusuli konfliqti

Amnesty International-i aris globaluri moZraoba, romelic aerTianebs adamianTa uflebebisaTvis mebrZol 2.2 milion adamians 150-ze met qveyanasa da teritoriaze. Cveni xedva iTvaliswinebs yvela adamianis mier yvela im uflebis gamoyenebas, romlebic aRwerilia adamianis uflebebis universalur deklaraciaSi da adamianTa uflebebis sxva saerTaSoriso instrumentebSi. Cven vswavlobT, vibrZviT, veweviT advokatirebas da mobilizacias, raTa bolo movuRoT adamianTa uflebebis xelyofas. Amnesty International-i aris yvela mTavrobisagan, politikuri ideologiisagan, ekonomikuri interesisa Tu religiisagan damoukidebeli organizacia. Cveni moRvaweoba ZiriTadad dafinansebulia Cveni sawevroebidan da Semowirulobebidan.

Amnesty International Publications

pirvelad gamoica 2008 wels

Amnesty International Publications-is mierInternational SecretariatPeter Benenson House1 Easton StreetLondon WC1X 0DWUnited Kingdomwww.amnesty.org

© Amnesty International Publications 2008

indeqsi: EUR 04/005/2008originalis ena: inglisuri

dabeWdilia Amnesty International, International Secretariat, United Kingdom

yvela ufleba daculia. am gamocemis

arcerTi nawili aranairi formiTa da

saSualebiT, iqneba es eleqtronuli,

meqanikuri, fotokopireba an Cawera, ar

SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas gamomcemlis

winaswari nebarTvis gareSe

foto garekanze: saxli samxreT

oseTis sofelSi, romelic ganadgurda

saqarTvelos mxridan dabombvis Sedegad,

2008 wlis 30 agvisto.

© Amnesty International

s a r C e v i

1. Sesavali ................................................................................................5

1.1 saqarTvelo-samxreT oseTis konfliqti..........................10

1.2 saomari moqmedebebis gamomwvevi foni..............................11

1.3 omi da misi Sedegebi.................................................................13

2. konfliqtis da misi Sedegebis maregulirebeli saerTaSoriso samarTali .................................................................16

2.1 saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTali.........................16

2.2 samoqalaqo mosaxleobasa da samoqalaqo obieqtebze Tavdasxmebis akrZalva – "garCevis" principi ......................18

2.3 ganurCeveli da araproporciuli Tavdasxmebis akrZalva ................................................................................................19

2.4 sifrTxilis zomebi Tavdasxmis dros .............................20

2.5 sifrTxilis zomebi Tavdacvis dros ...............................22

2.6 iaraRis tipebi .............................................................................23

2.7 iZulebiTi gadaadgileba ........................................................24

2.8 adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso samarTali ...........25

2.9 saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTali....................................27

2.10 danaSauli kacobriobis winaaRmdeg ................................29

2.11 reparaciebi da saxelmwifos pasuxismgebloba ..........30

2.12 SeiaraRebuli dajgufebebi da reparaciebi................ 30

3. samxedro moqmedebebis warmoebis formebi ......................... 32

3.1 qarTuli SeiaraRebuli Zalebis Tavdasxmebi .............. 33

3.2 ruseTis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis Tavdasxmebi ............... 39

3.3 “kaseturi” bombebis gamoyeneba ........................................... 45

3.4 naRmebi ............................................................................................ 47

3.5 samxreT oseTis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis da samxedro dajgufebebis qcevis formebi saomari moqmedebebis dros ...................................................................................................... 48

4. samxedro da samoqalaqo tyveebi ............................................. 58

4.1 samxedro tyveebi........................................................................ 58

4.2 samoqalaqo tyveebi................................................................... 59

5. iZulebiT gadaadgileba ............................................................... 61

5.1 iZulebiT gadaadgilebulTa raodenoba......................... 61

5.2 iZulebiT gadaadgileba ruseTis federaciaSi........... 61

5.3 gadaadgileba saqarTveloSi ................................................ 63

6. saerTaSoriso monitoringis misiebi ..................................... 69

7. pasuxismgebloba adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebis darRvevis gamo .......................................... 71

7.1 saxelmwifo gamoZiebis da mokvlevis sakiTxebi......... 71

7.2 saerTaSoriso gamoZiebebi .................................................... 72

7.3 saerTaSoriso sasamarTloSi aRZruli saqmeebi ........ 73

8. daskvnebi da rekomendaciebi.......................................................76

rekomendaciebi ...................................................................................78

saqarTvelos ruqa

© texasis universitetis biblioTekebis nebarTviT

mSvidobiani mosaxleoba cecxlis xazze: qarTul-rusuli konfliqti

indeqsi: EUR 04/005/2008 Amnesty International noemberi 2008

1. Sesavali

daSavebulebi CayavdaT sardafSi; isini modiodnen ara

calcalke, aramed mebrZolebisa da moqalaqeebisgan Semdgar 5- an 15-kacian jgufebad. yvelaze mZimed daSavebulebs operaciebs derefanSive vukeTebdiT. sisxlis dakargva yvelaze seriozuli problema iyo. dabombvis dros SeuZlebeli iyo daSavebulTa qvemoT Camoyvana, maT uxdebodaT saaTebis ganmavlobaSi sadRac jdoma, sadac sisxlisgan iclebodnen. sisxlis dakargva gaxda bevri adamianis gardacvalebis mizezi. derefanSi eteoda ori saoperacio magida; danarCeni CayavdaT sardafSi. Cven gvikvdeboda adamianebi, romlebic gansakuTrebiT mZimed iyvnen daSavebulebi, erTi maTgani gardaicvala muclis kedlis gaglejiT. me maxsovs qali, Tavis gardacvlil qaliSvilTan erTad, romelic TavSesafris ZebnaSi Wurvze afeTqda... qaliSvili am TveSi daojaxebas apirebda.

- Amnesty International-is interviu eqimTan, cxinvali, 2008 wlis 29 agvisto.

dagvmbombes. Cven gamovediT saxlidan, sadac naTesavebTan

erTad vimalebodiT, CavjeqiT manqanaSi da gavudeqiT tyisken mimaval gzas. TbilisSi Casvla gvindoda. swored am dros dagvmbombes. sofel eredvTan miaxlovebisas bombi Cvens win mimaval manqanas daeca. manqanaSi mjdomi oTxi adamiani gardaicvala. manqanidan vxedavdiT, rogor ibombeboda saxlebi sofel eredvSi.

- qarTuli soflis macxovrebeli esaubreba Amnesty International-is warmomadgenels q. TbilisSi, 2008 wlis 20 agvisto

2008 wlis agvistoSi, saqarTvelosa da ruseTs Soris samxreT

oseTis TviTgamocxadebul respublikaSi momxdari xuTdRiani omis dros, mowinaaRmdege mxareebma ver SeZles mieRoT saWiro usafrTxoebis zomebi mSvidobian moqalaqeTa saomari moqmedebebisgan dasacavad. ibombeboda soflebi da qalaqebis sacxovrebeli raionebi. konfliqtis zonaSi mcxovrebma ramdenime mosaxlem gviTxra, rom maT bombavdnen soflebis datovebisas. daRupul samoqalaqo pirTa saerTo raodenoba aRemateba daRupul kombatantTa raodenobas, daingra da ganadgurda konfliqtis zonaSi arsebuli sacxovrebeli saxlebi, saavadmyofoebi, skolebi da sxva mniSvnelovani samoqalaqo obieqtebi. samxreT oseTis mimarT loialurad ganwyobili araformaluri samxedro dajgufebebis mier ganxorcielebulma farTomasStabianma marodiorobam da SenobebisaTvis cecxlis wakidebam seriozuli ziani miayena im droisTvis ruseTis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis mier kontrolirebad da ZiriTadad qarTvelebiT dasaxlebul teritorias. konfliqtis Sedegad devnilTa maqsimalurma raodenobam 200,000-s miaRwia. konfliqtma

8 mSvidobiani mosaxleoba cecxlis xazze: qarTul-rusuli konfliqti

Amnesty International noemberi 2008 indeqsi: EUR 04/005/2008

gamoiwvia aTobiT aTasi adamianis grZelvadiani gadaadgileba, romelTa Sin dabruneba axlo momavalSi SeuZlebelia. α

Amnesty International-is mier aRniSnul regionSi 2008 wlis agvistoSi moZiebuli, da agreTve sxva wyaroebidan miRebuli, informaciis safuZvelze, arsebobs seriozuli varaudi, rom konfliqtSi monawile yvela mxarem uxeSad daarRvia adamianis uflebebis saerTaSoriso samarTlisa da saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTlis normebi, rogorc SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis mimdinareobis dros, ise mis Semdgom. mocemul angariSSi warmodgenilia aRniSnuli safuZvlebi.

saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTali samarTlebriv valdebulebebs akisrebs SeiaraRebul konfliqtSi monawile yvela mxares - saxelmwifoebs Tu SeiraRebul dajgufebebs. aRniSnuli valdebulebebi ZalaSia mxolod SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis dros da, upirveles yovlisa, emsaxureba im mxareebis dacvas, romlebic ar monawileoben saomar moqmedebebSi, gansakuTrebiT samoqalaqo mosaxleobis. Tumca is aseve emsaxureba daWrili an tyved ayvanili kombatantebis dacvasac. adamianis uflebebis saerTaSoriso samarTali qmedunariania rogorc saomari moqmedebebis, ise mSvidobiani mdgomareobis dros. winamdebare angariSSi warmodgenilia Amnesty International-is mier Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegebi, romlis mizani iyo Seeswavla saqarTvelos, ruseTis da samxreT oseTis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis mier saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTlisa da adamianis uflebebis darRvevis savaraudo faqtebi.

konfliqtis mimdinareobis dros da mis Semdgom, organizacia Amnesty International-i sajaro mimarTvebSi mouwodebda konfliqtis mxareebs, daecvaT adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso samarTlisa da humanitaruli samarTlis mier maTze dakisrebuli valdebulebebi da mieRoT samoqalaqo sazogadoebis dasacavad saWiro zomebi. saomari moqmedebebis Sewyvetis Semdeg Amnesty International-is warmomadgenlebi Cavidnen samxreT oseTisa da mis garSemo teritoriaze arsebul konfliqtis zonaSi. mocemuli angariSi efuZneba Amnesty International-is warmomadgenlebis mier aRniSnul teritoriebze ganxorcielebuli oTxi vizitis dros Catarebuli kvlevebis Sedegad miRebul monacemebs. es vizitebi ganxorcielda samxreT oseTSi (24-28 agvistos, 29-30 agvistos), ruseTis federaciaSi Semaval CrdiloeT oseTSi (21-28 agvisto), saqarTvelos dedaqalaq TbilisSi da mis axlomdebare teritoriebze (15-23 agvisto), agreTve, konfliqtis zonis maxlobel, saqarTvelos qalaqSi gorSi (29-30 agvisto). Amnesty International-i uflebamosili iyo Sesuliyo konfliqtis zonaSi mdebare umetes adgilebSi, Tumca rusma samxedroebma agvistos bolos, zedized ori dRis ganmavlobaSi, organizaciis warmomadgenlebi ar SeuSves goris CrdiloeTiT arsebul egreT-wodebul “buferul zonaSi”. kvlevis procesSi Amnesty International-is warmomadgenlebi Sexvdnen daWrilebs da konfliqtis Sedegad iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirebs,



saerTaSoriso organizaciebis warmomadgenlebs da saxelmwifo moxeleebs TbilisSi, cxinvalSi da vladikavkazSi, arasamTavrobo organizaciebs, Jurnalistebs da jandacvis sferos warmomadgenlebs. maT agreTve moagroves konfliqtis Sedegad miyenebuli zianis amsaxveli fotomasala. angariSSi gamoyenebulia Amnesty International-is fotoebi, axal ambebSi gadmocemuli sxvadasxva informacia, oficialuri gancxadebebi da mimarTvebi, humanitaruli da adamianis uflebebis damcveli organizaciebis mier warmodgenili angariSebi, agreTve informacia, romelic eyrdnoba satelituri masalis analizs, romelic Amnesty International-isaTvis moamzada samecniero ganviTarebis amerikulma asociaciim.

am konfliqtisaTvis dasawyisSive damaxasiaTebeli iyo dezinformacia, brZolis masStabebisa da daRupulTa raodenobis gazviadeba, da zog SemTxvevaSi erTi da igive movlenebis sruliad sawinaaRmdgo saxiT warmoCena. konfliqtis yvela mxare cdilobda gaemarTlebina maT mier Zalis gamoyeneba da warmoebuli saomari moqmedebebis xasiaTi. 7 agvistos saomari moqmedebebis dawyebis gamomwvevi mizezi kvlavac davis sagnad rCeba da yvela mxare amtkicebs, rom maT mier ganxorcielebuli qmedebebi atarebda “TavdacviT” xasiaTs, maSin, rodesac sawinaaRmdego mxaris samoqalaqo mosaxleobas mouxda Tavis mxrebze maT mier warmoebuli saomari moqmedebebis sisastikis gadatana. Amnesty International-i SeZlebisdagvarad yvelgan cdilobda moeZia damoukidebeli informacia da mtkicebulebebi arsebuli eWvis minimumamde dasayvanad. Tumca, Zalze rTuli aRmoCnda didi raodenobis mtkicebulebebis, faqtebis da ricxobriv monacemTa damoukidebeli Sefaseba da damtkiceba. mocemul angariSSi warmodgenilia saqarTvelos xelisuflebis mier 7 oqtombers, da ruseTis xelisuflebis mier 10 oqtombers gacemuli pasuxebi mimarTvebze, romlebSic asaxulia Amnesty International-is wuxilebi aRniSnul sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT.

Amnesty International-s ar aqvs gamokveTili pozicia farTo

politikur sakiTxebTan mimarTebaSi, romlebic ukavSirdeba saqarTvelosa da samxreT oseTs, an saqarTvelosa da ruseTs Soris saomari dapirispirebis gamomwvev mizezebs. winamdebare angariSSi mocemuli terminebis gamoyeneba, rogoricaa “samxreTYoseTi” da “sakuTriv saqarTvelos teritoria”, ar gamoxatavs organizaciis mxardaWeras konfliqtSi monawile romelime politikuri mxaris mimarT, da gamoiyeneba mxolod ukeTesi enobrivi aRqmis mizniT.

Amnesty International-i konfliqtis dawyebidan masSi monawile yvela mxarisgan moiTxovda, daecvaT saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTlis normebi. es exeboda rogorc Tavdamsxmelebs, ise maT, vinc Tavs icavda, aRiarebuli saxelmwifoebis SeiaraRebul Zalebs da araformalur, organizebul samxedro dajgufebebs, romlebic ar miekuTvneboda romelime saxelmwifos.



mocemuli angariSisTvis Amnesty International-ma Seiswavla yvela mxaris mier ganxorcielebuli qmedebebi, saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTlisa da adamianis uflebebis saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebis gaTvaliswinebis fonze. mopovebuli informaciis safuZvelze, Amnesty International-i mouwodebs konfliqtSi monawile mxareebs da saerTaSoriso sazogadoebas uzrunvelyon samarTali da reparacia saerTaSoriso samarTlis darRvevis msxverplTaTvis, aRniSnuli normebis damrRvev pirTa pasuxismgebloba da momavalSi msgavsi darRvevebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT saWiro prevenciuli zomebis miReba.

1.1 saqarTvelo-samxreT oseTis konfliqti

“samxreT oseTis” statusi iyo suverenitetTan dakavSirebuli ori sakiTxidan erT-erTi, romelic aqtualuri gaxda saqarTvelos sabWoTa kavSiridan gamoyofisTanave, 1991 wels. meore aseTi sakiTxi ukavSirdeboda Savi zRvis sanapiroze mdebare “afxazeTs”. samxreT oseTis yofili avtonomiuri olqi, romelic sabWoTa xelisuflebam Seqmna 1923 wels da romelic 1990 wels gauqmebulad gamoacxada saqarTvelos pirvelma prezidentma zviad gamsaxurdiam, cnobilia rogorc “cxinvalis regioni” (an araoficialurad misi istoriuli saxeliT, “samaCablo”). orwliani (1990-1992 ww.) konfliqti dasrulda samxreT oseTis de faqto gamoyofiT.1 amas 1992 wels daemata konfliqti afxazeTTan, romelic 1993 wels dasrulda saqarTvelos samxedro damarcxebiT da afxazeTis de faqto gamoyofiT. samxreT oseTisa da afxazeTis mier gamocxadebuli damoukidebloba ar uRiarebia arc erT saxelmwifos bolodroindel konfliqtamde. 2004 wlis agvistos samxreT oseTSi kvlav moxda, marTalia, xanmokle, magram seriozuli Setakebebi.

2003 wels saqarTvelos mTavroba daemxo “vardebis revoluciis” Sedegad, romelic farTo masStabiT gayalbebul arCevnebs mohyva; 2004 wels Catarebul arCevnebSi gaimarjva opoziciis liderma mixeil saakaSvilma. prezidentma saakaSvilma Tavisi administraciis prioritetul sakiTxad gamoacxada saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgena. iniciativa SemdgomSi ganaxlda Zalze mcire umravlesobiT mogebul vadamdel saprezidento arCevnebSi, romelic 2007 wlis noemberSi saqarTvelos dedaqalaq TbilisSi masobrivi saprotesto aqciebis Sedegad dainiSna.2

cxinvalis regionis dedaqalaqSi moqmedi de faqto xelisufleba aRniSnul regions uwodebs samxreT oseTis respublikas, Tumca is arc erT saxelmwofos ar uRiarebia mimdinare wlis 26 agvistomde, rodesac misi damoukidebloba cno ruseTma. nikaragua erTaderTi saxelmwifoa ruseTis garda, romelmac cno samxreT oseTis da afxazeTis damoukidebloba.3 mocemul angariSSi gamoyenebuli termini “samxreT oseTi” gamoiyeneba mxolod yofili



samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri regionis teritoriis aRsaniSnavad. cxinvals (Tskhinvali) osebi moixsenieben rogorc “cxinval” (Tskhinval).

1992 wlidan samxreT oseTis xelisufleba inarCunebda de faqto damoukideblobas, Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom igi ver akontrolebda samxreT oseTis mTlian teritorias, vinaidan, samxreT oseTis yofili avtonomiuri respublikis teritoriebi, romlebic umeteswilad dasaxlebuli iyo qarTvelebiT, rCeboda saqarTvelos kontrolis qveS. saqarTvelos saxelisuflebo wyaros mixedviT, agvistos konfliqtamde 21 sofeli iyo pro-qarTuli de faqto administraciis kontrolis qveS.4 2008 wlis agvistos konfliqtamde samxreT oseTi warmoadgenda calkeuli teritoriebis erTianobas, romlebic kontroldeboda de faqto saqarTvelos da de faqto samxreT oseTis administraciebis mier.

1990-iani wlebis dasawyisidan ruseTi uwevda sxvadasxva saxis mxardaWeras afxazeTis da samxreT oseTis de faqto administraciebs, gascemda ruseTis pasportebs aRniSnul teritoriebze mcxovrebi mosaxleobis did nawilze. afxazeTis da samxreT oseTis mosaxleobas aRniSnuli pasportebis garda ar gaaCniaT sxva oficialuri dokumenti (qarTuli pasportebis miRebas politikuri elferi aqvs), romelic miscemda maT sazRvrebs gareT mgzavrobis saSualebas. aRniSnuli “pasportizaciis” procesi daedo safuZvlad ruseTis gancxadebas, rom mis mier saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg warmoebuli samxedro moqmedebebi saWiro iyo “ruseTis moqalaqeebis” dasacavad.

2001 wlidan samxreT oseTis dedaqalaq cxinvalSi moqmed de faqto xelisuflebas xelmZRvanelobs prezidenti eduard kokoiTi. 2006 wlidan, Tbilisis mxardaWeriT samxreT oseTSi Seiqmna de faqto administracia, dimitri sanakoevis meTaurobiT. eTnikuri warmoSobiT osi, adre separatistul xelisuflebasTan asocirebuli dimitri sanakoevi, mogvianebiT konfliqtis mogvarebis sakiTxSi saqarTvelos teritoriuli erTianobis damcveli gaxda.5 misi administracia dafuZnda ZiriTadad qarTvelebiT dasaxlebul sofel qurTaSi, romelsac akontrolebda pro-qarTuli de faqto administracia.

1.2 saomari moqmedebebis gamomwvevi foni

2008 wlis aprilSi, qarTul-rusuli urTierTobebis xangrZlivi gauaresebis fonze, samxreT oseTTan dakavSirebiT daiwyo daZabulobis eskalacia. miuxedavad imisa, rom daZabuli situacia bevrad ufro seriozuli Canda afxazeTSi, romelic warmoadgens saqarTvelos meore konfliqtur teritorias, samxreT oseTSi, ivlisSi, adgili hqonda SeiaraRebul Setakebebs, samxreT oseTis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis mier saqarTvelos samxedro pirebis motacebis faqtebs, sporadul srolebs da Wurvebis gamoyenebas cxinvalSi da regionis qarTul soflebSi, ruseTis samxedro sahaero Zalebis mier



qarTuli sahaero sivrcis savaraudo darRvevebs da mimdinare wlis ivlisis ganmavlobaSi srolebs samxreT oseTSi.6 3 ivliss dimitri sanakoevze ganxorcielda Tavdasxma mkvlelobis mizniT. aRniSnuli movlenebi ganviTarda konfliqtis mosagvareblad warmoebuli molaparakebebis Cavardnis fonze. ruseTis winadadeba, ori wlis ganmavlobaSi pirvelad Sekrebiliyo Sereuli sakontrolo komisia (JCC),7 ar miiRo saqarTvelom, xolo winadadeba qarTuli-osuri ormxrivi molaparakebebis Sesaxeb ar miiRo samxreT oseTis de faqto xelisuflebam. samxreT oseTis teritoriidan iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTa umetesoba, rogorc qarTvelebi, ise osebi, Amnesty International-Tan intervius dros aRniSnavdnen, rom konfliqtis wina TveebSi gauaresda situacia usafrTxoebis TvalsazrisiT, da rom aRniSnul winmswreb periodSi adgili hqonda Setakebebs qarTvelebiT da osebiT dasaxlebul soflebs Soris.

daZabulobis eskalacia aSkara gaxda agvistos pirvel dReebSi, ramac gamoiwvia saomari moqmedebebis dawyeba. 31 ivlisis informaciis mixedviT, samxreT oseTis samxedro Zalebma Tavdasxmis Sedegad aafeTqes qarTuli samxedro avtomanqana, romliTac gadahyavdaT qarTveli samSvidoboebi.8 1 agvistos momxdari srolebis Semdeg, samxreT oseTis de faqto xelisuflebam gamoacxada, rom maTi mxridan msxverpli iyo 6 gardacvlili da 15 daWrili, da rom umetesoba daWrili iyo snaiperebis mier, xolo saqarTvelos xelisuflebam gamoacxada 9 daWrili.9 orive mxare adanaSaulebda erTmaneTs naRmtyorcnebis gamoyenebaSi.10 de faqto xelisuflebam daiwyo mosaxleobis nawilis evakuireba CrdiloeT oseTis respublikaSi, romelic ruseTis federaciaSi Sedis da mWidro kavSiri aqvs samxreT oseTTan. qarTuli mosaxleobis nawilmac datova aRniSnuli teritoria, raTa Tavi Seefarebina saqarTvelos sxva raionebisTvis.11 Amnesty International-is mier gamokiTxuli samxreT oseTis mosaxleoba aRniSnavda, rom maT agvistos pirveli kviris ganmavlobaSi eZinaT sardafebSi, radgan elodnen saomari moqmedebebis dawyebas.



©Amnesty International - bela xaribova da misi qaliSvili, samxreT oseTidan ltolvili vladikavkazSi, ruseTis federacia, 2008 wlis 25 agvisto. misi qmari valeri Zioevi daiRupa saqarTvelo- samxreT oseTis sazRvarTan axlos momxdari afeTqebis dros 2008 wlis 25 ivliss.

1.3 omi da misi Sedegebi

xuTdRiani omi daiwyo 2008 wlis 7-dan 8 agvistos Rames.

ruseTis SuamavlobiT mimdinare qarTul-osuri molaparakebebi CaiSala 7 agvistos. ruseTis iniciativiT gamarTul gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos sagangebo Sexvedraze ver iqna miRweuli SeTanxmeba ruseTis momzadebul dokumentze orive mxaris mier Zalis argamoyenebis Sesaxeb. saRamos 7 saaTze saqarTvelos prezidentma mixeil saakaSvilma televiziiT gamosvlis dros gaakeTa gancxadeba cecxlis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb. daaxloebiT oTxi saaTis Semdeg, 11 saaTsa da 30 wuTze saqarTvelos SeiaraRebulma Zalebma Seuties samxreT oseTis dedaqalaq cxinvals.

saqarTvelos xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi Tavidanve acxadebdnen, rom cxinvalze ieriSi iyo osuri SeiaraRebuli Zalebis qarTul soflebze, frissa da TamaraSenze, mudmiv Setevebze pasuxi. regionSi qarTuli samSvidobo Zalebis sardlis, mamuka yuraSvilis TqmiT, saqarTvelom “gadawyvita konstituciuri wesrigis aRdgena



samxreT oseTis mTel regionSi”.12 Tumca, 13 agvistos saqarTvelos prezidentma mixeil saakaSvilma ganacxada, rom “Cven pirdapir vupasuxeT rusul SeiaraRebul Zalebs. saqme imaSia, rom daaxloebiT saRamos 11 saaTze rusulma tankebma, 150 erTeulis raodenobiT, daiwyes saqarTvelos teritoriaze Semosvla. es iyo naTlad gamoxatuli samxedro intervencia. swored am momentSi Cven gavxseniT saartilerio cecxli.”13 ruseTis oficialuri pirebi am gancxadebas uaryofen da amtkiceben, rom rusuli SeiaraRebuli Zalebis saqarTveloSi Semosvla daiwyo saqarTvelos mier cxinvalze mitanili ieriSis sapasuxod.

miuxedavad imisa, rom qarTulma SeiaraRebulma Zalebma Tavdapirvelad kontroli daamyares cxinvalis garkveul nawilsa da mis garSemo mdebare ramdenime sofelze, rusulma samxedro Zalebma, romlebic samxreT oseTSi CrdiloeT oseTidan Semovidnen rokis gvirabis gavliT (gvirabi gadis kavkasionis qedis qveS da akavSirebs ruseTis federaciasa da saqarTvelos) isini swrafad gamodevnes. rusuli jaris mier samxreT oseTis dakavebis paralelurad Seteva aseve iqna mitanili saqarTvelos ramdenime sxva regionzec, samxreT oseTis farglebs gareT. es regionebi iyo samxreT oseTTan axlos mdebare qalaqi gori, Savi zRvis porti foTi, dasavleT saqarTvelos ori qalaqi zugdidi da senaki da saqarTvelos iurisdiqciis qveS myofi afxazeTis erTaderTi nawili, kodoris xeoba. sahaero Zalebis mxardaWeriT rusulma samxedro SenaerTebma swrafad moaxdines am raionebis okupireba, miuxedavad imisa, rom zogierTi maTgani samxreT oseTis konfliqtis zonidan sakmaod daSorebulia.

12 agvistos ruseTis prezidenti dimitri medvedevi daeTanxma

safrangeTis prezidentis nikola sarkozis (romelic amJamad evrokavSiris moqmedi Tavmjdomarea) SuamavlobiT SemoTavazebul zavs da gamoacxada ruseTis samxedro operaciis dasruleba saqarTveloSi. miuxedavad amisa, rusuli SeiaraRebuli Zalebi mainc rCebodnen samxreT oseTisa da afxazeTis farglebs gareT mdebare teritoriebze.14 prezident sarkozis mier SemoTavazebul cecxlis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb eqvspunqtian SeTanxmebas prezidentma saakaSvilma xeli moawera 15 agvistos, xolo prezidentma medvedevma - 16 agvistos.

eqvspunqtiani samSvidobo gegmis sxvadasxvagvari

interpretaciis da zogi punqtis mniSnelobis Sesaxeb ruseTsa da saqarTvelos Soris mimdinare kamaTis fonze rusuli SeiaraRebuli jarebi darCnen saqarTvelos teritoriaze seqtembris dasawyisSi, da samxreT oseTis farglebs gareT mdebare saqarTvelos garkveul teritoriebs, romlebic ar yofila aqamde sadavo, demarkacias ukeTebdnen rogorc "usafrTxoebis” da “buferul zonebs.” 8 seqtebers ruseTi pirobiTad daTanxmda samxreT oseTis da afxazeTis farglebs gareT dislocirebuli SeiaraRebuli Zalebis srul gayvanas 10 oqtombrisTvis, evrokavSiris 200 monitoris saqarTveloSi Camosvlis Semdgom.



miuxedavad imisa, rom aqtiuri saomari moqmedebebis dros garkveuli xarisxiT gaugebrobis da urTierTgamomricxavi informaciis gavrceleba praqtikulad gardauvalia, Cans, rom konfliqtis mimdinareobis procesSi, gansakuTrebiT ki mis adreul stadiaSi specialurad xdeboda dezinformaciis gavrceleba da monacemebis gazviadeba. mxareebis mier damoukidebeli damkvirveblebis konfliqtis zonaSi Sesvlis blokireba xels uSlida sando informaciis moZiebas, raTa dazustebuliyo mxareebis mier gacxadebuli da saerTaSoriso mediaSi gaJRerebuli monacemebi mosaxleobaSi msxverplis Sesaxeb.

cxinvalze qarTuli mxaris Setevis Semdgom, rusuli

sainformacio wyaroebi - zog SemTxvevaSi saqarTveloSi ruseTis elCze dayrdnobiT - ityobinebodnen rom ieriSis dros daiRupa 2,000 samoqalaqo piri.15 20 agvistos cxinvalis de faqto xelisuflebam ganacxada, rom daRupuli iyo 1,492 adamiani.16 21 agvistos rusuli sainformacio wyaroebis mier gamocxadebuli daRupulTa raodenoba Semcirda 133 mSvidobian moqalaqemde da 64 samxedromde.17 12 oqtombris interviuSi ruseTis generaluri prokuraturis sagamoZiebo komitetis xelmZRvanelma ganacxada, rom registrirebuli iyo 159 gardacvlili samoqalaqo piri.18 12 seqtembris monacemebiT, cxinvalis saavadmyofoSi imyofeboda 220, xolo CrdiloeT oseTis dedaqalaq vladikavkazSi - 255 daWrili.19

rac Seexeba danakargebs qarTuli mxridan, Amnesty International-is

mier saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa saministroSi miRebuli informaciiT, 7 oqtombris monacemebiT dafiqsirebuli iyo 405 gardacvlili (220 samoqalaqo piri, 169 samxedro mosamsaxure, romelTaganac 41 amoucnobi iyo, da 16 policieli).20 aseve, seqtembris Sua ricxvebis monacemebiT, iyo 2,234 daWrili, romelTagan 1,964 iyo kombatanti, xolo 170 samoqalaqo piri da 100 amoucnobi iyo.21 mTlianobaSi aRmoCnda, rom msxverpli iyo aseulobiT da ara aTasobiT, rogorc Tavidan iyo gacxadebuli.

rusuli SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gayvana egreT wodebuli

“buferuli zonebidan” daiwyo samxreT oseTTan axlos Seqmnili sakontrolo-gamSvebi punqtebis daSlasTan erTad oqtombris dasawyisSi. 3 oqtombers cxinvalSi afeTqda avtomanqanaSi CamontaJebuli bombi. daiRupa Svidi da daiWra ramdenime rusi jariskaci. afeTqebaze pasuxismgebloba aravis auRia. rusuli jarebis gayvana “buferuli zonebidan” dasrulda 10 oqtombers, Tumca ruseTi kvlav tovebs mniSvnelovani raodenobiT samxedro Zalebs samxreT oseTsa da afxazeTSi.



2. konfliqtis da misi Sedegebis maregulirebeli saerTaSoriso samarTali

saqarTvelosa da ruseTs Soris konfliqtis mimarT moqmedebs

saerTaSoriso samarTlis garkveuli normebi. adamianis uflebebis saerTaSoriso samarTali moqmedebs rogorc mSvidobis pirobebSi, ise SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis dros da samarTlebriv valdebulebebs akisrebs konfliqtSi monawile yvela saxelmwifos, maT SeiaraRebul Zalebs da sxva uflebamosil warmomadgenlebs. saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTali, romelic agreTve cnobilia rogorc omis kanonTa krebuli, samarTlebriv valdebulebas akisrebs SeiaraRebul konfliqtSi monawile yvela mxares, araformaluri SeiaraRebuli dajgufebebis CaTvliT. saerTaSoriso CveulebiTi samarTali, romelic Sedgeba samarTlebrivi normebisgan, da efuZneba saxelmwifoebis mudmiv qmedebebs, samarTlebrivad avaldebulebs SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis monawile yvela mxares. saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTali akisrebs individualur pirebs pasuxismgeblobas adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso samarTlis garkveul darRvevebze, rogoricaa wameba da iZulebiTi gauCinareba, genocidi, kacobriobis winaSe Cadenili danaSaulebi, aseve, saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTlis uxeS darRvevebze, romlebic miekuTvneba samxedro danaSaulebs. saerTaSoriso samarTalSi agreTve arsebobs samarTlebrivi struqtura, romelic aregulirebs dazaralebulTa samarTlebrivi dacvis da reparaciis uflebis sakiTxebs.

zogierT SemTxvevasTan dakavSirebiT, Amnesty International-ma

naTlad gansazRvra konfliqtis mxareebis mier saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTlis standartebis darRvevis faqtebi da moiTxovs, rom konfliqtis monawile yoveli mxaris mier ganxorcielebuli saomari qmedebebi gaxdes saerTaSoriso gamokvlevis sagani, rogorc gansazRvrulia winamdebare angariSis bolos mocemul rekomendaciebSi.

2.1 saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTali saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTali gamoiyeneba mxolod SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis dros. misi ZiriTadi mizania SeZlebisdagvarad SezRudos SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebis dros adamianTa tanjvis faqtebi. humanitaruli samarTali ayalibebs adamianuri qcevis normebs da zRudavs samxedro operaciebis ganxorcielebis dros gamoyenebul saSualebebsa da meTodebs. masSi Semavali normebi da standartebi ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba im pirTa



dasacavad, romlebic ar monawileoben saomar moqmedebebSi, samoqalaqo mosaxleobis, kombatantebis, daWrilebisa da mZevlad an tyved ayvanili pirebis CaTvliT. saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTlis ZiriTad instrumentebs warmoadgens Jenevis 1949 wlis oTxi konvencia da damatebiTi 1977 wlis protokolebi. orive mxare - saqarTvelo da ruseTi, warmoadgenen mxareebs, romlebic samarTalvaldebulni arian, Seasrulon maTSi warmodgenili debulebebi. Jenevis oTxive konvenciis zogadi mesame muxli da II protokoli vrceldeba arasaerTaSoriso konfliqtze, da ar moicavs saomari moqmedebebis Catarebis detalur wesebs. saomari moqmedebebis Catarebis wesebi warmodgenilia I protokolSi, romelic aregulirebs saerTaSoriso SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis ganxorcielebis wesebs. saomari qmedebebis Catarebis wesebi ganixileba rogorc saerTaSoriso CveulebiTi samarTlis nawili da maTi dacva savaldebuloa konfliqtSi monawile yvela mxarisTvis. wiTeli jvris saerTaSoriso komitetis (ICRC) mier CveulebiTi samarTlis sakiTxis Seswavlis Semdeg dadginda, rom aRniSnuli wesebis umetesobis dacva samarTlebrivad savaldebuloa rogorc arasaerTaSoriso, ise saerTaSoriso SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis dros.22 mocemuli wesebis uxeSi darRveva SesaZloa gautoldes samxedro danaSaulis kategorias. arasaerTaSoriso da saerTaSoriso konfliqtebSi aseTi tipis danaSaulebis sayovelTaod miRebuli gansazRvrebebi mocemulia sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos (ICC) romis wesdebaSi.

saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTlis Tanaxmad, kombatantis statusis mqonea saxelmwifos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis yvela wevri (da maTi monacvaleebi, magaliTad, gasamxedroebuli SenaerTebis warmomadgenlebi). arasaerTaSoriso konfliqtSi mebrZoli organizebuli araformaluri SeiaraRebuli dajgufebebis warmomadgenlebi ar ganisazRvrebian kombatantebad, isini arian moqalaqeebi, romlebic aqtiur monawileobas iReben saomar moqmedebebSi, ris gamoc ver sargebloben Tavdasxmebisgan dacvisTvis saWiro samoqalaqo imunitetiT, im drois ganmavlobaSi, sanam monawileoben dapirispirebebSi. SeiaraRebuli Zalebis wevrebi, romlebsac saerTaSoriso SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis dros tyved aiyvanen mowinaaRmdege samxedro Zalebi, sargebloben samxedro tyveebis statusiT (POWs). arasaerTaSoriso konfliqtSi, tyved Cavardnili uSiSroebis Zalebis an araformaluri SeiaraRebuli Zalebis warmomadgenlebze ar vrceldeba aseTi statusi, Tumca Jenevis konvenciebis zogadi mesame muxlis da II protokolis Tanaxmad, aseT tyveebTan nebismier dros adamianuri mopyroba warmoadgens savaldebulo normas. saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTlis Tanaxmad, moqalaqeebis statusiT sargebloben is pirebi, romlebic ar wamoadgenen kombatantebs.



2.2 samoqalaqo mosaxleobasa da samoqalaqo obieqtebze Tavdasxmebis akrZalva – "garCevis" principi

I protokolis 48-e muxlSi Camoyalibebulia samoqalaqo mosaxleobis dacvis “ZiriTadi wesi” – “garCevis” principi. mocemuli principi warmoadgens saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTlis qvakuTxeds:

“samoqalaqo mosaxleobisa da samoqalaqo obieqtebis usafrTxoebisa da Tavdasxmebisgan dacvis mizniT, konfliqtSi monawile mxareebi valdebulni arian daicvan samoqalaqo mosaxleobisa da kombatantebis, samoqalaqo obieqtebisa da samxedro obieqtebis garCevis principi, da Sesabamisad, mimarTon samxedro operaciebi mxolod samxedro obieqtebis winaaRmdeg.”

©Amnesty International- samxreT oseTSi, cxinvalSi,

GRAD-is WurviT dangreuli saxli

romis wesdebis I oqmis 51(3) muxlis Tanaxmad, Tavdasxma samoqalaqo mosaxleobaze an individualur samoqalaqo pirebze, romlebic ar Rebuloben monawileobas saomar moqmedebebSi, ganisazRvreba rogorc samxedro danaSauli.23 moqalaqeebi rCebian daculni “iqamde, sanam isini uSualo monawileobas ar iReben samxedro moqmedebebSi”. I oqmis 52(1) muxlis Tanaxmad:



“samoqalaqo obieqti aris yvela is obieqti, romelic ar aris samxedro daniSnulebis obieqti”

52(2) muxlis Tanaxmad, samxedro daniSnulebis obieqtebad moiazreba:

“obieqtebi, romlebic Tavisi xasiaTiT, adgilmdebareobiT, daniSnulebiT da gamoyenebis formiT efeqtur mxardaWeras uweven saomar moqmedebebs da romelTa nawilobrivi an mTliani ganadgureba, xelSi Cagdeba an neitralizeba, mocemuli droisTvis moqmed pirobebSi, ganapirobebs samxedro upiratesobas.” obieqtebi, romlebic ar akmayofileben mocemul kriteriumebs,

aris samoqalaqo obieqtebi. iseT SemTxvevebSi, rodesac daudgenelia samizne obieqtis samxedro daniSnuleba, maSin “is unda CaiTvalos arasamxedro daniSnulebis obieqtad” (52(3) muxli).24 samoqalaqo obieqtebze ganzrax Tavdasxma, TviTneburi, ukanono da daundobeli gziT sakuTrebis ganadgureba, romelic ar warmoadgens samxedro saWiroebas, iTvleba samxedro danaSaulad. dauSvebelia samxedro upiratesobis iseTi farTo interpretacia, romelic am wess araefeqturs gaxdis. iseTi Setevis gamarTleba, romelic mowinaaRmdege mxaris ekonomiuri keTildReobis moSliT an mowinaaRmdegis momxre moqalaqeebis demoralizaciiT cdilobs mowinaaRmdegis brZolisunarianobis Sesustebas, sruliad cvlis samxedro upiratesobis cnebis samarTlebriv mniSvnelobas, arRvevs saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTlis fundamentur principebs da seriozul safrTxes uqmnis moqalaqeebs. saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTali krZalavs mowinaaRmdege mxaris sakuTrebis ganadgurebas an mitacebas, garda im SemTxvevisa, Tu aRniSnuli Zalze mniSvnelovani samxedro saWiroebiT aris ganpirobebuli. sakuTrebis gadametebuli Zalis gamoyenebiT, ukanono da daundobeli gziT ganadgureba, romelic ar warmoadgens samxedro saWiroebas, ganisazRvreba, rogorc samxedro danaSauli (8(2) muxli (b) (xiii) 2.3 ganurCeveli da araproporciuli Tavdasxmebis akrZalva I protokoli 51(4) muxli krZalavs ganurCevel Tavdasxmebs, rogoricaa:

“samxedro obieqtebze, samoqalaqo mosaxleobaze da samoqalaqo obieqtebze Tavdasxma ‘garCevis' gareSe.”

araproporciulia Tavdasxma, romelic warmoadgens ganurCeveli Tavdasxmis tips da:



“Sedegad SeiZleba gamoiwvios samoqalaqo pirebis SemTxveviTi sikvdili an daSaveba, samoqalaqo obieqtebis dazianeba, an warmoadgens iseTi saxis kombinacias, romelic konkretul da uSualod gamiznul samxedro upiratesobisTvis moisazreba gadametebulad.” (51(5) muxli) araproporciuli Tavdasxmis ganzrax ganxorcieleba25

warmoadgens samxedro danaSauls, iseve, rogorc ganurCeveli saxis Tavdasxma, romelic gamoiwvevs samoqalaqo pirebis daSavebas an sikvdils, an zians miayenebs samoqalaqo obieqtebs.26 sakuTrebis gadametebuli ZaliT ukanono da daundobeli gziT ganadgurebis an mitacebis aqti, romelic ar iqneba samxedro saWiroebiT gamarTlebuli, agreTve aris samxedro danaSauli.27

© Amnesty International- qali dgas Tavisi saxlis nangrevebTan telmanis quCaze, cxinvali, samxreT oseTi, 2008 wlis 24 agvisto

2.4 sifrTxilis zomebi Tavdasxmis dros 57-e muxlis Tanaxmad, yvela mxarem unda mudmivad izrunos, rom “daindos samoqalaqo mosaxleoba, samoqalaqo pirebi da samoqalaqo obieqtebi.” 57(2) muxlis Tanaxmad, is pirebi, romlebic gegmaven an gadawyveten Tavdasxmas, valdebulni arian:



(i) miiRon yvela saWiro zoma imis dasadgenad, rom samizneebi, romlebzec apireben Tavdasxmas, ar arian samoqalaqo pirebi, samoqalaqo obieqtebi da ar warmoadgenen obieqtebs, romlebic saWiroeben gansakuTrebul dacvas, aramed 52-e muxlis me-2 punqtis Tanaxmad warmoadgenen samxedro daniSnulebis obieqtebs, da mocemuli protokolis debulebebiT ar ikrZaleba maTze Tavdasxma;

(ii) Tavdasxmis saSualebebis da formebis SerCevisas miiRon winaswari zomebi, ramdenadac es SesaZlebelia, raTa Tavidan aicilon da ukidures SemTxvevaSi minimumade Seamciron samoqalaqo pirTa SemTxveviTi sikvdili, daSaveba da samoqalaqo obieqtebis dazianeba;

(iii) Tavi Seikavon iseTi Tavdasxmebis ganxorcielebisgan, romlebmac SesaZloa gamoiwvion samoqalaqo pirTa SemTxveviTi gardacvaleba, daSaveba da samoqalaqo obieqtebis dazianeba, an yovelive erTad, rac gadametebulad aRiqmeba iseTi operaciisTvis, romelic gankuTvnilia konkretuli da uSualo samxedro upiratesobis mosapoveblad;

b) gauqmdes an SeCerdes nebismieri Tavdasxma, rodesac aSkaraa, rom samizne obieqti ar aris samxedro daniSnulebis mqone an warmoadgens obieqts, romelic saWiroebs gansakuTrebul dacvas, an Tavdasxmam SesaZloa gamoiwvios samoqalaqo piris SemTxveviTi sikvdili, samoqalaqo mosaxleobis daSaveba, samoqalaqo obieqtebis dazianeba, an yovelive erTad, rac gadametebulad aRiqmeba iseTi operaciisTvis, romelic gankuTvnilia konkretuli da uSualo samxedro upiratesobis mosapoveblad;

g) im SemTxvevaSi, Tu dagegmilma Tavdasxmam SeiZleba ziani moutanos mosaxleobas, maTTvis efeqturi gafrTxilebebis uzrunvelyofa warmoadgens savaldebulo pirobas, iseTi garemoebebis garda, rodesac arsebuli mdgomareoba ar iZleva aRniSnulis saSualebas.



© Amnesty International- dabombili kafe cxinvalis centrSi, samxreT oseTi, 2008 wlis agvisto

2.5 sifrTxilis zomebi Tavdacvis dros

meomari mxareebi samarTalvaldebulni arian, miiRon yvela saWiro zoma maTi kontrolis qveS myofi moqalaqeebisa da samoqalaqo obieqtebis mowinaaRmdege mxaris SesaZlo qmedebebisgan dasacavad. I protokoli avaldebulebs yvela mxares, Tavi Seikavon samxedro obieqtebis mosaxleobiT mWidrod dasaxlebul adgilas ganTavsebisgan (58(b) muxli). 50(3) muxlis Tanaxmad, “samoqalaqo mosaxleobaSi im pirTa yofna, romlebic ar floben samoqalaqo statuss, ar ukargavs mosaxleobas samoqalaqo statusis uflebas”.

wiTeli jvris saerTaSoriso komitetis (ICRC) oficialuri komentari:

“saomari mdgomareobis dros gardauvalia kombatantis statusis mqone pirebis samoqalaqo mosaxleobasTan Sereva, mag.: SvebulebaSi myofi jariskacebi, romlebic ewvevian sakuTar ojaxebs. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom aseTi SemTxvevebi ar xasiaTdeba didi sixSiriT, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom aseTi tipis Sereva ver Secvlis samoqalaqo mosaxleobis statusis xasiaTs.”



© Amnesty International- rusuli samxedro-satransporto saSualeba cxinvalSi,

samxreT oseTi, 2008 wlis 26 agvisto

2.6 iaraRis tipebi

saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTali krZalavs ganurCeveli tipis iaraRis gamoyenebas an iseTi iaraRis gamoyenebas, romelsac SeuZlia gamoiwvios gansakuTrebuli dazianeba da tanjva. ICRC-s ganurCeveli tipis iaraRis nimuSad moyavs “didi radiusiT moqmedi raketebi, romelTa absoluturi sizustiT damizneba samizne obieqtebze SeuZlebelia”.

konfliqtis dros Tavdasxmebisas gamoyenebul sxva iaraRebSi,

romlebic ganisazRvreba rogorc ganurCeveli tipis iaraRi, agreTve moisazreba “kaseturi” bombebi. “kaseturi” bombis an Wurvis afeTqebis Sedegad xdeba masSi ganTavsebuli aTasobiT patara bombebis gabneva farTo, daaxloebiT erTi an ori fexburTis moednis Sesatyvis masStabze. maTi Camoyra SesaZlebelia safreni aparatidan, agreTve SesaZlebelia maTi gasrola saartilerio an saraketo danadgaridan. imis mixedviT, Tu "kaseturi" iaraRis romeli tipis gamanadgurebeli iqneba gamoyenebuli, daaxloebiT 5-dan 20 procentamde kaseturi patara bombi ar feTqdeba da rCeba xangrZlivi safrTxe im moqalaqeebisTvis, romlebic SesaZloa momavalSi afeTqdnen aRniSnul bombebze. dublinSi, 2008 wlis maisSi xeli moewera kaseturi bombebis amkrZalav saerTaSoriso konvencias, Tumca igi jer ar Sesula



ZalaSi. kaseturi iaraRis Sesaxeb konvenciis 1(1) muxlis Tanaxmad, “yoveli mxare kisrulobs valdebulebas, aranair situaciaSi (a) ar gamoiyenos kaseturi iaraRi; (b) Seqmnas, awarmoos, SeiZinos, moagrovos, Seinaxos an gadasces sxvas aseTi tipis iaraRi, uSualod an Suamavlis gamoyenebiT; (g) xeli Seuwyos, waaxalisos da Caabas vinme iseTi tipis nebismier saqmianobaSi, romelic mocemuli konvenciis safuZvelze akrZalulia saxelmwifo mxarisaTvis”. aRsaniSnavia, rom ruseTi ukve aris Cveulebrivi SeiaraRebis Sesaxeb konvenciis monawile mxare da am konvenciis 2006 wels ZalaSi Sesuli V protokolis "omis feTqebadi narCenebis Sesaxeb" - monawile. aRniSnuli protokolis monawile saxelmwifoebi, romlebic akontroleben teritorias feTqebadsaSiSi narCenebiT, pasuxismgeblebi arian aseTi tipis narCenebis gauvnebelyofaze. protokoli vrceldeba iseT iaraRze, rogoricaa saartilerio Wurvebi, yumbarebi da kaseturi bombis Semadgeneli bombebi, romlebic daniSnulebisamebr ar feTqdeba, agreTve nebismieri gamouyenebeli feTqebadi saSualeba, romelic rCeba SeiaraRebuli Zalebis kontrolis miRma.

2.7 iZulebiTi gadaadgileba

meomar mxareebs ekrZalebaT moqalaqeebis iZulebiTi gadaadgileba, garda im SemTxvevebisa, rodesac aRniSnuli ganpirobebulia samoqalaqo mosaxleobis usafrTxoebiT an Zalze mniSvnelovani samxedro miznebiT. konfliqtis mxareebi valdebulebi arian miiRon zomebi, rom maT mier akrZaluli qmedebebis ganxorcielebis gamo mosaxleobas ar mouxdes iZulebiTi gadaadgileba. romis wesdebis me-7 muxlis Tanaxmad, gadaadgilebis iZuleba aris danaSauli kacobriobis winaSe. iZulebiTi gadaadgileba xdeba maSin, rodesac moqalaqeebi iZulebulni arian datovon sacxovrebeli adgilebi, radgan konfliqtis monawileebi maT amyofeben terorSi da sCadian sxva saxis darRvevebs, an Tu isini ganicdian fizikur zewolas/devnas. aRniSnul situacias aregulirebs iZulebiTi gadaadgilebis Sesaxeb saxelmZRvanelo principebi,28 romlebic aRiarebulia gaeros generaluri asambleis mier, rogorc mniSvnelovani saerTaSoriso normebi iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTa dacvisaTvis.29 me-5-e principis Tanaxmad: “yvela xelisufleba Tu saerTaSoriso aqtori valdebulia pativi sces da daicvas maTTvis saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis mier dakisrebuli valdebulebebi, adamianis uflebebisa da humanitaruli samarTlis normebis CaTvliT, nebismier situaciaSi, ise, rom uzrunvelyos pirTa iZulebiTi gadaadgilebis gamomwvevi pirobebis prevencia.” zemoT aRniSnulis garda, 28-e da 29-e principebSi Camoyalibebulia ZiriTadi debulebebi iZulebiT gadaadgilebul



pirTa mSobliur sacxovrebel adgilebSi dabrunebis Sesaxeb.30 pirvel rigSi, saxelmwifoebi valdebulebi arian iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTaTvis uzrunvelyon sami sakiTxis mogvareba: mSobliur saxlebSi dabruneba, adgilze integracia, da qveynis sxva nawilSi dasaxleba; meore rigSi, iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli pirebisTvis, sxva nebismieri moqalaqis msgavsad, Tavisufali moZraobis da sacxovrebeli adgilis sakuTari survilisamebr SerCevis ufleba. maT unda hqondeT SesaZlebloba mocemul variantebs Soris gaakeTon Tavisufali arCevani, xolo kompetenturi organoebi valdebulni arian iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirebs Seuqmnan nebismier adgilas xelaxali cxovrebis dawyebisTvis saWiro pirobebi da uzrunvelyon aseTi pirebis, maTive dabrunebis, gansaxlebis da reintegraciis procesebSi sruli monawileoba. garda amisa, gadawyvetileba dabrunebis Sesaxeb unda iyos nebayoflobiTi, da ara iZulebiTi, arCevani unda gakeTdes sruli informirebis safuZvelze, da dabrunebis procesi unda ganxorcieldes usafrTxo da Rirseul pirobebSi, rac sacxovrebel adgilas dabrunebulebs garantias miscems, icxovron usafrTxo garemoSi, xolo ekonomiuri, socialuri da politikuri pirobebi unda Seesabamebodes adamianis Rirsebis damakmayofilebel moTxovnebs. iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli da ukan dabrunebuli pirebi daculni unda iyvnen nebismieri saxis diskriminaciisgan, da sakuTrebis dazianebis an dakargvis SemTxvevaSi sargeblobdnen sakuTrebis aRdgenisa da qonebis kompensaciis uflebiT.

2.8 adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso samarTali

saqarTvelo da ruseTi arian adamianis uflebebis Sesaxeb dadebuli rigi msoflio xelSekrulebebis monawile mxareebi. maT Sorisaa saerTaSoriso konvencia samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis Sesaxeb (ICCPR), saerTaSoriso konvencia ekonomikuri, socialuri da kulturuli uflebebis Sesaxeb (ICESCR), konvencia wamebis, da sxva nebismieri sastiki, araadamianuri an Rirsebis Semlaxveli mopyrobis an sasjelis winaaRmdeg da saerTaSoriso konvencia nebismieri formis rasobrivi diskriminaciis winaaRmdeg. saqarTvelo da ruseTi aseve arian adamianis uflebebis rigi saerTaSoriso instrumentebis monawile mxareebi, maT Sorisaa konvencia adamianis uflebebis da fundamenturi Tavisuflebebis Sesaxeb (evropuli konvencia adamianis uflebebis Sesaxeb, ECHR). aRniSnuli sayovelTao da regionuli xelSekrulebebi, iseve, rogorc Sesabamisi saerTaSoriso CveulebiTi samarTali orive mxares akisrebs samarTlebriv valdebulebas, miiRon adamianis uflebaTa dacvisa da pativiscemisTvis saWiro zomebi.

gaeros saerTaSoriso sasamarTlosa da gaeros adamianis

uflebaTa komitetis Tanaxmad, adamianis uflebebis samarTali gamoiyeneba, rogorc SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis dros, ise mSvidobian pirobebSi. gaeros adamianis uflebaTa komitetma daadastura



mocemuli principi da ICCPR-Si (saerTaSoriso konvencia ekonomikuri, socialuri da kulturuli uflebebis Sesaxeb) gansazRvrul uflebebs daumata debuleba: “konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebuli uflebebis interpretaciisTvis SesaZloa ufro konkretulad Sesaferisi aRmoCndes saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTlis konkretuli normebi. aseT SemTxvevebSi orive formis samarTali erTmaneTis Semvsebia da ara urTierTgamomricxavi.”31

gaeros adamianis uflebaTa komitetma naTlad Camoayaliba,

rom ICCPR-iT (saerTaSoriso konvencia samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis Sesaxeb) saxelmwifoebisTvis dakisrebuli valdebulebebi adamianis uflebebis dacvis Sesaxeb nebismier pirovnebasTan mimarTebaSi, romelic imyofeba saxelmwifos efeqturi kontrolis da Zalauflebis qveS, aris eqstrateritorialuri mniSvnelobis,32 xolo ICESCR-i (saerTaSoriso konvencia ekonomikuri, socialuri da kulturuli uflebebis Sesaxeb) teritoriul iurisdiqciasTan mimarTebaSi ar iTvaliswinebs aSkara SezRudvebs.

am angariSSi warmodgenilia adamianis uflebebis darRvevebTan

dakavSirebuli wuxilebi, maT Soris, sicocxlis uflebis darRveva, (ICCPR-is me-6 muxli da ECHR-is me-2 muxli), agreTve darRvevebi, romlebic dakavSirebulia wamebis da sxva araadamianuri mopyrobis akrZalvasTan (ICCPR-is me-7 muxli da ECHR-is me-3 muxli), TviTneburi dakavebis da iZulebiTi gauCinarebis akrZalvasTan (ICCPR-is me-9 muxli da ECHR-is me-5 muxli), saTanado sakvebis da sacxovrebeli adgilis qonis uflebis darRveva (ICESCR-is me-11 muxli) da ganaTlebis miRebis uflebis darRveva (ICESCR-is me-13 muxli). saxelmwifom SesaZloa pasuxi agos iseT qmedebebze, romelTa ganxorcielebam SeiZleba moSalos an gaanadguros infrastruqtura, romelic mocemul teritoriaze aRniSnuli uflebebiT sargeblobisTvis aris saWiro, da ziani moutanos efeqturi saxelmwifo kontrolis qveS myof pirebs da obieqtebs, saavadmyofoebisa da skolebis CaTvliT. qarTuli Tu rusuli SeiaraRebuli Zalebis mier asobiT sacxovrebeli saxlis ganadgurebam, rasac Tan sdevda marodiorobis mravali faqti, ganapiroba adamianTa ukanono da iZulebiTi gandevna, rac arRvevs ICESCR-is me-11 muxls. ekonomikis, socialuri da kulturuli uflebebis komitetis ganmartebiT, “iZulebiTi gandevna” aris:

“individualuri pirebis, ojaxebis da/an Temebis mudmivi an

droebiTi gandevna maT mier dakavebuli sacxovrebeli saxlebidan da/an miwebidan, maTi nebis winaaRmdeg, saTanado samarTlebrivi da sxva saxis dacvis uflebiT sargeblobis gareSe.”33

komiteti am saxis gandevnaSi moiazrebs im SemTxvevebsac,

romlebic ganpirobebulia “saerTaSoriso SeiaraRebuli



konfliqtebis, Sida dapirispirebis da komunaluri an eTnikuri Zaladobis” Sedegad.34

2.9 saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTali

Jenevis konvenciebis da I protokolis uxeSi darRveva, aseve, saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTlis normebis sxva seriozuli saxis darRvevebi moisazreba samxedro danaSaulebad. ICC-is romis wesdebis me-8 muxlis samxedro danaSaulTa sia wesdebis miRebis dros ZiriTadad daefuZna saerTaSoriso CveulebiT samarTals, Tumca es sia ar aris sruli da mTeli rigi mniSvnelovani samxedro danaSaulebi ar aris masSi dafiqsirebuli. I protokolis 86-e muxlis Tanaxmad, “konfliqtis mxareebi valdebulni arian aRmofxvran uxeSi samarTaldarRvevebi da miiRon saWiro zomebi konvenciis an aRniSnuli protokolis (Jeneva, 1949 w.) sxva saxis darRvevebis aRsakveTad, rac SeiZleba ganapirobos valdebulebis Seusruleblobam”.

aseTi darRvevebisTvis sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgebloba SeiZleba daekisroT samoqalaqo an samxedro pirebs. meTaurebma da sxva zemdgomma pirebma SesaZloa pasuxi agon maTdami daqvemdebarebuli pirebis qmedebebze. I protokolis 86(2) muxli, romelic awesebs erT saerTo standarts samxedro meTaurebisa da samoqalaqo zemdgomi pirebisTvis, efuZneba saerTaSoriso CveulebiT samarTals. aRniSnulis Tanaxmad:

“is faqti, rom konvenciebi an mocemuli protokoli dairRva daqvemdebarebuli piris mier, ar aTavisuflebs mis xelmZRvanelebs sisxlis samarTlis an disciplinaruli pasuxismgeblobisgan, Tuki, arsebuli mdgomareobidan gamomdinare, isini flobdnen saTanado informacias imis Sesaxeb, rom daqvemdebarebuli piri apirebda an axorcielebda samarTaldarRvevas da maT ar miiRes yvela saWiro zoma aRniSnulis Tavidan asacileblad an aRsakveTad.”

zemdgomi pirebis mier gacemuli brZanebebi ar SeiZleba gaxdes safuZveli saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTlis darRvevisaTvis pasuxismgeblobis mosaxsnelad, Tumca SesaZlebelia maTi mxedvelobaSi miReba sasjelis Semsubuqebis mizniT. aRniSnuli principi aRiarebulia II msoflio omis Semdgom niurnbergis sasamarTlo saqmeebis dawyebidan, da amJamad warmoadgens saerTaSoriso CveulebiTi samarTlis nawils.

arsebobs ramdenime meqanizi, romelTa gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia Cadenili danaSaulebis Sesaxeb sinamdvilis dasadgenad da saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTlis damrRvevebis marTlmsajulebis winaSe warsadgenad, iseTi procedurebis gamoyenebiT, romlebic eTanxmeba samarTlianobis principebis saerTaSoriso standartebs da ar sruldeba braldebulis sikvdiliT dasjiT. saxelmwifo agreTve valdebulia uzrunvelyos



dazaralebulTa da maTi ojaxebis ufleba moiTxovon da miiRon sruli reparacia:

a. saqarTvelos, ruseTsa da samxreT oseTTan mimarTebaSi:

konfliqtis yvela mxare valdebulia marTlmsajulebas warudginos piri, romelic eWvmitanilia, sayovelTaod aRiarebuli adamianis uflebebis da saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTlis seriozul darRvevaSi.

b. sxva saxelmwifoebTan mimarTebaSi: sxva saxelmwifoebi ar arian

valdebulni Caataron sisxlis samarTlis gamoZieba im pirTan mimarTebaSi, romelic eWvmitanilia konfliqtis dros saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTlis an sxva saerTaSoriso samarTlis darRvevaSi. sakmarisi mtkicebulebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, aseTi saxelmwifoebi valdebulni arian eWvmitanili warudginon marTlmsajulebas an uzrunvelyon misi eqstradireba sxva qveyanaSi, romelic gamoTqvams survils da qmedunariania ganaxorcielos aRniSnuli sasamarTlo procesi, sikvdiliT dasjis ganaCenis gareSe an gadasces igi Sesabamisi iurisdiqciis mqone sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos. Jenevis konvenciebis da I protokolis normebis uxeS darRvevebze pasuxisgebisTvis sayovelTao iurisdiqciis gamoyenebasTan erTad, saxelmwifoebi valdebulebi arian, mimarTon sayovelTao iurisdiqcias saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTlis sxva seriozuli darRvevebisTvis. sakmarisi mtkicebulebebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, saxelmwifoebi valdebulni arian eWvmitanilebi warudginon marTlmsajulebas an uzrunvelyon maTi eqstradireba sxva qveyanaSi, romelic gamoTqvams survils da qmedunariania ganaxorcielos aRniSnuli sasamarTlo saqme an gadasces isini sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos.

g. ICC–sTan mimarTebaSi: 2003 wlis 5 seqtembers saqarTvelom

moaxdina romis wesdebis ratificireba. sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos romis wesdebis me-12 muxlis Tanaxmad, samxedro danaSaulebrivi qmedebebi an kacobriobis winaSe Cadenili danaSaulebi, romelTac adgili hqondaT saqarTvelos teritoriaze, imis miuxedavad, Tu romeli qveynis moqalaqea danaSaulis Camdeni piri, eqvemdebareba sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos iurisdiqcias. ruseTma xeli moawera romis wesdebas 2000 wlis 13 seqtembers; miuxedavad imisa, rom ruseTs jer ar mouxdenia misi ratificireba, is valdebulia ar daarRvios wesdeba samxedro danaSaulebrivi qmedebisa da kacobriobis winaSe danaSaulis CadeniT.

2.9.1 sardlobis pasuxismgebloba



sardlebma da sxva xelmZRvanelma pirebma (samoqalaqo liderebis CaTvliT) SesaZloa pasuxi agon maTi qveSevrdomebis qmedebebze, Tuki maT icodnen, an hqondaT mizezi scodnodaT, rom maTi qveSevrdomebi axorcielebdnen, an apirebdnen ganexorcielebinaT kanonis darRveva, da Tu maT SeeZloT Tavidan aecilebinaT, an aRekveTaT aseTi kanondarRveva da es ver SeZles. I protokolis 86(2) muxlis Sesabamisad:

“is faqti, rom konvenciebi an mocemuli protokoli dairRva daqvemdebarebuli piris mier, ar aTavisuflebs mis xelmZRvanelebs sisxlis samarTlis an disciplinaruli pasuxismgeblobisgan, Tuki, arsebuli mdgomareobidan gamomdinare, isini flobdnen saTanado informacias imis Sesaxeb, rom daqvemdebarebuli piri apirebda an axorcielebda samarTaldarRvevas da maT ar miiRes yvela saWiro zoma aRniSnulis Tavidan asacileblad an aRsakveTad.” 87-e muxli akonkretebs sardlobis pasuxismgeblobas “maTi

xelmZRvanelobis qveS myofi samxedro mosamsaxureebis da maTi kontrolis qveS myofi sxva pirovnebebis mimarT, rom Tavidan aicilon da saWiroebisamebr aRkveTon da moaxsenon kompetentur xelmZRvanel pirebs mocemuli protokolis konvenciebis darRvevebis Sesaxeb”. sardlobis pasuxismgebloba aseve asaxulia sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos (ICC) romis wesdebaSi (romis wesdeba, muxli 28).

ICRC-is (wiTelis jvris saerTaSoriso komiteti) mier

Catarebuli CveulebiTi saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTlis kvlevis daskvnaSi miTiTebulia, rom sardlobis pasuxismgeblobis principi CveulebiTi saerTaSoriso samarTlis normaa, romelic unda gamoiyenebodes rogorc saerTaSoriso, ise arasaerTaSoriso SeiaraRebul konfliqtebis SemTxvevaSi (wesebi 152 da 153).

2.10 danaSauli kacobriobis winaaRmdeg

omis danaSaulebTan da genocidTan erTad, ICC-is iurisdiqciaSi Sedis kacobriobis winaaRmdeg Cadenili danaSaulis SemTxvevebi. romis wesdebis mixedviT, zogierTi qmedeba, romelic warmoadgens farTomasStabiani, an sistematuri Setevis, an saxelmwifo an organizaciuli politikis nawils, mimarTulia samoqalaqo mosaxleobis winaaRmdeg, SeiZleba CaiTvalos kacobriobis winaSe danaSaulad. aseT qmedebebad iTvleba mkvleloba, ganadgureba, damoneba, deportacia, an mosaxleobis iZulebiT gadaadgileba, dapatimreba, an fizikuri Tavisuflebis sxvagvari SezRudva saerTaSoriso samarTlis fundamenturi wesebis darRveviT, wameba, gaupatiureba da sxva seqsualuri danaSaulebi da iZulebiTi gauCinareba. kacobriobis winaaRmdeg danaSauli SeiZleba iyos Cadenili rogorc mSvidobian dros, ise SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis dros.



2.11 reparaciebi da saxelmwifos pasuxismgebloba

saxelmwifoTa pasuxismgeblobis maregulirebeli wesebi saerTaSoriso CveulebiTi samarTlis farglebSi “saerTaSoriso samarTaldarRvevis qmedebebisaTvis” Sesulia saerTaSoriso sakanonmdeblo komisiis 2001 wlis saerTaSoriso samarTaldarRvevis qmedebebisaTvis saxelmwifoTa pasuxismgeblobis muxlebSi. am muxlebs, romlebic ganmartavs kanonmdeblobas saxelmwifo pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb, gaeros generalurma asambleam rekomendacia gauwia saxelmwifoebis winaSe 2002 wels.35 muxlSi 31 naTqvamia:

“pasuxismgebeli saxelmwifo valdebulia moaxdinos saerTaSoriso samarTaldarRvevis aqtis Sedegad miyenebuli zaralis sruli reparacia.…zaralSi Sedis yvelanairi ziani, materialuris da moraluris CaTvliT, romelic miyenebuli iqna saxelmwifos mier saerTaSoriso samarTaldarRvevis aqtis ganxorcielebis Sedegad."

saerTaSoriso samarTaldarRvevis aqtSi igulisxmeba saxelmwifos mier saerTaSoriso CveulebiTi da saxelSekrulebo samarTliT aRebuli valdebulebebis darRveva.

individualurad dazaralebulTa reparaciis ufleba mkafiod aris gansazRvruli adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso samarTalSic, rogorc adamianis uflebebis Sesaxeb saerTaSoriso da regionul SeTanxmebebSia gaTvaliswinebuli samarTlebrivi dacvis uflebis sakvanZo elementi.36 ICRC-is mer saerTaSoriso CveulebiTi humanitaruli samarTlis37 kvlevis SedegebSi warmodgenili wesis 150 Tanaxmad, “saxelmwifo, romelic daarRvevs saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTlis normebs, valdebulia moaxdinos miyenebuli zaralis, an zianis sruli reparacia”. gaeros generaluri asambleis mier 2005 wels (2005 wlis 15 dekemberi, rezolucia 60/147) miRebuli ZiriTadi normebi da saxelmZRvanelo principebi, romlebic gankuTvnilia im pirTa dacvisa da reparaciisTvis, romlebic gaxdnen adamianis uflebebis saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi normebis da saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTlis normebis uxeSi da seriozuli darRvevebis msxverplni, adgens saxelmwifoebriv valdebulebebs, aRniSnuli pirebisTvis uzrunvelyofili iyos Sesabamisi kompensacia an sxva saxis reparacia. mocemul instrumentebSi Camoyalibebulia reparaciis saTanado forma, 19-23 principebis CaTvliT, restitucia, kompensacia, reabilitacia, dakmayofileba da imis garantia, rom aRar ganmeordeba is samarTaldarRvevebi, romlebic maT gamoscades sakuTar Tavze.

2.12 SeiaraRebuli dajgufebebi da reparaciebi



saxelmwifoTa pasuxismgeblobis kanonis mixedviT, SeiaraRebul jgufs SeiZleba moeTxovos reparaciis uzrunvelyofa mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu is gaxdeba saxelmwifos axali mTavroba, an daarsebs axal saxelmwifos adre arsebuli saxelmwifos teritoriis SigniT, an misi administraciis qveS myof teritoriaze. adamianis uflebebis saerTaSoriso samarTali ZiriTadad aqcentebs akeTebs saxelmwifoebriv valdebulebebze da aRniSnulis gamo ar iTvaliswinebs samarTalvaldebulebebis SeiaraRebuli dajgufebebisTvis dakisrebas, im valdebulebis garda, romlis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifo valdebulia uzrunvelyos SeiaraRebuli dajgufebis warmomadgenlTa mxridan samarTaldarRvevebis prevencia. samxreT oseTis xelisufleba pasuxismgebelia mis mier kontrolirebadi samxedro dajgufebebis qmedebebze, romlebic monawileobdnen xanZris gaCenasa da marodiorobaSi da Tavs esxmodnen samoqalaqo mosaxleobas sakuTrebis warTmevis mizniT; ruseTic, rogorc okupanti Zala, romelic pasuxismgebeli iyo misi kontrolqveS myof teritoriebze, pasuxismgebelia aRniSnul qmedebebze.



3. samxedro moqmedebebis warmoebis formebi

konfliqti grZeldeboda xuTi dRe, dawyebuli cxinvalze saqarTvelos Setevidan da damTavrebuli cecxlis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis xelmoweriT, Tu ar CavTvliT afxazeTis mosazRvre teritoriaze dafiqsirebul calkeul SemTxvevebs maqsimum 30 km siganis da 60 km sigrZis zonaSi.

konfliqtis zonaSi da mis garSemo teritoriebze ganxorcielebuli misiebis Sedegad, Amnesty International-is warmomadgenlebma SeZles moepovebinaT informacia, romelic seriozuli mtkicebulebaa imisa, rom adgili hqonda konfliqtSi monawile yvela mxaris mier saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTlis normebis uxeS darRvevas. Amnesty International-i gansakuTrebiT SeSfoTebulia aSkara ganurCeveli TavdasxmebiT, ramac Sedegad moitana iseTi samoqalaqo obieqtebis ganadgureba, rogoricaa skolebi, saavadmyofoebi da sacxovrebeli saxlebi, agreTve ramodenime incidentis gamo, rodesac savaraudod xdeboda samoqalaqo pirebze pirdapiri Tavdasxma.

mocemul angariSSi warmodgenilia Amnesty International-is mier mopovebuli masala. informacia efuZneba Amnesty International-is wamomadgenlebis mier fizikurad ganadgurebul obieqtebze warmoebul uSualo dakvirvebas, q. cxinvalSi, q. gorSi da mimdebare teritoriebze ganlagebul zogierT qarTul da osur soflebSi, agreTve interviuebs, romlebic organizaciis warmomadgenlebma Caatares konfliqtis zonaSi mcxovreb samoqalaqo pirebTan.

yvela konkretul SemTxvevaSi ganxorcielda mcdeloba, Segrovebuliyo maqsimalurad meti informacia TviTmxilvelebis mier nanaxi ngrevebis, an maT mier aRwerili movlenebis gamomwvevi mizezebis Sesaxeb, gansakuTrebiT im mizniT, rom cnobili gamxdariyo Setevis dawyebis zusti dro, adgili da wyaro, gamoyenebuli SeiaraRebis da sabrZolo masalis tipebi, da kombatantebis, an sxva samxedro obieqtebis axlomaxlo arsebobis faqtebi. Tumca, materialuri dazianebis da TviTmxilvelTa monayolis mixedviT sakmaod rTulia movlenebis zusti aRdgena, radgan es procesi mimdinareobda momxdaridan ukve ramdenime dRis Semdeg. materialuri ziani mianiSnebs mxolod Setevis Sedegze da ara mis mizezze an Semtevi Zalis gadaadgilebaze, mis xelT arsebul informaciaze, an mizanze. TviTmxilvelTa monayoli qmnis mxolod nawilobriv da, zogierT SemTxvevaSi, damabnevel suraTs imisTvis, rom Sefasdes konkretuli Setevis kanoniereba.



yovelive amis gamo, arsebobs gadudebeli saWiroeba imisa, rom gagrZeldes gamoZieba da yvela monawile mxarem gaamJRavnos informacia dagegmili samizneebis, saSualebebis da meTodebis Sesaxeb, romlebic gamoyenebuli iyo konkretuli Setevebis dros da romelTa ganxorcielebamac gavlena iqonia mSvidobian mosaxleobaze. mxolod amis Semdeg iqneba SesaZlebeli gakeTdes zusti daskvnebi im mxareebis pasuxismgeblobis saxis da xarisxis Sesaxeb, romlebic monawileobdnen, an xelmZRvanelobdnen samxedro operaciebs. aseve saWiroa informacia dacviTi RonisZiebebis Sesaxeb, anu imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra nabijebi gadaidga mSvidobiani mosaxleobis dasacavad saomari moqmedebebis Sedegebisagan.

3.1 qarTuli SeiaraRebuli Zalebis Tavdasxmebi

3.1.1 dabombva da saraketo Tavdasxmebi qarTuli mxridan

qarTuli jari samxreT oseTSi Sevida 7 agvistos, daaxloebiT saRamos 11 saaTze, sami ZiriTadi mimarTulebidan. qarTuli jaris nawili daiZra pirdapir cxinvalisken mTavari gziT goridan. qarTuli SenaerTebi aseve Seecadnen samxreT oseTSi Sesvlas da cxinvalis orive mxares simaRleebis dakavebas cxinvalis dasavleTiT muguTis, didmuxas da xeTagurovos gavliT da cxinvalis aRmosavleTiT dmenisis da sarabuqis gavliT. am soflebSi da TviTon cxinvalSi qarTuli qveiTi jaris Sesvlas win uZRoda ramdenime-saaTiani saartilerio da saraketo Seteva da, garkveuli xarisxiT, sahaero dabombva. cxinvalSi umetesi ngreva gamoiwvia gradlar–is (GRADLAR MLRS - GRAD) raketebma, romelTa zusti damiznebac, rogorc cnobilia, sakmaod Znelia. TviTmxilvelTa monayoli, sabrZolo masalis tipi da ganfenili dazianebis faqtebi mWidrod dasaxlebul samoqalaqo arealebSi aSkarad amtkicebs, rom qarTulma sajariso nawilebma ganaxorcieles ganurCeveli Setevebi cxinvalze ieriSis dros 7 agvistos RamiT, ramac gamoiwvia samxreT oseTis mosaxleobaSi msxverpli da samoqalaqo obieqtebis seriozuli ngreva.

23 agvistos interviuSi vladikavkazSi osi erovnebis qalbatonma “anam”38, gauziara Amnesty International-s, Tu ra gadaxda Tavs:

me da sxva mSvidobiani moqalaqeebi, Cemi mezoblebi, vimalebodiT Zveli, or-sarTuliani Senobis sardafSi. Cemi saxli am Senobidan mxolod ramodenime metriT iyo daSorebuli, magram Cemi sardafi Zalian susti da primitiuli iyo dabombvisgan Tavis Sesafareblad. dabombva daiwyo 7 agvistos, gvian saRamos - dabombva, tankebi, TviTmfrinavebi. Cems ojaxs (ori, 12 da 14 wlis Svili myavs) eZina, rodesac dabombva daiwyo; Cven wamovxtiT sawolebidan Ramis tansacmelSi da Tavi SevafareT axlos mdgom im did Senobis sardafs. is Rame sardafSi gavatareT sinaTlisa da wylis gareSe.



bavSvebi wyals Txoulobdnen da sardafSi myofma erT-erTerTma moqalaqem, daaxloebiT 50 wlis kacma vasili bazaevma gadawyvita wyali moetana. man moitana erTi boTli wyali, magram rodesac sardafSi Camodioda, is mokles… rodesac bavSvebma isev moiTxoves wyali, me vifiqre, rom veRar gavagzavnidi sxvas sikvdilze da gadavwyvite wavsuliyavi me TviTon. sardafSi myofma erT-erTma qalbatonma miTxra, rom saxlSi puri da namcxvari hqonda da mTxova saWmeli mometana. me amovedi sardafidan daaxloebiT meore dilis 10 saaTze da davinaxe Cemi saxli (telmanis quCaze) romelic damwvari iyo - mxolod kedlebiRa iyo darCenili.

garSemo mdebare osuri soflebidan gansakuTrebulad dazianda xeTagurovo. soflis gamgeblis gancxadebiT, Setevis Sedegad daiRupa eqvsi moqalaqe da fizikuri dazianebi miiRo bevrad metma adamianma. saqarTvelos xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebma ganucxades Amnesty International-s, rom xeTagurovoSi mZime ngrevebis mizezi gaxda sofelSi da mis garSemo samxedro aRWurvilobis da cocxali Zalis seriozuli koncentracia.39 sofel xeTagurovos axalgazrda mkvidrma giorgi mamievma mouyva Amnesty International-s, Tu rogor daiRupa soflis dabombvis dros mamamisi:

maT sofels cecxli gauxsnes 7 agvistos. Tavdapirvelad

esrodnen soflis bolos da Semdgom Seuties mis centrsac. aravis egona Tu isini soflis centrsac esrodnen. mamaCemi Cvenze nerviulobda da gareT gamovida. is gamovida mxolod imisTvis, rom enaxa, ra xdeboda. mis Soriaxlos ori bombi daeca da bombis namsxvrevebma is mokla. Cven iq davrCiT kidev ori dRe, raTa dagvesaflavebina. srola grZeldeboda. 8-Si qarTvelebi Semovidnen tankebiT. meore Rames dabombva gansakuTrebiT sastiki iyo “grad”-ebiT da artileriiT. ori Wurvi Cvens saxls daeca, rodesac Cven pirvel sarTulze viyaviT.



© Amnesty International- Wurvis narCenebi, romelic moxvda saxls telmanis quCaze, cxinvali, samxreT oseTi

saqarTvelos xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi amtkiceben, rom

osebiT dasaxlebuli sxva soflebi, romlebic qarTuli kontrolis qveS imyofeboda 8 agvistos Semdeg, seriozulad ar dazianebula. aseve ar hqonia adgili marodiorobas da cecxlis gaCenas. is, rom sxva osur soflebSi mxolod mcire ngrevas hqonda adgili, aseve dasturdeba samxreT oseTis xelisuflebis da mosaxleobis mier Amnesty International-isTvis miwodebuli informaciiT. xeTagurovos mkvidrma “soslanma” ganucxada Amnesty International-s:

yvelaferi Rame daiwyo. diliT me qarTveli jariskacebi davinaxe sofelSi. isini ar Sesulan saxlebSi da xeli ar uxliaT arafrisTvis. me maTTan mivedi da maT mkiTxes, sxva vin iyo saxlSi Cems garda. Semdeg isini Sevidnen saxlSi da isev gamovidnen. isini dabrundnen naxevar saaTSi da me damakaves, magram isev gamiSves, radgan albaT miiRes brZaneba, wasuliyvnen… isini ar Sexebian Cems mSoblebs. SeiZleba isini Cems Svils eZebdnen, romelic samxedroa.

cxinvalis dabombva daiwyo daaxloebiT saRamos 11 saaTsa da 30 wuTze da ramodenime saaTi gagrZelda. Amnesty International-is mier saqarTvelos xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebisgan miRebuli informaciiT, qarTuli artileriis cecxli mimarTuli iyo sam ZiriTad mizanze:

- farTomasStabiani sabrZolo moqmedebebis dawyebamde qarTvel mSvidobismyofelebsa da qarTuli kontrolis qveS myof



soflebze ganxorcielebuli saartilerio Setevebis warmoSobis wertilebi;

- uSiSroebis informaciaze dayrdnobiT winaswar gansazRvruli samxedro samizneebi;

- farTomasStabiani sabrZolo moqmedebebis dawyebis Semdgom ganxorcielebuli saartilerio Setevebis warmoSobis wertilebi.

qarTulma SeiaraRebulma Zalebma gamoiyenes sxvadasxva saxis

sabrZolo masala cxinvalsa da mis garSemo mdebare soflebze Setevis dros, romelTa Soris iyo 122 mm-iani haubicebi, 203 mm-iani TviTmavali saartilerio sistema DANA, tankebi da GRAD-is raketebi. saqarTvelos xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebma ganucxades Amnesty International-s, rom GRAD-is raketebi gamoyenebuli iyo xeTagurovosa da cxinvalSi sam wertilze ieriSis dros.

erT-erTi aseTi wertili cxinvalSi iyo qalaqis samxreT kideze mdebare “verxni garadoki” sadac bazirebuli iyvnen rusi mSvidobismyofelebi, da saidanac saqarTvelos xelisuflebis varaudiT, xdeboda saartilerio ceclis gaxsna rusi mSvidobismyofelebis mravali gafrTxilebis miuxedavad, rom maTi poziciebi ar yofiliyo gamoyenebuli Setevebis gansaxorcieleblad. rusuli mxaris gancxadebiT, am Setevis da cxinvalis CrdiloeT nawilSi mdebare meore bazaze ieriSis Sedegad daiRupa 10 da daiWra 30 rusi mSvidobismyofeli.

qarTulma mxarem aseve aRiara GRAD-is raketebis gamoyeneba samxedro sawyobebis da sawvavis depoebze Setevisas qalaqis dasavleT nawilSi da samxedro barakebze ieriSisas Crdilo-dasavleTiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom es teritoriebi cxinvalis periferiebze imyofeba, isini mainc esazRvreba mWidrod dasaxlebul samoqalaqo dasaxlebebs. bevri raketa, romelic acda mizans, daeca samoqalaqo dasaxlebebs da seriozulad daaziana sakuTari saxlebi da gamoiwvia msxverpli mSvidobian mosaxleobaSi. Amnesty International-is warmomadgenlebma naxes samoqalaqo sakuTrebis seriozuli dazianeba am wertilebidan 100-150 metris radiusSi, gansakuTrebiT ki qalaqis samxreT da samxreT-dasavleT nawilebSi. aSkaraa, rom GRAD-is gamoyeneba mocemuli wertilebis dasabombad Seuferebeli iyo.

Amnesty International-is warmomadgenlebma aseve ixiles 7 agvistos RamiT GRAD-is raketebiT miyenebuli ngrevebi am wertilebidan minimum naxevari kilometris daSorebiT. telmanis quCa, romelic mdebareobs qalaqis CrdiloeT nawilSi, gansakuTrebiT sastikad iyo dabombili. TiTqmis srulad dangreulia 50 metrze gaSlili 10 saxli. sxva quCebi, romlebic daibomba saartilerio cecxliT, maT Soris GRAD-is raketebiT, aris leninis quCa, gamarjvebis quCa, gmirTa quCa, kalininis quCa da komarovis quCa.



cxinvalSi kazbek jioevma anaxa Amnesty International-s misi sruliad dangreuli saxli, romelic mdebareobs qalaqis samxreTSi ganlagebul sacxovrebel ubanSi. man aseve aCvena Amnesty International-s GRAD-is tipis oTxi raketis narCenebi, romlebic, misi TqmiT, mis saxls moxvda 7 agvistos Rames:

Cven vusmendiT saakaSvils, romelic ambobda, rom mzad aris

yvelanairi molaparakebebisTvis. Tavs mSvidad vgrZnobdiT… Cais vsvamdi, rodesac ucbaT srolis xma gavige, Semdeg tankebis da artileriis... Cveni yvelani qveviT CavediT. ori saaTis Semdeg afeTqebebis xma gavige, saxli Sezanzarda, saxuravi afeTqda da es oTxi GRAD-is Wurvi Cven saxls daeca. taxts da sxva avejs cecxli moekida. Cven gavigoneT TviTmfrinavis xma, romelmac Cven dagvimizna da gagvixsna avtomaturi iaraRis jeri.

me da Cemi Zma isev qvemoT davimaleT. cota xanSi kidev erTi GRAD-i Camovarda da naxevari saxli gaanadgura. me SokSi viyavi. qarTvelebi amtkiceben, rom isini rusi jariskacebis poziciebs utevdnen. es tyuilia. aq arc erTi jariskaci ar iyo. isini mSvidobian mosaxleobas esrodnen. aq araferi samxedro daniSnulebis ar yofila. aq viyaviT me, Cemi Zma da dedaCemi… me axla saxli aRar maqvs. axla kargi amindia da SemiZlia baRSi daviZino, magram ar vici ra vqna, roca gawvimdeba. me aravin mexmareba. me verasodes aRvadgen am saxls, radgan fuli ar maqvs.…

10 agvistos cxinvalis satelituri gadaRebebis analizis Sedegad, romelic Amnesty International-isTvis moipova samecniero ganviTarebis amerikulma asociaciam, dadginda 182 dazianebuli konstruqcia, romlebic ganfenili iyo mTel qalaqSi.40 miuxedavad imisa, rom cxinvalSi garkveuli ngreva gamoiwvia qarTulma artileriam da tankebma 8 da 9 agvistos quCaSi brZolebis dros da aseve rusulma artileriam, rodesac ruseTis SearaRebuli Zalebi Sediodnen qalaqSi, TviTmxilvelebis mier Amnesty International-isaTvis monaTxrobi miuTiTebs imaze, rom ngrevis umetesi nawili qarTuli Zalebis mier 7 agvistos cxinvalis dabombvas moyva.

Tumca qarTuli Zalebis cxinvalSi Sesvlamde osurma SeiaraRebulma Zalebma SesaZloa daarRvies Jenevis konvenciebis I protokolis muxli 58(b), romelic avaldebulebs mxareebs ar ganalagon samxedro obieqtebi mWidrod dasaxlebuli punqtebis SigniT, an maTTan siaxloves, rodesac cecxls uxsnidnen qarTul SenaerTebs samoqalaqo dasaxlebebis axlos mdebare wertilebidan, Amnesty International-i varaudobs, rom SesaZloa saqarTvelos SeiaraRebulma Zalebma mSvidobiani moqalaqeebiT dasaxlebul adgilebSi samizneebi SearCies dazvervis moZvelebul da uzusto monacemebze dayrdnobiT da ar gadaazustes arsebuli informacia Setevis dawyebamde. cxinvalis pirvel dabombvamde qarTuli SenaerTebi imyofebodnen cxinvalidan ramdenime kilometris moSorebiT, iseT manZilze, saidanac Zneli iqneboda osebis im



poziciebis dadgena, saidanac maT esrodnen. aseve, imis gamo, rom osuri Zalebi msubuqad iyvnen SeiaraRebulebi da sakmaod mobilurebi iyvnen, ar arsebobda garantia, rom isini isev im poziciebze imyofebodnen 7 agvistos Rames, romlebidanac cecxls xsnidnen wina dReebis ganmavlobaSi. Amnesty International-i aseve SiSobs, rom ar iyo saTanadod gaTvaliswinebuli wesebi, rogoricaa mSvidobiani mosaxleobis SeZlebisdagvarad gafrTxileba da iseTi saSualebebis da meTodebis amorCeva, romlebic, mosaxleobas rac SeiZleba nakleb zarals miayenebda.

saqarTvelos xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebma ganucxades

Amnesty International-s, rom maTi varaudiT, konfliqtis dawyebamde cxinvalis mosaxleoba daaxloebiT 7,000 iyo da es cifri mniSvnelovnad Semcirda agvistos pirveli dReebis ganmavlobaSi, maSin, rodesac samxreTis oseTi bevrma mosaxlem datova regioni situaciis gauaresebis gamo. saqarTvelos oficialuri pirebis TqmiT, romlebic iyvnen cxinvalSi 7 agvistos cecxlis SeCerebis Sesaxeb molaparakebebze, qalaqi faqtiurad carieli iyo. miuxedavad amisa, cxinvalis meris TqmiT, konfliqtamde qalaqSi mcxovrebi 30,000 adamianidan 15,000 imyofeboda cxinvalSi saqarTvelos mxridan pirveli Setevis Rames.41 samxreT oseTis parlamentis wevrma ganucxada Amnesty International-s, rom 7 agvistos Rames cxinvalSi imyofeboda sami, an oTxi aTasi mosaxle, romelTa umravlesobac didi xniT adre ukve imaleboda sakuTari saxlebis sardafebSi dabombvis Rames. im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu 7 agvistos Rames cxinvalis mosaxleoba sagrZnoblad iyo Semcirebuli, qalaqSi mainc imyofeboda ramdenime aTasi mSvidobiani moqalaqe.

Znelia saqarTvelos mier cxinvalis da misi periferiebis

dabombvis Sedegad mSvidobian mosaxlobaSi gardacvlilebis raodenobis zusti raodenobis dadgena. TviTmxilvelebis monayolis mixedviT, romlebic imyofebodnen dabombil adgilebSi, yovel quCaze daiRupa ori, an sami adamiani, xolo yvelaze mZimed dabombil quCebze 10 adamianamde. ruseTis generaluri prokuraturis mier gacxadebuli 133 daRupuli exeba mTels konfliqts da am raodenobaSi SeiZleba Sediodes ramdenime kerZo piri, romlebic monawileobdnen samxedro moqmedebebSi. Tumca, cxinvalis saavadmyofos eqimebi acxadebdnen, rom gardacvlilTa umravlesoba moxvda saavadmyofoSi 8 agvistos dilis saaTebSi. daRupulTa raodenoba SeiZleba bevrad meti yofiliyo, rom ara is garemoeba, rom dabombili saxlebis umravlesoba armirebuli betonisgan iyo naSenebi da maTSi mcxovreblebma moaxerxes gadarCeniliyvnen sardafebSi damalvis Sedegad. rogorc Cans, daRupulTa umravlesoba imyofeboda aguris saxlebSi, rodesac maT Wurvebi daeca, an imyofeboda quCaSi Wurvebis afeTqebisas da namsxvrevebis gafantvisas.

gamoyenebuli sabrZolo masalis tipi, ngrevis masStabi da

mSvidobian mosaxleobaSi msxverplis raodenoba, rac gamoiwvia qarTuli mxaris mier 7-8 agvistos Rames cxinvalis sacxovrebeli



ubnebis dabombvam miuTiTebs imaze, rom Setevis dros ar iyo gamoyenebuli sifrTxilis zomebi, rac warmoadgens I protokolis 57-e muxlis darRvevas, xolo zog SemTxvevaSi muxlis 51(4)-is darRvevas - ganurCeveli Setevis akrZalva.

3.1.2 saqarTvelos saxmeleTo jarebi

qarTuli saxmeleTo SenaerTebi Sevidnen cxinvalSi 8 agvistos diliT adre, mas Semdeg, rac cota xniT adre aiRes garSemo ganlagebuli osuri soflebi. soflebSic da cxinvalSic qarTuli saxmeleTo jarebi Sexvdnen winaaRmdegobas samxreT oseTis sxvadasxva SeiaraRebuli dajgufebisgan, romelTa Soris iyo organizebuli SenaerTebi, araformaluri SeiaraRebuli dajgufebebi da kerZo SeiaraRebuli pirebi. Tumca samxreT oseTis SeiaraRebul Zalebs hqondaT msubuqi javSan-manqanebi, maTi umetesoba gadaadgildeboda fexiT, an samoqalaqo avtomobilebiT, ris gamoc qarTuli SenaerTebisTvis Zneli iyo gaerCiaT SeiaraRebuli mebrZolebi da mSvidobiani mosaxleoba, romelic garboda, magaliTad is moqalaqeebi, romlebic gadaadgildebodnen ramdenime avtomanqaniT, romlebsac moxvdaT satanko Wurvebi xeTagurovo-cxinvalis gzaze 8 agvistos.

agvistos bolos Amnesty International-is warmomadgenlebis cxinvalSi vizitisas aqtiuri brZolis kvali etyoboda qalaqis mraval Senobas. mTavari gzebis gaswvriv mxolod mcire raodenobis fanjrebi iyo mTeli da kedlebi mravlad iyo dacxriluli avtomaturi cecxlsasroli iaraRis tyviebisgan. satanko da saartilerio cecxlisgan dazianebuli iyo ramdenime sajaro Senoba, maT Soris universiteti, centraluri biblioTeka, saavadmyofo da me-5-e da me-6-e skolebi, aseve mravali kerZo saxli. Tumca, Znelia imis Tqma, Tu risi Sedegi iyo TiToeuli konkretuli dazianeba, kombatantebs Soris srolis, Tu qarTveli jariskacebis mier ganurCeveli srolis.

qarTulma SenaerTebma datoves cxinvali da samxreT oseTis danarCeni teritoria 10 agvistos dilis saaTebSi, rusuli sahaero da saxmeleTo Zalebis daJinebuli Setevis Sedegad.

3.2 ruseTis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis Tavdasxmebi

7 agvistos saRamos qarTuli sajariso nawilebis samxreT oseTSi Sesvlis Semdgom, rusuli SenaerTebis pirveli talRa Caeba qarTul jarTan brZolaSi cxinvalidan CrdiloeTiT 8 agvistos ganmavlobaSi. rusuli da qarTuli saxmeleTo SenaerTebi agrZelebdnen brZolas 9 da 10 agvistos ganmavlobaSi, da rusuli SenaerTebi win moiwevdnen. rusulma SenaerTebma cxinvali aiRes 10



agvistos, ris Semdegac qarTuli samxedro moqmedebebi TandaTanobiT Semcirda. saqarTvelos mTavroba amtkicebs, rom qarTul jarebs miecaT brZaneba cecxlis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb 10 agvistos. 11 agvistos saqarTvelos mier samxreT oseTis dabombvis gagrZelebis mizeziT, rusuli armia agrZelebda winsvlas da dabombvebs 12 agvistomde. 12 agvistos ruseTi daTanxmda safrangeTis SuamavlobiT SemoTavazebul zavs. am droisaTvis rusulma armiam ukve gaafarTova kontrolis areali qalaq goramde, samxreT oseTis sazRvridan 20 kilometris daSorebiT da aseve daikava strategiuli wertilebi saqarTvelo-afxazeTis sazRvarTan, dasavleT saqarTveloSi. 20 agvistos ukan daxevamde rusuli armia anadgurebda da gahqonda samxedro aRWurviloba qarTuli samxedro bazebidan samxreT oseTsa da afxazeTs gareT da mwyobridan gamohyavda SerCeuli samoqalaqo infrastruqtura, rogoricaa Savi zRvis porti foTi da sarkinigzo xidi metexi-grakali, romelic akavSirebs saqarTvelos aRmosavleT da dasavleT nawilebs.

rusuli armia oqtombis meore kviramde akontrolebda egreT wodebul “buferul” da “usafrTxoebis zonebs”, romlebic mdebareobs samxreT oseTisa da afxazeTis 1990 wels arsebul sazRvrebs gareT. rusulma SenaerTebma gasvla daiwyes 8 oqtombers da zogierT raionebSi qarTulma mosaxleobam daiwyo saxlebSi dabruneba.

3.2.1 ruseTis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis sahaero da saraketo Tavdasxmebi

ruseTis mxridan sahaero da saartilerio dabombva gagrZelda oTxi dRis ganmavlobaSi, 8-dan 12 agvistomde. saqarTvelos mTavrobis mier Amnesty International-isTvis miwodebuli informaciiT, rusulma sahaero Zalebma 75-jer dabombes saqarTvelos teritoria, maT Soris iseTi regionebi, sadac manamde ar iyo sabrZolo moqmedebebi, rogoricaa aWaris avtonomiuri respublika, imereTis regioni da Tbilisi.42 Amnesty International-is moTxovna ruseTis xelisuflebis mimarT, moewodebinaT informacia rusuli samxedro Zalebis mier sabrZolo moqmedebebis ganxorcielebis da mSvidobiani mosaxleobisaTvis riskis Sesamcireblad miRebuli zomebis Sesaxeb, upasuxod darCa.

TviTmxilvelTa informaciiT, dabombvis meti nawili moxda samxreT oseTSi sofel eredvis garSemo da goris raionSi, sofel tyviavis da varianis garSemo. rogorc Cans, eTnikuri qarTuli soflebi cxinvalis CrdiloeTiT qurTadan TamaraSenamde naklebi intensivobiT daibomba. qalaqi gori daibomba oTx an xuT lokalizebul wertilSi, 8-dan 12 agvistomde ganxorcielebuli ramdenime calkeuli Setevis dros.



qarTuli mxridan cxinvalis da mis garSemo ganlagebuli osuri soflebis dabombvisgan gansxvavebiT, rusuli mxaris mier dasaxlebuli teritoriebis dabombva ar SeiZleba aRwerili iyos rogorc masStaburi dabombva. dabombvis umetesoba moxda qarTul samxedro poziciebze, mWidrod dasaxlebuli teritoriebidan moSorebiT. Tumca, daibomba aseve soflebi da qalaqebic, miuxedavad imisa, rom Sedegad dazianda mxolod quCebis monakveTebi da calkeuli saxlebi am soflebSi. cxinvalze qarTuli Setevisgan gansxvavebiT, rusuli dabombva xdeboda ramdenime samizneze mimarTuli calkeuli Setevis saxiT, farTo teritoriaze da grZeldeboda ramdenime dRe, imis mixedviT, Tu rogor viTardeboda samxedro situacia xmeleTze. Setevebis TviTmxilvelebi adastureben, rom am teritoriebze imyofeboda samxedro obieqtebi. Tumca, Amnesty International-is warmomadgenlebma aseve moismines ramdenime monaTxrobi, rom daibomba mSvidobiani mosaxleoba da samoqalaqo obieqtebi axlos mdebare samxedro samizneebis garSemo. Sesabamisad Amnesty International-i gamoTqvmas varauds, rom SesaZloa pirdapiri Seteva ganxorcielda mSvidobian mosaxleobaze da samoqalaqo obieqtebze, rac Jenevis konvenciebis I protokolis 51(3) muxlis darRvevaa, an ganxorcielda ganurCeveli Setevebi 51(4) muxlis darRveviT.

12 agvistos, SuadRes, goris centraluri moednis sahaero dabombvis Sedegad daiRupa holandieli Jurnalisti da Svidi mSvidobiani qarTveli moqalaqe. am dabombvis mizani dRemde gaurkvevelia. moedani ar mdebareobs romelime samxedro obieqtTan axlos da axlomaxlo ar imyofeboda arc erTi qarTuli samxedro SenaerTi. Amnesty International-i esaubra Setevis Sedegad daWril maneli maisuraZes:

me daviWeri adgilobrivi municipalitetis SenobasTan axlos,

stalinis Zeglis gverdiT (goris centralur moedanze).…me quCaSi viyavi or sxva qalTan erTad. gadaifrina TviTmfrinavma da Zalian male afeTqda bombi. Wurvis namsxvevebma Tvalebi damiziana da Cven yvelani daviWeriT. am incidentis dros daiRupa Jurnalisti. me aseve davinaxe sami sxva daRupulis gvami. me adgilobrivi municipalitetis SenobasTan axlos vcxovrob. dabombvis dros Cemi saxlis yvela fanjara Caimsxvra. es moxda 12 agvistos daaxloebiT SuadRis 12 saaTze. dabombvamde rigdeboda humanitaruli daxmareba. garSemo dadiodnen moxucebi, daxmarebas elodnen. Cvenc vcdilobdiT humanitaruli daxmarebis miRebas. Cven quCis meore mxares viyaviT, magram is adamianebi, romlebic municipalitetis Senobis mxares iyvnen an daiRupnen, an seriozulad daSavdnen dabombvis dros. im dros iq qarTveli jariskacebi ar imyofebodnen, iyvnen mxolod qalaqSi darCenili moxucebi.



avTo cimakuriZe, moxuci kaci, daiWra sofel karbSi Tavis saxlTan axlos 9 agvistos dilis 11 saaTsa da 30 wuTze, mas Semdeg, rac rusulma TviTmfrinavma sofelSi ori bombi Camoagdo. Sedegad daiRupa cxra adamiani. avTo cimakuriZe Setevas Semdegnairad aRwers:

Cven mSvidobiani mosaxleoba viyaviT. maT, etyoba, SeeSalaT,

Torem Cven ratom unda davebombeT? TviTmfrinavma Zalian maRla gadaufrina sofels da ori bombi Camoagdo. Cems Tvalwin Svidi adamiani daiRupa. meore bombi soflis sxva nawilSi Camovarda da ori adamiani mokla. qarTveli jariskacebi sofelSi ar iyvnen. daaxloebiT ori kilometris daSorebiT qarTuli saartilerio SenaerTi idga, haersawinaaRmdego SeiaraRebiT. Tavidan isini am SenaerTs umiznebdnen. Semdeg TviTmfrinavi mobrunda da ori bombi sofelSi Camoagdo. namdvilad ver vifiqrebdi, rom rusebs SeeZloT CvenTvis aseTi ram gaekeTebinaT. me bevri rusi megobari myavda. me rusul armiaSic vmsaxurobdi da ver vijereb momxdars.

© Amnesty International- avTo yuraSvili, mSvidobiani mosaxle, romelic daiWra gorSi, saqarTvelo, 10 agvistos. man ar icis, Tu vin daWra is. is mogvianebiT Tbilisis saavadmyofoSi

gadmoiyvanes.

Amnesty International-ma aseve miiRo informacia rusuli

TviTmfrinavis Sesaxeb, romelic bombavda gaqceul qarTvel moqalaqeebs, romlebic moZraobdnen konfliqtis zonidan



samxreTisken. sofel kemeTis mkvidrma “makam” Amnesty International-s ganucxada: 8 agvistos warmoiSva panika, rom xeoba daibombeboda.…adgilobrivi mosaxleoba sakuTari Tavis imedad iyo mitovebuli da saxlebs tovebda manqanebiT. me mxolod erTi CanTa da pasporti wamoviRe… sxvebma saerTod verafris wamoReba ver moaswres. Cven vcdilobdiT iqauroba SemovliTi gzebiT dagvetovebina… yvela mxridan srola ismoda. ar vicodi Cemi gogona rogor damecva da ubralod sakuTari taniT vefarebodi. sxvebic ase faravdnen sakuTar Svilebs. rodesac gadavlaxeT xeoba da CavaRwieT sofel (m)ereTSi, Cvens win mimaval manqanas Wurvi moxvda da afeTqda, manqanaSi qali da kaci isxdnen. Wurvebi ecemoda mSvidobian mosaxleobas, mTel ojaxebs…

“gogam” mouyva Amnesty International-s, Tu rogor daiWra

rusuli dabombvis Sedegad, rodesac manqaniT midioda sofel varianSi: 12 agvistos me wamovedi sofel fxvenisidan (cxinvalidan samxreTiT ramodinime kilometriT daSorebuli sofeli); Cems manqanaSi ramdenime sxva mSvidobiani moqalaqe ijda. rodesac gaviare sofel varianze daaxloebiT dilis 11 saaTze, gadaifrina samma TviTmfrinavma da bombebis Camoyra daiwyo. sofeli praqtikulad carieli iyo, erTaderTi moZravi manqana Cemi iyo. me gadavwyvite, rom ufro usafrTxo iqneboda manqana gameCerebina da Cven yvelani gadmovediT. swored am dros bombi CvenTan axlos Camovarda da me daviWeri. Cvens gverdiT mdgomi mamakaci daiRupa. TviTmfrinavebis garda axlomaxlo brZolis sxva xmebi me ar gamigia. Amnesty International-ma werilobiT mimarTa ruseTis xelmZRvanelobas mocemul konkretul incidentebTan dakavSirebiT da moiTxova informacia am Setevebis samizneebis Sesaxeb da imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra meTodebiT ganisazRvra, rom isini samxedro obieqtebs utevdnen, da rom mSvidobiani mosaxleobisTvis riski minimaluri iyo. ruseTis xelmZRvanelobisgan miRebuli pasuxi am konkretul faqtebs ar Seexo.

3.2.2 ruseTis saxmeleTo Zalebi

rusi samxedroebis da osuri SeiaraRebuli Zalebis da miliciis moqmedebebis TviTmxilvelebi mkveTrad ansxvaveben rusuli qveiTi jaris disciplinirebul moqmedebas da osi meomrebis da SeiaraRebuli jgufebis (e.w. miliciis) mier xanZris gaCenas da marodiorobas. Amnesty International-ma samxreT oseTidan bevri qarTveli iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli adamianisgan Seityo, rom mTlianobaSi rusi jariskacebi qarTveli moqalaqeebis mimarT disciplinirebulad da wesis mixedviT iqceodnen.



miuxedavad amisa, Amnesty International-is warmomadgenlebi esaubrnen or daWril moqalaqes, romlebic Tbilisis saavadmyofoSi mkurnaloben, romlebmac Tqves, rom rusma samxedroebma maT axlo manZilidan esroles, rodesac isini sahaero dabombvas gaurbodnen goris raionis sofeli axaldabis midamoebSi 12 agvistos, daaxloebiT dilis 11 saaTze. “nugzari” da misi sami megobari dacvis TanamSromlad muSaobdnen goris CrdiloeTiT 10 kilometrSi mdebare satelevizio anZaze, rodesac daiwyo dabombva. gaurkvevelia, iyo Tu ara satelevizio anZa dabombvis pirdapiri mizani, magram nugzari varaudobs, rom sahaero dabombva farTo arealSi moxda, satelevizio anZis CaTvliT da gagrZelda daaxloebiT erTi saaTi. radgan im adgilas darCena usafrTxo ar iyo, nugzarma da misma samma kolegam gadawyvita, wasuliyvnen Cveulebrivi samoqalaqo avtomobiliT. satelevizio anZis datovebis dros maT Cauares satanko kolonas, romelic anZas cxinvalis mxridan uaxlovdeboda:

Cven Cveulebrivi avtomanqaniT mivdiodiT, rodesac mogviaxlovda sami rusuli tanki, romlebzec bevri jariskaci ijda. rodesac pirvelma tankma Cagviara, masze msxdomma jariskacebma cecxli gagvixsnes. meore tankze msxdomi jariskacebic gvesrodnen. es dausaxlebeli teritoriaa da Cvens garda iq aravin iyo, Tumca moSorebiT srolis xma ismoda. manqanaSi oTxni visxediT. erT-erTerTi adgilze gardaicvala. Cemi kolega (romelic gverdiT palataSi wevs) aseve daiWra. meoTxe mxolod msubuqad daiWra. mas Semdeg rac maT Cagviares, Cven manqanidan gadmovediT da tyes SevafareT Tavi. Cven mivaRwieT uaxloes sofels (axaldaba) da vcadeT saswrafos gamoZaxeba. saswrafoebs iq ar atarebdnen. sami dRe gavatareT sofelSi, sanam ar moxda Cveni evakuireba paraskevs (15 agvisto).

Amnesty International-i gansakuTrebiT SeSfoTebulia mravali monayoliT imis Sesaxeb, rom rusi jariskacebi mSvidad uyurebdnen, Tu rogor Zarcvavdnen da anadgurebdnen qarTul soflebs da aSinebdnen da Seuracxyofas ayenebdnen iq darCenil mosaxleobas samxreT oseTis samxedro Zalebi, SeiaraRebuli jgufebi da SeiaraRebuli pirebi. sofel maranas erT-erTma qarTvelma mkvidrma uTxra Amnesty International-s, Tu rogor gaafrTxiles is rusma samxedroebma, daetovebina sofeli samxreT oseTis “boevikebis” mosvlamde, radgan Semdeg mis usafrTxoebas ver uzrunvelyofdnen. ruseTis armia, rogorc okupanti Zala, valdebuli iyo uzrunveleyo mSvidobiani mosaxleobis da samoqalaqo sakuTrebis dacva maT mier kontrolirebad teritoriaze. marTalia amis ganxorcieleba Zneli iyo konfliqtis pirvel dReebSi, rodesac rusuli SenaerTebi jer kidev ebrZodnen qarTul jars, magram eTnikuri qarTvelebis sakuTrebis Zarcva da ganadgureba da samxreT oseTSi da garSemo “buferul zonaSi” darCenili qarTvelebis daSineba farTo masStabiT grZeldeboda aqtiuri sabrZolo

cecxlmokidebuli saxlebi samxreT oseTis qarTul sofel eredvSi, 2008 wlis 26 agvisto © Varvara Pakhomenko

qveynis SigniT iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli pirebi TbilisSi, 2008 wlis 20 agvisto. © Amnesty International

samxreT oseTSi mdebare qalaq cxinvalis, 2008 wils 10 agvistos gadaRebuli Tanamgzavruli foto, romelic asaxavs ngrevebis suraTs 10 da 19 agvistos. narinjisferi wertilebiT aRniSnulia 10 agvistos dafiqsirebuli ngrevebi, xolo wiTeli wertilebiT, ki 19 agvistos momxdari dazianeba. wertilebi suraTis zeda nawilSi (CrdiloeTiT) da bolos marjvniv (samxreT-aRmosavleTi) asaxavs TamaraSenis da ertneTis Sefasebebs, Tanmimdevrulad. aRsaniSnavia, rom cxinvalSi momxdari ngrevebis umetesobas adgili qonda 10 agvistomde, an 10 agvistos (sul dazianebuli iyo 182 konstruqcia) da mxolod 4 dazianebuli konstruqcia daemata

19 agvistos. © 2008 GeoEye

19 agvistos gadaRebuli, samxreT oseTSi mdebare qarTuli soflis, TamaraSenis Tanamgzavruli

foto. wiTeli wertilebiT aRniSnulia yvela dazianebuli Senoba (sul 152 konstruqcia). © 2008 ImageSat

dangreuli Senobebi samxreT oseTis qalaq cxinvalSi, taelmanis quCaze, 2008 wlis 29 seqtemberi.

© Amnesty International

dabombili Senoba gorSi, saqarTvelo, 2008 wlis 29 seqtemberi. © Amnesty International



moqmedebebis formaluri dasrulebidan ramdenime kviris ganmavlobaSi. naTelia, rom ruseTis xelmZRvanelobam calsaxad ver SeZlo ganexorcielebina Tavisi valdebuleba da Tavidan aecilebina represiebi da adamianis uflebebis seriozuli darRvevis faqtebi, romlebsac axorcielebdnen samxreT oseTis SeiaraRebuli Zalebi da araformaluri SeiaraRebuli danayofebi. “buferul zonebSi”, rogorc okupant Zalas, ruseTs pasuxismgebloba hqonda Jenevis meoTxe konvenciis Sesabamisad. es niSnavs, rom is pirvel rigSi pasuxismgebeli iyo am teritoriebze myofi qarTuli mosaxleobis usafrTxoebasa da keTildReobaze. Tumca samxreT oseTSi is formalurad SeiZleba ar iTvleboda okupant Zalad, is mainc pasuxismgebeli iyo adamianis uflebebis samarTlis mimarT da unda pativi eca da daecva yvela im adamianis uflebebi, romlebic misi uSualo kontrolis qveS iyvnen.

3.3 “kaseturi” bombebis gamoyeneba Amnesty International-i SeSfoTebulia am konfliqtSi “kaseturi”

bombebis gamoyenebis gamo, rac pirvelad moxda 2006 wlis israeli-libanis konfliqtis Semdeg. “kaseturi” bombi aris iaraRi, romelic Sedgeba uamravi feTqebadi mcire Wurvisgan, romlebic ifanteba konteineridan. “kaseturi” iaraRi seriozul risks uqmnis mSvidobiani mosaxleobis sicocxles maTi gamoyenebis momentSic da sabrZolo moqmedebebis dasrulebis Semdegac. es xdeba imis gamo, rom “kaseturi” iaraRi azianebs did teritorias da uamravi mcire zomis Wurvi rCeba aufeTqebeli. aufeTqebeli mcire Wurvebi ganurCevlad azianebs da asaxiCrebs adamianebs konfliqtis dasrulebis Semdgom, xels uSlis humanitaruli daxmarebis miwodebas, samSvidobo operaciebs da konfliqtis Semdgom sarekonstruqcio samuSaoebs. am mizezebis gamo, Amnesty International-i mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi iTxovda “kaseturi” bombebis gamoyenebaze moratoriumis dawesebas. saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba aqtiurad midis konsensusisken, rom “kaseturi” iaraRis gamoyeneba, Senaxva da transportireba unda aikrZalos. swored amitom, 2008 wlis maisSi 100-ze metma qveyanam miiRo konvencia “kasetur” SeiaraRebaze. arc saqarTvelos da arc ruseTs am konvenciaze xeli ar mouweriaT.

arsebobs utyuari damadasturebeli faqtebi, rom rusulma da qarTulma samxedro Zalebma, orivem, gamoiyenes “kaseturi” bombebi, iaraRi, romelic farTod aris gavrcelebuli yofili sabWoTa respublikebis SeiaraRebaSi, Tumca oqtombris Sua ricxvebSi mxolod saqarTvelom aRiara am iaraRis gamoyeneba. 1 seqtembers saqarTvelos xelisuflebam sajarod gamoacxada, rom "kaseturi” bombebi gamoyenebuli iyo mxolod rusuli mZime teqnikis da samxedro aRWurvilobis winaaRmdeg rokis gvirabis midamoebSi 8 agvistos dilis saaTebSi.43 7 oqtombers, saqarTvelos xelmZRvanelma pirebma ganumartes Amnesty International-s, rom “kaseturi” iaraRi gamoyenebuli iyo mxolod qarTuli saxmeleTo Zalebis mier. es iyo MK4 LAR160



tipis raketebi M85 mcire zomis WurvebiT, romlebsac isrodnen GRADLAR160 tipis saraketo sistemebiT. saqarTvelos xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebma agreTve ganumartes Amnesty International-is, rom aseTi tipis “kaseturi” iaraRi aseve gamoyenebuli iyo 8 agvistos Setevisas ruseTis da oseTis SeiaraRebul Zalebis winaaRmeg Zaras SemovliT gzaze, romelic cxinvalidan CrdiloeTisken midis, im mimarTulebiT, saidanac ruseTis Zalebi Semovidnen.

Amnesty International-i varaudobs, rom im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu am

Setevebis mizani samxedro obieqtebi iyo, “kaseturi” iaraRis buneba qmnis saSiSroebas mSvidobiani mosaxleobisTvis. savaraudoa, rom “kaseturi” iaraRis gamoyenebisas rokis gvirabis midamoebSi mainc iyo mSvidobiani mosaxleobis garkveuli gadaadgileba, radgan gvirabi iyo mTavari gza samxreT oseTis mosaxleobisTvis, romelic CrdiloeTiT midioda. saqarTvelos xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi amtkiceben, rom qarTvelebis mier “kaseturi” iaraRis gamoyenebisas Zaris gzaze mSvidobiani mosaxleoba ar imyofeboda, radgan samoqalaqo transportis yvelanairi moZraoba SeCerda am teritoriaze sabrZolo operaciebis ganmavlobaSi, rac daadastures qarTvelma mzveravebma. Amnesty International-i ver amtkicebs, iyvnen Tu ara samoqalaqo pirebi Zaris gzaze qarTvelebis mier “kaseturi” bombebis gamoyenebis momentSi. Tumca, naTelia, rom ramdenime aTasi mSvidobiani moqalaqe swored 8 agvistos ganmavlobaSi tovebda sakuTar saxlebs da moZraobda saqarTvelos centraluri nawilisken da CrdiloeT oseTis mimarTulebiT da rom Zaris gza iyo swored mTavari derefani CrdiloeTisken moZravi samxreT oseTis moqalaqeebisTvis. Amnesty International-is warmomadgenlebma miiRes informacia vladivkavkazSi iZulebiT gadadgilebuli samxreT oseTis ramdenime moqalaqisgan, rom Zaris gza ibombeboda maSin, rodesac isini am gziT midiodnen 8 agvistos.

M85 “kaseturi” iaraRis narCenebi da dazianebis niSnebi

samxreT oseTis misadgomebTan mdebare soflebis midamoebSi miuTiTebs imaze, rom qarTul SeiaraRebul Zalebs “kaseturi” iaraRi mxolod Zaris gzaze da rokis gvirabis midamoebSi ar gamouyenebiaT. rodesac mizanSi amoRebuli rusuli jari goris raionSi Sedioda, marTalia, adgilobrivi mosaxleobis umetesi nawili, ZiriTadad, qarTvelebi, ukve gasuli iyvnen, bevri mosaxle jer kidev iq rCeboda.

rogorc zemoT iyo aRniSnuli, “kaseturi” bombis aufeTqebeli narCenebi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi rCeba mosaxleobisTvis safrTxis saxiT. saqarTvelos xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebma ganacxades, rom maT mier gamoyenebul M85 tipis mcire Wurvebs aqvs TviTganadgurebis meqanizmi da, rom Wurvebi ar rCeba brZolis velze da safrTxes ar uqmnis megobrul samxedro Zalebs da mSvidobian mosaxleobas.44 miuxedavad amisa, TviTganadgurebis meqanizmis moqmedebas “kaseturi” iaraRis gasauvnebelsayofad ar endobian arasamTavrobo organizaciebi da samxedro eqspertebi.45 gaeros mier ganxorcielebuli gawmendis samuSaoebis ganmavlobaSi israeli-



libanis bolodroindeli konfliqtis Semdgom, aRmoCenili iqna aufeTqebeli M85 tipis mcire zomis Wurvebis didi raodenoba.46 savele kvlevebma, romlebic Catarda konfliqtis Semdeg aCvena, rom SemTxveveebi, rodesac meqanizmi ar amoqmedda, 6-dan 10 procentamde iyo, rac bevrad metia im 1 procentze, romelsac amtkiceben is qveynebi, romlebic am iaraRs iyeneben.

Tumca ruseTi kvlav uaryofs “kaseturi” bombebis gamoyenebas,

Amnesty International-is warmomadgenlebma mravali damoukidebeli TviTmxilvelisgan moismines aseTi bombebis SesaZlo gamoyenebis Sesaxeb qvemo xviTSi, tirZnisSi, tyviavSi, fxvenisSi, kexvSi, ruisSi da axaldabaSi, ufro metad 8 agvistos, da aseve Semdgom dReebSic. goris CrdiloeTiT mdebare soflebis garSemo napovni iyo fizikuri nivTmtkiceba imisa, rom gamoyenebuli iyo AO 2.5 RTM kaseturi bombebi (romlebic TviTmfrinavidan iyreba RBK 500 bombebiT) da Uragan-idan gatyorcnili M210 mcire zomis bombebi. im dros am adgilebSi jer kidev mravlad iyo mSvidobiani mosaxleoba, romlis didi nawili sxvadasxva gzebiT cdilobda konfliqtis zonis datovebas. arsebobs aseve varaudi, rom 12 agvistos goris centraluri moednis dabombvisas gamoyenebuli iyo swored “kaseturi” iaraRi.47

iuri sekmiaSvili mZimed daiWra 12 agvistos dilis 10-dan 11

saaTamde axaldabis maxloblad dabombvis dros. Amnesty International-Tan intervius dros man aRwera mravali mcire afeTqeba da ganacxada, rom is dazianda mcire zomis bombis mis gverdiT afeTqebis Sedegad. Amnesty International-Tan saubrisas beJan basiliZem aRwera Seteva “kaseturi” bombebiT, romelsac is Seeswro qvemo xviTSi 8 agvistos saRamos 6-dan 7 saaTamde.

saRamo iyo. ucbaT saSineli xma gavige. me davinaxe afeTqeba haerSi da bombebi setyvasaviT wamovida; yoveli maTgani 3-4 metris farTobze feTqdeboda. yvelaferi afeTqda - miwa, saxlebis saxuravebi. daiWra Svidi adamiani, da daSavdnen Zroxebic. im teritoriaze qarTveli jariskacebi ar imyofebodnen. isini naSuadRevs gorisken wavidnen.

Amnesty International-i kvlav mouwodebs yvela mxares sajarod

gamocxaddes yvelanairi informacia am konfliqtSi “kaseturi” iaraRis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb, raTa SesaZlebeli gaxdes mosaxleobis Sesabamisad gafrTxileba da aufeTqebeli Wurvebis gawmendis samuSaoebi.

3.4 naRmebi

saqarTvelos xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi varaudoben, rom ruseTis SeiaraRebuli Zalebma danaRmes gzebi da sarkinigzo xazebi svaneTis regionSi, afxazeTTan axlos da goris midamoebSi. es



informacia saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa saministrom Amnesty International-s 2007 wlis 7 oqtombers miawoda. 24 agvistos, navTobiT datvirTuli matarebeli afeTqda naRmze goridan dasavleTiT xuTi kilometris moSorebiT. qarTuli mxare acxadebs, rom naRmebi da aufeTqebeli saartilerio Wurvebi napovni iyo aseve sxva adgilebSi rkinigzis xazis gaswvriv. goris raionis baRebSi da bostnebSi aseve napovnia qveiTsawinaaRmdego naRmebi. Amnesty International-isTvis qarTuli mxaris mier miwodebuli informaciiT, 24 agvistos gorSi, sakuTar baRSi naRmze afeTqda qali, xolo tirZnisSi daiWra erTi mamakaci.

3.5 samxreT oseTis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis da samxedro dajgufebebis qcevis formebi saomari moqmedebebis dros

Amnesty International-is mier Segrovili TviTmxilvelTa monayolis mixedviT Cans, rom rusul armias moyvebodnen samxreT oseTis regularuli jaris nawilebi da samxedro dajgufebebi. am ukanasknelebs ZiriTadad uwodeben “milicias” (“opolCenci” rusulad da “SeiaraRebuli dajgufebebi” qarTulad) da maTi zusti Semadgenloba daudgenelia. konfliqtis wina dReebSi gavrcelda informacia 300 osi moxalisis Camosvlis Sesaxeb, romlebic manamde CrdiloeT oseTis policiaSi msaxurobdnen.48 gavrcelebuli informaciiT, samxreT oseTis “de faqto” prezidentma eduard kokoiTim gasca brZaneba am moxaliseTa samxreT oseTis “de faqto” Sinagan jarebSi integraciis Sesaxeb. gavrcelda aseve informacia CrdiloeT kavkasiis sxva eTnikuri jgufebis warmomadgenlebis samxreT oseTSi Sesvlis Sesaxeb saomari moqmedebebis dawyebis Semdeg. es pirovnebebi samxreT oseTis mxares ibrZodnen. Amnesty International-ma aseve Seityo, rom konfliqtis pirvel dReebSi CrdiloeT oseTSi gaqceul mamakacTa umetesoba dabrunda samxreT oseTSi brZolebSi monawileobis misaRebad. samxreT oseTis ramdenime warmomadgenelma, romlebsac Amnesty International-i esaubra CrdiloeT da samxreT oseTSi, ganacxades, rom isini iaraRiT xelSi monawileobdnen brZolebSi. yovelive amis gamo Zalian Znelia im jgufebis zusti Semadgenlobis dadgena, romlebsac TviTmxilvelebi “samxreT oseTis milicias” (SeiaraRebul dajgufebebs) uwodeben. Amnesty International-is mier mopovebuli informaciiT, “milicia” Sedgeboda sxvadasxva eTnikuri jgufebis warmomadgenlebisgan da maTi sasaubro ena rusuli iyo. umetes SemTxvevaSi Cans, rom es jgufebi Cndebodnen rusuli saxmeleTo Zalebis an sahaero Setevebis Semdeg. TviTmxilvelebi da humanitaruli organizaciebis warmomadgenlebi aseve acxadeben, rom es jgufebi moZraobdnen “buferul zonebSi”, romlebic Seqmna rusulma mxarem da romlebsac is akontrolebda



sabrZolo moqmedebebis dasrulebis Semdeg da Semdgomi ramdenime kviris ganmavlobaSi. Cans, rom am jgufebis umravlesoba Zalian sustad asrulebda samxreT oseTis samxedro xelmZRvanelobis brZanebebs, xolo samxreT oseTis SeiaraRebuli Zalebi moqmedebdnen ruseTis samxedro SenaerTebTan TanamSromlobiT. Amnesty International-i SeSfoTebulia eTnikuri qarTvelebis seriozuli daCagvriT ruseTis mxaris mier kontrolirebad samxreT oseTSi da “buferul zonebSi”. Amnesty International-ma daafiqsira ukanono mkvlelobebis, cemis, daSinebis, xanZris gaCenis da Zarcvis faqtebi, romlebic ganaxorcieles samxreT oseTis mxaresTan asocirebulma SeiaraRebulma dajgufebebma, romlebic moqmedebdnen ruseTis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis mxardaWeriT. Tumca eTnikuri qarTuli soflebis Zarcva da marodioroba ZiriTadad xdeboda samxreT oseTis teritoriaze da konfliqtis Semdgom mxolod mTavari gzebis gaswvriv mdebare qarTuli soflebis oportunistuli reidebiT regionis sazRvrebs gareT, is aseve TandaTanobiT gavrcelda mimdebare “buferul zonebzec”, romlebic rusuli Zalebis pirdapiri kontrolis qveS imyofeboda Semdgomi kvirebis ganmavlobaSi. miuxedavad amisa, seriozulad ar dazianebula qarTvelebiT dasaxlebuli soflebi samxreT oseTSi, romlebic imyofeboda samxreT oseTis “de faqto” administraciis kontrolis qveS.

ruseTis, rogorc samxreT oseTSi da “buferul zonaSi”

okupanti Zalis pasuxismgebloba, gansazRvrulia saxmeleTo omis kanonebis da wesebis (haagis normebi) 42-e muxlSi: “teritoria iTvleba okupirebulad, rodesac is kontroldeba mowinaaRmdege armiis mier. okupacia vrceldeba mxolod im teritoriaze, sadac aseTi kontroli damyarebulia da xorcieldeba”. aseT situaciaSi okupantma Zalam “unda miiRos yvela SesaZlo zomebi samoqalaqo wesrigis da usafrTxoebis aRsadgenad da pativi sces, Tuki srulad ar aris gauqmebuli, qveyanaSi arsebul kanonmdeblobas”. (haagis normebi, muxli 43)

Jenevis meoTxe konvencia adgens okupanti Zalis mier

adgilobrivi mosaxleobis mopyrobis wesebs. mosaxleobas ewodeba “daculi adamianebi”. wesebi ukrZalavs okupant Zalas daculi adamianebis TviTneburad mokvlas, araswor mopyrobas, an maT deportacias. okupanti Zala pasuxismgebelia misi kontrolis qveS myofi mosaxleobis keTildReobaze. es niSnavs, rom kanoni da wesrigi SenarCunebulia da dakmayofilebulia mosaxleobis yvela ZiriTadi moTxovnileba.

ruseTi srulad iyo pasuxismgebeli usafrTxoebis, kanonis da

wesrigis SenarCunebaze da mis mier kontrolirebad teritoriaze myofi mSvidobiani mosaxleobis keTildReobaze. aqedan gamomdinare, rusuli mxare samxreT oseTis “de faqto” xelmZRvanelobasTan erTad aris pasuxismgebeli adamianis uflebebis darRvevebze, romlebic



Caidines samxreT oseTis SeiaraRebulma dajgufebebma, raSic igulisxmeba Zarcva, xanZris gaCena da sxva Setevebi, romlebic ganxorcielda samxreT oseTis 1990 wlis sazRvrebs SigniT da maT gareT saqarTvelos danarCen teritoriaze.

3.5.1 samxreT oseTis SeiaraRebuli dajgufebebis Tavdasxmebi moqalaqeebze Amnesty International-i seriozulad SeSfoTebulia samxreT oseTTan asocirebuli dajgufebebis mSvidobian mosaxleobaze Tavdasxmis faqtebis gamo konfliqtis mimdinareobis dros da misi dasrulebis Semdgom. mraval SemTxvevaSi samxreT oseTis SeiaraRebuli jgufebi da araregularuli nawilebi Sediodnen soflebSi, romlebic carieli iyo, da sadac mxolod moxucebi da umweoebi rCebodnen. TviTmxilvelTa monayoliT, “milicielebi” mosaxleobisgan iTxovdnen iqaurobis datovebas. Amnesty International-is mier mopovebuli informaciiT, im adamianebs, romlebic uars ambobdnen wasvlaze, zogierT SemTxvevaSi cemdnen da/an klavdnen. zogierTi adamiani ukontrolo Zarcvis dros gaxda am dajgufebebis msxverpli.

samxreT oseTSi, cxinvalidan aRmosavleTiT mdebare sofeli disevis mkvidrma “anim” mouTxro Amnesty International-s: yvela qarTuli sofeli gadawves. gadarCa mxolod is saxlebi, sadac osuri warmoSobis colebi yavdaT ojaxSi. amas akeTebdnen osi separatistebi da rusebis da kazakebis dajgufebebi; maT Savi formebi ecvaT da niRbebi ekeTaT. erT-erTi maTgani, romelic tankze ijda, qarTuladac ki laparakobda. Cemi mezobeli, romelmac maTTvis winaaRmdegobis gaweva scada, mokles. 27 agvistos samxreT oseTis sofel avnevSi Amnesty International-i esaubra or moxuc qarTvel mamakacs, romlebic sofelSi darCnen danarCeni mosaxleobis wasvlis Semdeg. maTi gancxadebiT:

me oci weli soflis skolis direqtorad vimuSave. Sereuli skola iyo, swavlobdnen da muSaobdnen qarTvelebic da osebic. Cvens sofelSi 350 ojaxi iyo da aqedan daaxloebiT 200 ojaxSi osuri warmoSobis erTi wevri mainc iyo. isini yvelani wavidnen rodesac qarTulma nawilebma cxinvals Seuties. darCnen mxolod martoxela moxucebi. aq maT mxolod ori adamiani mokles. Sura, Cemi mezobeli Zalian avad iyo, is 50 wlis iyo, rodesac sakuTar saxlSi dawves. maT kidev erTi, daaxloebiT 50 wlis mamakaci mokles. maT ceclix mokideba daiwyes dilis 11 saaTze da ase grZeldeboda yovel Rame. am xalxs Cveulebrivi samoqalaqo tansacmeli da samxedro formebic ecvaT. me davinaxe axalgazrda, albaT 20 wlis biWi, romelic sxva or biWs eZaxda male gamoetanaT nivTebi da Camxtariyvnen manqanaSi. Semdeg davinaxe, rom im saxls, romlidanac isini gamovidnen, cecxli ekida. Tumca, me SevZeli cecxli Cameqro. [samxreT oseTis



ombudsmenis Carevis Sedegad ICRC-im es ori mamakaci TbilisSi gadmoiyvana, sadac isini sakuTar ojaxebs SeuerTdnen.]

21 agvistos, Tbilisis saavadmyofoSi Amnesty International-i esaubra “revazs”, romelmac fizikuri dazianebebi miiRo goris Zarcvis dros, zavis gamocxadebidan mcire xanSi:

marodiorebis jgufebi da milicia gamudmebiT isroda gorSi. isini iparavdnen yvelafers, rac xvdebodaT. sami “boeviki” Cems manqanas esroda. me TirkmelSi daviWeri. gverdiT mimavali erTi pirovnebac daiWra.

3.5.2 xanZari da marodioroba: konfliqtamde pro-qarTuli de faqto xelisuflebis administraciuli kontrolis qveS myofi qarTvelebiT dasaxlebuli soflebi

Amnesty International-ma daafiqsira samxreT oseTis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis da SeiaraRebuli dajgufebebis mier farTomasStabiani Zarcvis da xanZris gaCenis faqtebi qarTul soflebSi, romlebic konfliqtamde pro-qarTuli “de faqto” administraciis kontrolis qveS imyofeboda. TviTmxilvelTa monaTxrobi, Amnesty International-is dakvirveba, Tanamgzavridan gadaRebuli masala, romelic moipova Amnesty International-ma, adasturebs mraval dasaxlebaSi masiur ngrevebs, romlebic cecxlis Sewyvetis Semdeg moxda.

Zarcva da xanZris gaCena koncentrirebuli iyo cxinvalis CrdiloeTiT da aRmosavleTiT mdebare qarTul soflebze, romlebic konfliqtis dawyebamde asocirebuli iyo Tbilisis mxardaWeriT moqmed, alternatiul administraciasTan, dimitri sanakoevis xelmZRvanelobiT. gansakuTrebiT mZimed dazianda soflebi qexvi, qurTa, qvemo aCabeTi, zemo aCabeTi, TamaraSeni, ergneTi, qemerti, berula da eredvi.49 saqarTvelos oficialuri wyaroebis mixedviT, qurTas, TiRvis da eredvis mosaxleoba daaxloebiT 14,500 adamians Seadgenda da konfliqtis Sedegad TiTqmis srulad iqna iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli. 26 seqtembrisTvis saqarTvelos samoqalaqo reestris saagentos am dasaxlebebidan 13,260 iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli piri hyavda registrirebuli.50 samxreT oseTSi mdebare zogierT qarTul sofelSi saxlebis da sakuTrebis xelyofa moxda saomari moqmedebebis dasrulebis Semdgom da ara maT Sedegad. Tanamgzavruli gadaReba, romelic Amnesty International-s moawoda amerikis samecniero ganviTarebis asociaciam, aCvenebs, rom 10 agvistos TamaraSenSi aranairi ngreva ar yofila. Tumca 19 agvistos gadaRebul Tanamgzavrul fotoebze TamaraSenSi 152 dazianebuli Senoba Cans.51 im droisTvis, rodesac Amnesty International-is warmomadgenlebma SeZles am soflebis



monaxuleba agvistos bolos, isini faqtobrivad carieli iyo da mxolod ramdenime Senoba iyo mTeli.

qarTuli administraciis kontrolis qveS myofi soflebis farTomasStabiani Zarcva grZeldeboda saomari moqmedebebis dasrulebidan daaxloebiT ori kviris ganmavlobaSi. 13-14 agvistos TviTmxilvelebis monayoli avlens mxolod mcire raodenobis Zarcvas, magram TiTqmis ori kviris Semdeg, 26 agvistos igive soflebSi vizitisas Amnesty International-is warmomadgenlebi TviTon gaxdnen Zarcvis da marodiorobis mowmeebi.

Amnesty International-is mier gamokiTxuli TviTmxilvelebis TqmiT, qarTuli administraciis qveS myof soflebSi rusuli SeiaraRebuli Zalebis Sesvlis dros soflebSi imyofeboda mxolod ramdenime aTeuli mosaxle, ZiriTadad moxucebi da umweoebi, an isini, visac sakuTari saxlebis mitoveba ar undoda. samxreT oseTis sofel qurTas mkvidrma erT-erTma aseTma pirovnebam, moxucma qalbatonma ninam uambo Amnesty International-s:

samxedro formaSi Cacmuli mamakacebi baRebSi dadiodnen. isini rusulad laparakobdnen, magram rusi jariskacebi ar iyvnen. Cemi azriT isini iyvnen osebi, CeCnebi, azielebi, SeiZleba uzbekebi da kazakebi. maT yvelas erTnairi formebi ecvaT da “kalaSnikovebiT” iyvnen SeiaraRebulebi. maT qurTaSi daaxloebiT 15 saxli dawves da satvirTo manqanebiT saqoneli waiyvanes. qurTas rom vtovebdiT, davinaxeT rogor itacebdnen Cvens or mezobels. marodiorebma isini manqanaSi Catenes. Cven qurTa davtoveT fexiT 13 agvistos. eredvSi CavediT xeiTis gavliT. eredvSi vnaxeT mokluli mamakaci, qali da ori bavSvi. gza gavagrZeleT da CavediT sofel dicSi (samxreT oseTis gareT). dicSi moklulebi ar minaxavs, magram zogierTi saxli damwvari iyo. Cven gavcdiT dics da CavediT tirZnisSi. iqac uamravi damwvari saxli da quCaSi miyril-moyrili nivTebi vnaxeT. Rame iq gavaTeneT da Semdeg gavagrZeleT gza tyviavisken. iqac uamravi mokluli vnaxeT, manqanebis da mikro-avtobusebis qveS. yvela mokluli mSvidobiani moqalaqe iyo, mokluli qarTveli jariskacebi me iq ar minaxavs....”



© Amnesty International- nina qurTadan, iZulebiT gadaadgilebulTa centrSi TbilisSi, saqarTvelo, 2008 wlis 22 agvisto

arsebuli informaciiT, 13 agvistos rusma jariskacebma mxolod gzebi gadaketes da sakontrolo-gamSvebi punqtebi gaxsnes am soflebis Sesasvlel-gasasvlelebSi. 24 agvistos Amnesty International-is warmomadgenlebma Tavad naxes, rom am sakontrolo-gamSveb punqtebs akontrolebdnen samxreT oseTis SeiaraRebuli Zalebi. isini akontrolebdnen am soflebis Sesasvlel-gasasvlelebs da mTavar gzas, romelic cxinvalidan CrdiloeTiT miemarTeba. 27 agvistos javidan cxinvalSi mgzavrobisas Amnesty International-is warmomadgenlebma naxes sruli ngrevis faqtebi, gaZarcvuli da gadamwvari saxlebi. xeluxlebeli Canda mxolod ramdenime axali Senoba da adgilobrivi parki. qurTaSi, dimitri sanakoevis alternatiuli administraciis SenobasTan Amnesty International-is warmomadgenlebma naxes ori mamakaci, romlebic saofise avejs satvirTo avtomobilze awyobdnen. Amnesty International-is warmomadgenlebs 27 agvistos zemoT naxseneb soflebSi ar unaxavT adgilobrivi mosaxleoba; iq ar imyofebodnen arc rusi samxedroebi.

am soflebidan iZulebiT gadaadgilebulTa garkveuli nawili fexiT Cavida gorSi agvistos bolos. cxinvalidan 18 kilometris daSorebiT, Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT mdebare, qarTul-osuri soflis, beloTis mkvidrma qalbatonma iram Amnesty International-s gorSi ganucxada:



9 agvistos beloTSi osuri milicia Semovida. srola daiwyes daaxloebiT naSuadRevs pirvel saaTze. maT daWres soflis policieli da moiTxoves yvelanairi iaraRis maTTvis Cabareba. srolis xmaze soflis axalgazrdoba tyeSi gaiqca, da mTeli soflis mosaxleoba mimoifanta.…Cven aRmovCndiT soflis meore mxares, tyeSi da… iqidan vuyurebdiT momxdars. igive dRes osurma miliciam cecxli waukida da dawva saxlebi… Cven davinaxeT, rogor mihqondaT os milicionerebs yvelaferi satvirTo manqanebiT. amis Semdeg isini saxlebs wvavdnen. sofelSi darCnen mxolod moxucebi da umweoebi, magram am adamianebsac osebi eubnebodnen ‘wadiT aqedan! Cven aq qarTvelebi ar gvWirdeba. Cven Tqvens saxlebs vwvavT, rom Tqveni Svilebi aq aRar dabrundnen’… rusebs Cven ar SevuwuxebivarT, mxolod osuri SeiaraRebul;i dajgufebebi iyvnen… adgilobrivi osuri mosaxleobac ki maT SeuerTda, adamianebi adgilobrivi administraciidan, romlebsac me vicnobdi.…

cxinvalidan aRmosavleTiT mdebare sofel disevis mkvidrma orma qalbatonma ganucxada Amnesty International-s:

me vxedavdi, rogor anadgurebdnen Cven saxlebs rusebi da osebi. rusulma TviTmfrinavebma dabombes soflebi da Semdeg movidnen jariskacebi. maT erT-erTi adgilobrivi mamakaci gamoiyvanes, cemes da mokles. daiwyes yvela saxlis Zarcva… es iyo gamiznuli Zarcva da Semdeg dawva.…rusi jariskacebi ZarcvaSi ar monawileobdnen, isini ubralod idgnen sakontrolo-gamSveb postebze da uyurebdnen, rogor iZarcveboda sofeli.…

maT mxolod qarTvelebis saxlebi gaanadgures. Sereuli ojaxebis saxlebi gadarCa, danarCeni srulad dawves osebma da rusebma… ar vici, is rusebi kazakebi iyvnen Tu ara… Savgremani adamianebi iyvnen, samxedro formaSi da zog maTgans niRabi ekeTa. maT mokles Cemi mezobeli, romelmac maTi SeCereba scada… yvelaferi gamohqondaT saxlebidan da Semdeg saxlebs wvavdnen… Cems mezobels osi coli hyavda da mis saxls ar Sexebian.… maTi mizani is saxlebi iyo, sadac jariskacebi, an policielebi cxovrobdnen.…

Sereuli qarTul-osuri dasaxlebebis kidev erT arealSi, soflebSi avnevsa da nulSi, Amnesty International-ma ixila msgavsi suraTi. saxlebis umetesoba gaZarculi da damwvari iyo, Tumca ngrevis done SedarebiT dabali iyo. zogierTi saxlis WiSkarze Amnesty International-is warmomadgenlebma ixiles warwerebi “iron” (“osebi”) da “zaniato” (“dakavebulia”). es saxlebi gaZarculi iyo, magram ara damwvari an dangreuli. Amnesty International-is warmomadgenlebma naxes, rom qarTvelebis zogierT saxlSi namdvilad osebi imyofebodnen, xolo zogierTi saxli, romelic ekuTvnoda adgilobrivi osebis megobrebs, an naTesavebs, ar dauzianebiaT. zogierTi saxlis ezoebSi Canda qaTmebi, magram msxvilfexa saqoneli ar Canda. sofel nulSi Amnesty International-is warmomadgenlebma naxes



mZarcvelebi, romlebic nadavls satvirTo manqanaze debdnen. es dakvirveba eTanxmeba mediis mier gavrcelebul informacias.52

26 agvistos, sofel eredvSi, Amnesty International-is warmomadgenlebi Seeswrnen SeiaraRebuli adamianebis mier Zarcvis da marodiorobis faqts. Zarcvis paralelurad rusuli samxedro teqnika gadioda eredvze (cxinvalidan dasavleTis mimarTulebiT) da rusuli sakontrolo-gamSvebi punqtebi akontrolebdnen sofelSi Sesasvlel-gasasvlels. Amnesty International-is warmomadgenlebma daafiqsires, rom mowmdeboda mxolod msubuqi manqanebi (isic mcire raodenobiT) da ara satvirTo avtomobilebi da sxva didi avtomanqanebi. saRamos Amnesty International-is warmomadgenlebs Sexvda samxedro formaSi Cacmul adamianTa jgufi da erT-erTma maTganma, romelic aRmoCnda ruseTis armiis oficeri CrdiloeT oseTidan, uTxra maT, rom ar gaemxilaT maTi Sexvedris Sesaxeb. SekiTxvaze, Tu ratom ar cdilobdnen sofelSi xanZris Caqrobas, maTi pasuxi iyo - “aseTia politika” (“politika takaia”).

3.5.3 konfliqtamde samxreT oseTis administraciis kontrolis qveS…myofi qarTvelebiT dasaxlebuli soflebi samxreT oseTSi

Amnesty International-ma ixila sruliad gansxvavebuli situacia qarTvelebiT dasaxlebul soflebSi, romlebic samxreT oseTis “de faqto” kontrolis qveS imyofebodnen. 26 agvistos, organizaciis warmomadgenlebi ewvivnen znauris raionis soflebs nedalTs da axalSens, cxinvalis dasavleTiT, sadac brZolebi naklebi intensivobiT mimdinareobda. axalSenSi moqmedebda erTaderTi qarTulenovani skola mTels samxreT oseTis mier kontrolirebad teritoriaze. Amnesty International-is warmomadgenlebi Sexvdnen qarTuli Temis warmomadgenlebs axalSenSi, romlebmac ganacxades, rom soflis mosaxleobis umravlesoba saqarTvelos danarCen teritoriaze wavida konfliqtis dawyebamde, da rom sofelSi ar dazianebula da gaZarcvula arcerTi saxli. soflis mosaxleobaSi msxverpli ar yofila. Amnesty International-is warmomadgenlebs ar unaxavT dangreuli Senobebi sofelSi yofnis dros. axalSenSi myofi qarTvelebis TqmiT, marodiorebis mcdeloba, Sesuliyvnen sofelSi aRkveTa znauris raionis administraciam. Tumca, soflis mosaxleoba seriozulad nerviulobda wylis momaragebasTan dakavSirebiT, mosavlis aRebasTan dakavSirebiT da im faqtis gamo, rom ar iyo SesaZlebeli telefoniT komunikacia qarTul qselebTan, ris gamoc isini ver ukavSirdebodnen mezobel soflebs.

saerTaSoriso damkvirveblebis TqmiT, romlebic ewvivnen

axalgors (osebisTvis leningori), qalaqs, romelic mdebareobs samxreT oseTis samxreT-aRmosavleT nawilSi, da sadac qarTvelebic



da osebic cxovrobdnen. iq Zarcvis Zalian cota faqti iyo momxdari. gaeros ltolvilTa umaRlesma komisariatma (UNHCR) SeZlo axalgorSi Sesuliyo 29 agvistos da Seityo adgilobrivi samxedro xelmZRvanelisgan, rom mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 40%, qarTvelebic da osebic, iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli iyvnen; UNHCR-isTvis miwodebuli sxva informaciiT, iZulebiT gadaadgilebulTa raodenoba 80%-s aRwevda.53 saqarTvelos oficialuri wyaroebis informaciiT, 26 seqtembrisTvis axalgoris 7,894 mcxovrebidan 2,254 eTnikuri qarTveli iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli iyo gorSi.54 mTlianobaSi, axalgorSi SedarebiT wynari situacia asaxavs im faqts, rom farTomasStabiani, gamiznuli Zarcva da xanZris gaCena Semoifargleboda cxinvalTan axlos mdebare, konfliqtamde “de faqto” pro-qarTuli administraciis kontrolis qveS myofi soflebiT.

3.5.4 qarTuli soflebi samxreT oseTis sazRvrebs gareT “buferul zonebSi” samxreT oseTis yofili avtonomiuri respublikis sazRvrebs gareT mdebare eTnikuri qarTuli soflebic aseve gaxda marodiorobis mxverpli samxedro dapirispirebis dasrulebis Semdeg, Tumca aq naklebad aRiniSna ngreva da xanZari. Tavdapirvelad, ruseTis armiis saqarTvelos siRrmeSi SesvlasTan erTad reidebi oportunistuli xasiaTis iyo, xolo Semdgomi kvirebis ganmavlobaSi, mas Semdeg, rac ruseTis SeiaraRebulma Zalebma “buferul zonaze” sruli kontroli daamyares, samxreT oseTis dajgufebebis mxridan Zarcvam da marodiorobam ufro sistematuri xasiaTi miiRo, gansakuTrebiT samxreT oseTTan axlos mdebare soflebSi. 29 da 30 agvistos, Amnesty International-ma miiRo mravali damoukidebeli informacia gorSi, romlis mixedviTac usafrTxoebis situacia “buferul zonaSi”, sofel karaleTSi (goridan CrdiloeTiT, 6 kilometris daSorebiT) mkveTrad gauaresda ukanaskneli dReebis ganmavlobaSi. rusma samxedroebma ar misces saSualeba Amnesty International-is warmomadgenlebs, Sesuliyvnen karaleTSi da mis iqiT mdebare soflebSi ori dRis, 29 da 30 agvistos, ganmavlobaSi. karaleTis, tyviavis, fxvenisis da Sindisis qarTulma mosaxleobam ganucxada Amnesty International-s, rom maT eSinodaT saxlebSi dabruneba, radgan soflebSi darCenili moxuci naTesavebis monayoliT, im adgilebSi samxreT oseTis SeiaraRebuli dajgufebebi idgnen da arsebobda aufeTqebeli Wurvebi. UNHCR-ma daafiqsira iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTa axali nakadi gorSi 26 agvistos. es nakadi nawilobriv Sedgeboda im adamianebiT, vinc Tbilisidan brundeboda, magram ver SeZlo saxlebSi Sesvla “buferul zonaSi” da nawilobriv im mosaxleobisgan, romlebic manamde rCebodnen “buferul zonaSi”, magram gamoiqcnen samxreT oseTis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis da



SeiaraRebuli dajgufebebis mxridan daSinebis axali talRis gamo. am adamianebma ganucxades UNHCR-s, rom osuri dajgufebebis raodenoba qarTul soflebSi da maTi Setevebis areali mkveTrad gaizarda 24 agvistos Semdgom.55 UNHCR-ma aseve daafiqsira, rom mosaxleobas, romelic cdilobda goridan “buferul zonebSi” mdebare sakuTar soflebSi dabrunebas, aCerebdnen rusul sakontrolo-gamSveb postebze da urCevdnen ukan dabrunebas iq gamefebuli ukanonobis gamo.56

ruseTi da samxreT oseTis administracia pasuxismgeblebi arian maTi kontrolis qveS myof teritoriaze yvela adamianis usafrTxoebasa da dacvaze. seriozuli darRvevebi, romlebsac Sedegad moyva saxlebis da kerZo sakuTrebis farTomasStabiani dazianeba, adamianebis cema da mkvlelobebic ki, naTlad aCveneben, rom am verc erTma mxarem ver Seasrula zemoT naxsenebi valdebuleba.

mowinaaRmdege mxaris sakuTrebis dazianeba, an misakuTreba ikrZaleba saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTlis normebiT, Tuki es ar warmoadgens samxedro aucileblobas (rac zemoT aRweril SemTxvevebs namdvilad ar exeba) da mas SeiZleba mieces samxedro danaSaulis kvalifikacia.57 marodioroba (dampyrobeli armiis mier mowinaaRmdegis obieqtebidan kerZo sakuTrebis Zalismieri waReba kerZo an piradi miznebisTvis gamosayeneblad) aseve ikrZaleba saerTaSoriso da arasaerTaSoriso SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebis dros58 da SeiZleba mieces samxedro danaSaulis kvalifikacia.59



4. samxedro da samoqalaqo tyveebi

4.1 samxedro tyveebi samxedro tyveTa mcire raodenoba hyavdaT rusul da qarTul

samxedro Zalebsac. saqarTvelos xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebis TqmiT,60 saqarTvelom daakava xuTi rusi samxedro tyve, samxreT oseTis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis 27 wevri da erTi kombatanti ruseTis federaciidan, maSin, rodesac rusul da samxreT oseTis samxedro Zalebs dakavebuli hyavdaT 39 qarTveli jariskaci. rusulma da samxreT oseTis “de faqto” xelmZRvanelobam ar upasuxa Amnesty International-is mier dasmul SekiTxvebs samxedro tyveebis raodenobisa da maTi mopyrobis Sesaxeb.

Amnesty International-is warmomadgenlebi Sexvdnen yofil qarTvel samxedro tyves, romelic Tbilisis erT-erT saavadmyofoSi mkurnalobda konfliqtis dros miRebuli Wrilobebisgan, da romelmac ganacxada, rom is datyvevebuli iyo rusuli samxedro Zalebis mier da tyveobis dros mas kargad eqceodnen. Amnesty International-s ar miuRia informacia qarTuli mxaris mier ruseTis an samxreT oseTis samxedro tyveebis mimarT arasaTanado qcevis Sesaxeb.

samxreT oseTis samxedro Zalebis mier tyved ayvanili zogierTi qarTveli jariskaci amtkicebda, rom isini awames da maT cudad epyrobodnen tyveobis dros. Amnesty International-is warmomadgenlebi esaubrnen or qarTvel jariskacs, romlebic Tbilisis erT-erT saavadmyofoSi gadiodnen mkurnalobis kurss. orives marjvena xelis saCvenebeli TiTi damwvari hqonda Zvlamde. pirveli maTgani, rigiTi “malxazi” amtkicebs, rom is tyved Cavarda cxinvalSi 8 agvistos da xuT sxva jariskacTan erTad cxra dRe imyofeboda samxreT oseTis SeiaraRebuli dajgufebis tyveobaSi, sanam isini ar gadasces rusul mxares da Semdgom gacvales. is amtkicebs, rom tyveobis ganmavlobaSi is oTxjer gadaiyvanes sxvadasxva adgilas, sxvadasxva adamianebis meTvalyureobis qveS. raRac momentSi Semoiyvanes kidev ori tyve, romelTagan erT-erTs esroles gverdiT oTaxSi da miatoves. mxolod ori dRis Semdeg “malxazi” da danarCeni tyveebi aiZules gaewmindaT oTaxi da daemarxaT mokluli. “malxazis” TqmiT, rusuli meTvalyureobis qveS gadayvanis Semdeg mas gauwies samedicino daxmareba qarTuli mxarisaTvis misi gadacemis win. qarTuli mxare aseve amtkicebs, rom samxreT oseTis warmomadgenlebis mier mokluli iqna kidev ori qarTveli jariskaci. Amnesty International-s ar gaaCnia informacia am sami jariskacis saxelebis, an rigiTi nomrebis Sesaxeb da aseve arc maTi sikvdilis detalebis gamoZiebis Sesaxeb.



4.2 samoqalaqo tyveebi

konfliqtis Sedegad samoqalaqo tyveebi hyavdaT qarTul mxaresac da samxreT oseTis “de faqto” xelmZRvanelobasac.

qarTuli mxaris gancxadebiT, samxreT oseTis “de faqto” xelmZRvanelobas datyvevebuli hyavda 159 qarTveli samoqalaqo piri.61 es adamianebi cxinvalis policiis mTavar ganyofilebaSi imyofebodnen samidan 10-mde dRis ganmavlobaSi, sanam ar moxda maTi qarTuli mxarisaTvis gadacema 19-27 agvistos periodSi. 21 agvistos Amnesty International-is warmomadgenlebi esaubrnen ganTavisuflebuli qarTveli tyveebis pirveli jgufidan ramdenimes. maTi monaTxrobidan Cans, rom samoqalaqo pirebis datyvevebis pirveli faqtebi moxda 10 agvistos, rodesac samxedro moqmedebebi jer kidev mimdinareobda. isini umetesad axalgazrda mamakacebi iyvnen. Tumca, samoqalaqo pirTa umravlesoba datyvevebuli iqna 13 agvistos Semdgom, mas Semdeg rac formalurad SeCerda samxedro dapirispireba da mimdinareobda cxinvalis raionSi mdebare qarTuli soflebis Zarcva da ngreva. am tyveTa umravlesoba iyvnen moxucebi, romlebsac ar dautovebiaT saxlebi konfliqtis dros. miuxedavad imisa, rom sakamaToa am tyveTa sakuTari saxlebidan wayvana maTive usafrTxoebisTvis, maTi iq darCena saxifaTo iyo osuri samxedro Zalebis, dajgufebebis da kerZo moqalaqeebis mier ganxorcielebuli kriminaluri moqmedebebis gamo, romlebic monawileobdnen qarTuli soflebis gadawvaSi da marodiorobaSi.

dakavebulebis monayoliT, tyveobaSi yofnis dros maT aZlevdnen sakvebs da Cais. maT ar hqondaT TeTreuli, an gadasafareblebi da imyofebodnen oTx sakanSi, romlebic gadioda Ria saseirno ezoSi. saseirno ezo ufro da ufro gadatvirTuli xdeboda axali dakavebulebis moyvanasTan erTad. tyveebi amtkiceben, rom maT ayenebdnen sityvier Seuracxyofas, magram fizikur Seuracxyofas adgili ar hqonia, garda im siZneleebisa, romlebisganac gansakuTrebiT itanjebodnen moxucebi, sicxeSi, arakomfortulad iZulebiT yofnis gamo. miuxedavad amisa, dakavebulebi amtkiceben, rom janmrTeli tyveebi gayavdaT policiis ganyofilebidan dRis ganmavlobaSi, scemdnen maT da aiZulebdnen cxinvalis quCebis nangrevebisgan gawmendas.

Amnesty International-is informaciiT, qarTuli mxaris mier dakavebuli iyo samoqalaqo pirebis mcire raodenoba. Amnesty International-is warmomadgenlebi esaubrnen axalgazrda os mamakacs sofel xeTagurovodan, romlis TqmiTac, is, misi meuRle da deda sami dRis ganmavlobaSi hyavdaT dakavebuli jer gorSi da Semdeg TbilisSi, mas Semdeg, rac is daatyveves qarTvelma jariskacebma 9 agvistos mis saxlTan axlos. am pirovnebis TqmiT, dakavebis periodSi mas kargad eqceodnen.



5. iZulebiT gadaadgileba

5.1 iZulebiT gadaadgilebulTa raodenoba UNHCR-is gancxadebiT, konfliqtis zonidan Tavdapirvelad iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli iyo 192,000 adamiani, maT Soris daaxloebiT 127,000 saqarTvelos SigniT, 30,000 samxreT oseTis farglebSi da 35,000 samxreT oseTidan CrdiloeT oseTSi, ruseTis federaciaSi.62 gaqcevis mimarTuleba gansxvavebuli iyo, ZiriTadad eTnikuri xazebis gaswvriv - osebi gaiqcnen CrdiloeTiT, ruseTis federaciis mimarTulebiT, xolo eTnikuri qarTvelebi samxreTiT, saqarTvelos sxva regionebisken.

5.2 iZulebiT gadaadgileba ruseTis federaciaSi ruseTis federaciis migraciis samsaxuris (FMS) mier 27 agvistos Amnesty International-isTvis miwodebuli informaciiT, ruseTis sazRvari gadakveTa konfliqtis Sedegad iZulebiT gadaadgilebulma 33,000-ma moqalaqem. rogorc gacxadebuli iyo, ramdenime aseulma qalma da bavSvma datova samxreT oseTi 7 agvistomde, daZabulobis zrdis da cxinvalis garSemo incidentebis momatebis gamo. mosaxleobis umravlesoba gaiqca 7-8 agvistos saqarTvelos mxridan ganxorcielebuli samxedro Setevis Semdgom. iZulebiT gadaadgilebulTa nawili dabrunda samxreT oseTSi samxedro moqmedebebis dasrulebisTanave, ase rom, cifri 33,000 aRniSnavs umaRles raodenobas, romelic dafiqsirda konfliqtis aqtiuri mimdinareobis dros.

ruseTis federaciaSi gadaxvewilTa umravlesobas hqonda rusuli pasportebi; danarCenebs hqondaT qarTuli, an Zveli, sabWoTa pasportebi. Amnesty International-ma daadastura, rom qarTuli pasportis mqone mosaxleobasac gaewia humanitaruli daxmareba CrdiloeT oseTSi. agvistos bolo kviris ganmavlobaSi FMS-ma da sagangebo situaciaTa saministrom (EMERCOM) scades iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli mosaxleobis didi nawilis samxreT oseTSi dabruneba. maT vinc imyofeboda sajaro SenobebSi, rogoricaa beslanis bavSvTa reabilitaciis centri, uTxres, rom Senobebi unda daetovebinaT 24-25 agvistos. samxreT oseTSi transportireba organizebuli iyo EMERCOM-is mier. seqtembris dasawyisisTvis ruseTis federaciaSi gaxsnili yvela droebiTi sacxovrebeli centri daixura da osebis umravlesoba, romlebmac Tavi ruseTis federacias Seafara konfliqtis dros, samxreT oseTSi dabrunda. 2 seqtembers UNHCR-ma ganacxada, rom im adamianTa “didi umravlesoba”,



vinc ruseTis federacias Seafara Tavi, ukve dabrunebuli iyo sacxovrebel adgilebSi samxreT oseTSi.63 maT, visac survili hqonda CrdiloeT oseTSi darCeniliyo, unda ecxovraT naTesavebTan. ruseTis sagangebo situaciaTa samsaxurebis gancxadebiT, daaxloebiT 6,800 adamiani darCa megobrebTan da naTesavebTan CrdiloeT oseTSi.64

Amnesty International-is damkvirveblebma ganacxades, rom ruseTis sagangebo situaciaTa samsaxurebi kargad momzadebulebi daxvdnen ruseTis federaciaSi droebiT sacxovreblad gadasul, iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirebs, maTTvis gadaudebeli samedicino da materialuri daxmarebis gawevis mxriv. am adamianebis umetesobam SeZlo sakuTar saxlebSi dabruneba, romlebic an xeluxlebeli iyo, an saWiroebda mxolod minimalur SekeTebas, rogoricaa fanjrebis Casma. am angariSis daweris momentSi is adamianebi, visi saxlebic srulad ganadgurda, samxreT oseTSi dabinavdnen sajaro SenobebSi, an megobrebTan, saremonto samuSaoebis ganxorcielebamde. aRdgeniTi samuSaoebi da daxmarebis gaweva ukve daiwyo. masalebis da muSaxelis didi raodenoba Camovida ruseTis federaciidan. Tumca, mainc sagangaSoa is, Tu rogor moeswreba seriozulad dazianebuli saxlebis sacxovreblad vargis mdgomareobamde aRdgena zamTris dadgomamde.

© Amnesty International- sawolebi iZulebiT gadaadgilebulTa centrSi CrdiloeT oseTSi, ruseTis federacia, 2008 wlis 24 agvisto



5.3 iZulebiT gadaadgileba saqarTveloSi

saqarTvelos iusticiis saministros samoqalaqo reestris saagentos monacemebiT, 2 oqtombrisTvis registrirebuli iyo qveynis SigniT iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli 131,169 piri.65 23 oqtombrisaTvis, qveynis SigniT iZulebiT gadaadgilebul 24,000 pirs ar SeeZlo mudmiv sacxovrebel adgilebSi dabruneba samxreT oseTSi, xolo 2,000 pirs - zemo afxazeTSi. daaxloebiT 10,000 adamiani ar iyo dabrunebuli TavianT saxlebSi, yofil "buferul zonaSi", saxlebis dangrevis an usafrTxoebis ararsebobis gamo. garda amisa, saqarTveloSi 1990-ian wlebSi iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli daaxloebiT 220,000 adamianTagan umetesoba kvlav koleqtiur TavSesafrebSi cxovrobs.66

samxreT oseTidan da misi Semogarenidan da afxazeTis

kodoris xeobidan iZulebiT gadaadgilebulTa didi umravlesoba Tavdapirvelad dabinavda sajaro SenobebSi saqarTvelos dedaqalaqSi, TbilisSi. sxvebi droebiT dabinavdnen saqarTvelos sxva regionebSi, magaliTad baTumSi. umetesi maTgani Sesaxlebuli iqna skolebSi da sxva dawesebulebebSi, 50-dan 200 adamianamde erTad. zogierT SemTxvevaSi erTi, an ori ojaxi erT oTaxSi ganTavsda. gadaadgilebulTa mcire nawili droebiT dabinavda karvebis banakebSi da mitovebul sajaro SenobebSi, sadac ar iyo wyalgayvaniloba. Amnesty International-is dakvirvebiT, agvistos bolos sakvebis, tansacmlis da sxva pirveladi samedicino nivTebis ganawileba kargad iyo organizebuli da swrafad xorcieldeboda. didi mxardaWera gamoiCina mravalma individualurma pirma da kompaniam. konfliqtis dawyebidan erTi kviris Semdeg centrebis umetesobas hqonda medikamentebis sakmarisi maragi iseTi daavadebebisTvis, rogoricaa diabeti, asTma da hipotonia.



© Amnesty International- iZulebiT gadaadgilebulTa banaki gorTan axlos, saqarTvelo, 2008 wlis 29 seqtemberi miuxedavad imisa, rom 8-12 agvistos wamosul

gadaadgilebulTa pirveli talRis moTxovnebze reagireba mTlianobaSi adekvaturi iyo, jer kidev SemaSfoTebelia im adamianTa mdgomareoba, romlebic didi xnis ganmavlobaSi ver SeZleben daubrundnen TavianT sacxovrebel adgilebs. es exeba gors da mis Semogarens, sadac, qarTuli mxaris monacemebiT, 248 karavSi imyofeba 2,300 iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli piri, romelTa Soris 700 Cvidmet wlamde bavSvia.67 Amnesty International-is warmomadgenlebi ewvivnen gors 29-30 agvistos da daaTvalieres qalaqis centrSi, safexburTo moedanze UNHCR-is mier organizebul karvebis banakSi da skolebSi da sabavSvo baRebSi droebiT ganTavsebul iZulebiT gadaadgilebulTa sacxovrebeli pirobebi. Amnesty International-is dakvirvebiT, am adgilebSi Casaxlebul adamianTa ZiriTadi moTxovnilebebi dakmayofilebuli iyo: rigdeboda didi raodenobiT sxvadasxva sakvebi produqtebi. TviT iZulebiT gadaadgilebulma pirebmac ganacxades, rom maTi pirveladi moTxovnilebebi dakmayofilebuli iyo. Tumca, dasafiqrebelia gadaadgilebul pirTa raodenobis zrda da maTTvis grZelvadiani sacxovrebeli adgilebis moZebna saskolo wlis dawyebis da Semodgomis da zamTris dadgomis gamo.

gorSi koncentrirebul iZulebiT gadaadgilebul adamianTa

raodenobis stabiluri zrda ramdenime faqtoriT iyo gamowveuli. agvistos bolo kviras gadaadgilebulebs daemata is adamianebi, vinc



“buferuli zona” datova samxreT oseTis SeiaraRebuli dajgufebebis Setevebis gamo. aseve, daemata is adamianebi, vinc manamde Tbiliss Seafara Tavi, magram uSedegod scada “buferul zonaSi” sakuTar saxlebSi dabruneba da darCa gorSi. mesame faqtori iyo im pirebis ukan dabruneba gorSi, romlebic TbilisSi naTesav-megobrebTan met xans veRar gaCerdebodnen. meoTxe faqtori - TbilisSi droebiT CasulTa nawili dabrunda gorSi naTesavebis da megobrebis mosaZebnad da sacxovreblis maTTan axlos mosaZebnad. UNHCR-is monacemebiT, qveynis SigniT iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli mosaxleobis raodenoba 5 seqtembers iyo 6,400, aqedan: 1,600 cxovrobda karvebis banakSi, daaxloebiT 2,400 gorSi darCenil ojaxebSi, xolo 2,400 koleqtiur centrebSi.68 saqarTvelos oficialuri wyaroebiT, 2 oqtombers gorSi imyofeboda 10,600 iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli piri (2,300 cxovrobda karvebis banakSi, 2,300 administraciul SenobebSi da sabavSvo baRebSi da 6,000 ki 1,200-mde kerZo binaSi).69 oqtombris bolosTvis karavi aiRes da iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTa ricxvma goris koleqtiur centrebSi iklo 2,700-mde, saidanac 500 kvlav maspinZel ojaxebSi agrZelebs cxovrebas. am konfliqtis Sedegad iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTa didi umravlesoba kvlav cxovrobda TbilisSi: 20,000 koleqtiur centrebSi da 10,000 maspinZel ojaxebSi.

miuxedavad imisa, rom yvela gadaadgilebuli piris

sacxovrebel adgilebSi dabruneba prioriteti unda iyos, saWiroa moinaxos gamosavali imaTTvis, vinc kvlav rCeba gorSi, TbilisSi da sxva regionebSi. Amnesty International-i aRiarebs iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli yoveli pirovnebis uflebas daubrundes sacxovrebel adgils, usafrTxoebis da Rirsebis dacviT. es unda moxdes ise, rom dabrunebulebma icxovron saSiSroebis gareSe da adamianis Rirsebis moTxovnebis Sesabamis ekonomikur, socialur da politikur pirobebSi. dabrunebasTan dakavSirebuli yvela gadawyvetileba unda iyos nebayoflobiTi, Zaldatanebis gareSe da unda efuZnebodes informirebul arCevans; rodesac SesaZlebelia da misaRebia, unda moxdes adgilobrivi integracia an qveynis sxva raionSi gadasaxleba. ufro metic, ekonomikuri da socialuri uflebebis dakmayofileba ar unda Seferxdes, sanam dabruneba politikurad SesaZlebeli ar gaxdeba. saqarTvelos mTavrobam gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda miaqcios imas, rom srulad dakmayofildes iZulebiT gadaadgilebulTa uflebebi cxovrebis adekvatur pirobebze, janmrTelobasa da ganaTlebaze, im periodSi sanam maTi mudmiv sacxovrebel adgilebSi dabruneba usafrTxo da Rirseuli ar gaxdeba. saxelmwifos mTavroba pasuxismgebelia am uflebebis diskriminaciis gareSe, TandaTanobiT dakmayofilebaze iZulebiTi gadaadgilebis periodis ganmavlobaSi.

gaeros generaluri mdivnis warmomadgenelma iZulebiT

gadaadgilebul pirTa uflebebis sakiTxebSi valter kelinma ramdenjerme aRniSna, rom dabrunebis warmatebuli procesisTvis aucilebelia Semdegi sami elementi: “(i) dabrunebulebis sicocxlis



da fizikuri mTlianobis uzrunvelyofa; (ii) gadaadgilebul pirTaTvis maTi sakuTrebis dabruneba da maTi saxlebis aRdgena da (iii) iseTi garemos Seqmna, romelic xels Seuwyobs dabrunebas da reintegracias, rac niSnavs Sesabamis pirobebSi cxovrebas, Semosavlis dagrovebis SesaZleblobebis, ara-diskriminaciis da politikuri aqtivobis SesaZleblobebis CaTvliT”.70

saqarTvelos da afxazeTis SeiaraRebuli dapirispirebis Sedegad daaxloebiT 2,500 adamians mouwia iZulebiT gadaadgileba afxazeTis zemo kodoris xeobidan, romelic afxazeTis erTaderTi raioni iyo saqarTvelos kontrolis qveS, samxreT oseTSi saomari moqmedebebis dawyebamde. UNHCR-ma ver moaxerxa am teritoriaze moxvedra 7 seqtembramde usafrTxoebis garantiebis ararsebobis, amindis gauaresebis da sacxovrebeli pirobebis ararsebobis gamo.

dabrunebis perspeqtivebi mkveTrad gansxvavdeba samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri respublikis 1990 wels arsebuli sazRvrebis SigniT da mis gareT, egreT wodebul “buferul zonaSi”. dabruneba samxreT oseTis zemoT naxseneb teritoriaze, gansakuTrebiT ki Tbilisis mxardaWeris mqone dimitri sanakoevis administraciis mier adre kontrolirebad soflebSi sakmaod ararealuria. aseTi soflebi gaZarculi da dangreulia.

rac Seexeba samxreT oseTTan mdebare “buferul zonebs”,

miuxedavad imisa, rom 13 agvistos ruseTi daTanxmda jarebis gayvanas konfliqtamde arsebul poziciebze, rusuli samxedro Zalebi da ruseTis mier kontrolirebadi sakontrolo-gamSvebi punqtebi adgilze iyvnen seqtembris dasawyisamde. 8 seqtembers, ruseTis prezidenti dimitri medvedevi daTanxmda samxedro Zalebis gayvanas saqarTvelos teritoriidan (samxreT oseTidan da afxazeTidan) evrokavSiris monitorebis Camosvlidan erTi Tvis ganmavlobaSi. seqtembris Sua ricxvebSi UNHCR-i acxadebda gorTan axlos, “buferul zonaSi” arsebul dasaxlebebSi dabrunebis maRali maCveneblis Sesaxeb. magaliTad, 12 seqtembrisTvis sofel karaleTSi dabrunda mosaxleobis 80 procenti. dabrunebis maCvenebeli “buferuli zonis” CrdiloeT nawilSi bevrad naklebi iyo. magaliTad, sofel qiwnisSi mosaxleobis 10 procentze naklebi dabrunda.71 19 seqtembers UNHCR-ma gamoacxada sagangebo situaciaze reagirebis operaciis dasruleba da saqarTveloSi misi moqmedeba gadavida “stabilur saoperacio fazaSi”.72 UNHCR-is 14 oqtombris monacemebiT, ruseTis samxedro Zalebis gasvlasTan erTad “buferul zonaSi” dabrunda 20,000 adamiani.73 Sedegad, saxlebSi dabrunebul qarTvelTa saerTo raodenobam 80,000-s miaRwia. miuxedavad amisa, adamianis uflebebis da iZulebiT gadaadgilebulTa sakiTxebSi gaeros warmomadgenelma valter kelinma oqtombris dasawyisSi saqarTveloSi vizitisas ganacxada, rom “buferul zonebSi” mosaxleobis dacva efeqturad ar xorcieldeboda.74



dabrunebis uflebis ganxorcielebas xels uSlis usafrTxoebis darRvevis ori ZiriTadi riski. rogorc aRniSnulia zemoT, bevri qarTveli, romelsac surs saxlSi dabruneba ‘’buferul zonaSi”, ver brundeba iq samxreT oseTis SeiaraRebuli dajgufebebis mxridan Zarcvisa da ukanono qmedebebis gamo. seqtembris Tvis ganmavlobaSi es safrTxe rCeboda zogierT raionSi. meore riski maTTvis, vinc cdilobs dabrunebas, aris aufeTqebeli saartilerio Wurvebis arseboba konfliqtis raionebSi. kaseturi bombebis Semadgeneli nawilebi safrTxes uqmnis moqalaqeebs maTi moqmedebaSi moyvanidan didi xnis Semdeg. saWiroa arsebobdes zusti informacia imis Sesaxeb, Tu sad moxda maTi gamoyeneba, raTa gaadvildes gawmendiTi samuSaoebis Catareba.

ramdenime humanitaruli organizaciis gancxadebiT, maT

SeeqmnaT “buferul zonebSi” Sesvlis problema agvistoSi. 26 agvistos, da Semdeg 29 agvistos, UNHCR-i acxadebda, rom mas ar mieca saSualeba Sesuliyo ‘’buferul zonaSi’’; ICRC-ic acxadebda, rom mas ar uSvebdnen ‘’buferul zonaSi” erTi kviris ganmavlobaSi.75 ICRC-is informaciiT, maT SeZles goris garSemo mdebare soflebis monaxuleba 27 agvistodan.76 4 oqtombers, gaeros warmomadgenelma, valter kelinma, SeSfoTeba gamoTqva, rom ar iyo uzrunvelyofili samedicino daxmarebis Seuferxebeli miwodeba cxinvalSi da konfliqtisgan dazaralebul adgilebSi. man moiTxova konfliqtis yvela monawilisgan Tavisufali Sesvlis uflebis miniWeba humanitaruli organizaciebisaTvis yvela raionSi, raTa maT saSualeba miscemodaT, mieRwiaT iZulebiT gadaadgilebul adamianebamde da riskis qveS myof sxva moqalaqeebamde dagvianebis gareSe, da mouwoda yvelas, Tavi SeekavebinaT iseTi qmedebebisagan, romelic xels SeuSlida am moTxovnebis Sesrulebas.77



© Amnesty International- iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli adamianebi yofil samxedro dawesebulebaSi, Tbilisi, saqarTvelo. dawesebuleba gadakeTebulia qveynis SigniT iZulebiT gadaadgilebulTa centrad, 2008 wlis 20 agvisto



6. saerTaSoriso monitoringis misiebi

konfliqtamde samxreT oseTSi saerTaSoriso damkvirveblebi

warmodgenili iyvnen euTos (evropaSi usafrTxoebisa da TanamSromlobis organizaciis) rva samxedro damkvirvebliT cxinvalSi. maT konfliqtamde datoves cxinvali, sadac veRar SeZles dabruneba. aseTi iyo mdgomareoba am angariSis momzadebis dros. gaeros 134 samxedro damkvirvebeli, romlebic muSaobdnen afxazeTSi, rogorc saqarTveloSi gaeros sadamkvirveblo misiis (UNOMIG) warmomadgenlebi, darCnen regionSi mTeli konfliqtis ganmavlobaSi. maTi eqvsTviani mandati ganaxlda 9 oqtombers oTxi TviT, 2009 wlis 15 Tebervlamde.78 kvlav mimdinareobs msjeloba UNOMIG-is formatisa da mandatis gadaxedvaze imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom moxda konfliqti da rom regionSi mniSvnelovnad gaizarda rusuli samxedro Zalebis raodenoba.

safrangeTis SuamdgomlobiT miRweuli cecxlis Sewyvetis eqvspunqtiani SeTanxmebis Semdeg, saerTaSoriso sazogadoebam mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana konfliqtur regionebSi saerTaSoriso damkvirveblebis ganTavsebis Sesaxeb molaparakebebis warmoebaSi. 19 agvistos, euTos mudmivma sabWom daavala kidev 20 samxedro damkvirvebels (ukve arsebul rva damkvirvebelTan erTad) samxreT oseTis mimdebare, ruseTis mier kontrolirebad, teritoriaze gamgzavreba da muSaoba, momdevno kvirebis ganmavlobaSi damkvirvebelTa saerTo raodenobis 100-mde gazrdis perspeqtiviT.79 18 seqtembers samxreT oseTSi euTos damkvirveblebis gagzavnis da maTi raodenobis Sesaxeb molaparakeba sabolood CaiSala ruseTis mier vetos gamoyenebis gamo.

15 seqtembers, evrokavSiris wevrma qveynebma miiRes gadawyvetileba saqarTveloSi 1 oqtombrisaTvis sadamkvirveblo misiis gagzavnis Sesaxeb, rogorc iyo SeTanxmebuli ruseTis, saqarTvelosa da safrangeTis mTavrobebs Soris. oqtombris meore kvirisaTvis saqarTveloSi evrokavSiris damkvirvebelTa raodenobam 200-s miaRwia. dagegmilia maTi raodenobis gazrda 352-mde. radgan SeTanxmeba ar iTvaliswinebda evrokavSiris monitorebis Sesvlas samxreT oseTSi, isini amJamad moqmedeben mxolod mimdebare raionebSi da maTi mandati moicavs situaciis monitorings teritoriaze da zomebs, romlebic mimarTulia ndobis aRdgenaze. Tumca evrokavSiris sadamkvirveblo misiis mizania, moaxdinos usafrTxoebis dacvisa da cecxlis Sewyvetis SeTanxmebis eqvsi punqtis Sesrulebis monitoringi, maT aseve aqvT mandati gaakontrolon, Tu ramdenad sruldeba adamianis uflebebis dacva, samarTlebrivi normebis dacva da iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTa dabrunebis amocana. misiaSi muSaobs ramdenime eqsperti adamianis



uflebaTa dacvis sakiTxebSi. euTos da evrokavSiris misiebi ar arian valdebulni, sajarod ganacxadon maT mier mopovebuli informacia.

radgan arsebobs wuxilebi konfliqtiT dazaralebul raionebSi adamianis uflebebis dacvis Sesaxeb, Amnesty International-i miiCnevs, rom saerTaSoriso monitoringis misiebs unda hqondeT yvelgan, maT Soris, samxreT oseTsa da afxazeTSi Sesvlis ufleba, da rom maTi mandatis mniSvnelovan komponents unda Seadgendes adamianis uflebebis monitoringi da regularuli sajaro angariSebis warmodgena.

konfliqtis Semdgom saqarTveloSi sxva saerTaSoriso

organizaciebmac ganaTavses ramdenime specialuri misia. gaeros generalurma mdivanma gagzavna humanitaruli Sefasebis misia saqarTveloSi 17-20 agvistos, romelsac xelmZRvanelobda gaeros humanitaruli sakiTxebis koordinaciis ofisi da romelSic monawileobdnen UNHCR-s, gaeros ganviTarebis programis da adamianis uflebebis umaRlesi komisariatis eqspertebi. misiis mizani iyo Seeswavla humanitarul da adamianis uflebebis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebuli mdgomareoba. gaeros generaluri mdivnis warmomadgeneli iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTa uflebebis dacvis sakiTxebSi ewvia saqarTvelos 1-4 oqtombers.

evrosabWos generalurma mdivanma da ministrTa komitetis

Tavmjdomarem, SvedeTis sagareo saqmeTa ministrma imogzaura TbilisSi 11-13 agvistos. evrosabWos adamianis uflebebis komisarma orjer moinaxula regioni, maT Soris samxreT oseTi da CrdiloeT oseTi, agvistosa da seqtemberSi. misi vizitis mizani iyo dakavebul pirTa gacvlis sakiTxis mogvareba da gadaudebeli humanitaruli da adamianis uflebebis dacvisaTvis eqvsi principis SemuSaveba.80 evrosabWos saparlamento asambleam saqarTveloSi miavlina faqtebis Semswavleli misia 22-25 seqtembers. misiam miiRo rezolucia 1633, sadac sxva sakiTxebTan erTad moTxovnili iyo “damoukidebeli saerTaSoriso gamoZiebis” Catareba imis dasadgenad, Tu rogor daiwyo konfliqti da rogor axorcielebdnen mxareebi saomar moqmedebebs.81 saparlamento asambleis monitoringis komiteti rezoluciis ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb angariSs waradgens asambleis 2009 wlis ianvris sxdomaze, xolo migraciis, ltolvilTa da mosaxleobis komiteti waradgens angariSs saqarTvelos da ruseTs Soris omis humanitarul Sedegebze.



7. pasuxismgebloba adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebis darRvevebis gamo

7.1 saxelmwifo gamoZiebis da mokvlevis sakiTxebi

adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso samarTlis da saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTlis normebis savaraudo darRvevis faqtebis gamoZieba pirvel rigSi konfliqtis monawile mxareebis pasuxismgeblobaa. am angariSSi mocemuli da sxva wyaroebidan miRebuli informacia adasturebs, rom konfliqtis mimdinareobis dros da misi dasrulebis Semdgom yvela mxaris mier seriozulad dairRva saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTlis da adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebi. aqedan gamomdinare, Amnesty International-i yvela mxares mouwodebs uzrunvelyofili iyos damoukidebeli, obieqturi, swrafi da siRrmiseuli gamoZiebis Catareba adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso samarTlis da saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTlis normebis seriozuli darRvevebis faqtebTan dakavSirebiT. pasuxismgebeli pirebi unda gasamarTldnen samarTlianobis saerTaSoriso standartebis gaTvaliswinebiT. saqarTvelos da ruseTis prokuraturebSi dawyebulia konfliqtis mimdinareobis dros darRvevebis faqtebis gamoZieba. jer-jerobiT arc erTi gamoZiebis Sedegad brali aravis ar wayenebia.

2008 wlis 9 agvistos saqarTvelos generalurma prokuraturam ganacxada, rom dawyebuli iyo gamoZieba saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 411-e da 413-e muxlebis Sesabamisad, rac exeba saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTlis gamiznul darRvevas, samoqalaqo sakuTrebis ukanono miTvisebis da ganadgurebis CaTvliT. generalurma prokuraturam ganacxada, rom gamoZieba ar aris mimarTuli konfliqtis monawile romelime mxaris winaaRmdeg, da rom is exeba kanonis darRvevis yvela faqts, damnaSavis warmomavlobis miuxedavad. saqarTvelos mTavrobam ganacxada mzadyofna iTanamSromlos saomari moqmedebebis dros momxdari faqtebis saerTaSoriso gamoZiebebTan.

2008 wlis 14 agvistos ruseTis generaluri prokuraturis sagamoZiebo komitetma gamoacxada “genocidis faqtis gamoZieba, im informaciaze dayrdnobiT, romelic exeboda qarTveli jariskacebis mier samxreT oseTSi mcxovrebi ruseTis moqalaqeebis - eTnikuri osebis - mkvlelobebs.82 cota mogvianebiT, agvistoSi Amnesty



International-ma miiRo informacia, rom generalurma prokuraturam ori saqme gaxsna - pirveli exeboda samoqalaqo mosaxleobis winaaRmdeg Cadenil danaSaulebs da meore ruseTis samxedro Zalebis winaaRmdeg Cadenil danaSaulebs. dRemde ar yofila informacia imis Sesaxeb, rom ruseTis prokuratura aseve iZiebs saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTlis da adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebis SesaZlo darRvevebs ruseTis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis mier konfliqtis ganmavlobaSi. 2008 wlis 26 seqtembers saqarTvelos parlamentSi Seiqmna sagamoZiebo komisia omis yvela aspeqtis gamosaZieblad, misi gamomwvevi mizezebis da yvela monawile mxaris mier warmoebuli saomari moqmedebebis CaTvliT. saqarTvelos mTavrobam aiRo valdebuleba ixelmZRvanelos komisiis daskvnebiT. 2008 wlis 12 agvistos ruseTis samoqalaqo palatam, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebisgan Semdgarma saxelmwifo institutma, Seqmna samoqalaqo sagamoZiebo komisia samxreT oseTSi omis danaSaulebis da samoqalaqo msxverplTa daxmarebis sakiTxebze.

7.2 saerTaSoriso gamoZiebebi

konfliqtis yvela mxaris mier saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebis uxeS darRvevaze braldebebis, da kontrbraldebebis fonze, romelTac SeuZliaT gavlena iqonion saxelmwifo sagamoZiebo saqmeebis obieqturobaze, organizacia Amnesty International-i mouwodebs aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT SeTanxmdnen, rom saerTaSoriso sazogadoebam Seqmnas sruli sagamoZiebo (faqtebis damdgeni) komisia, romelic guldasmiT Seiswavlis konfliqtis mimdinareobis dros adamianis uflebebis da humanitaruli samarTlis seriozuli darRvevis faqtebs da aRniSnulis Sesaxeb amcnobs sazogadoebas.

evrosabWos saparlamento asamblea aseve moiTxovs Catardes “saerTaSoriso damoukidebeli gamoZieba” konfliqtis gamomwvevi garemoebebis da masSi monawile yvela mxaris mier ganxorcielebuli saomari moqmedebebis xasiaTis dasadgenad.83

Amnesty International-i miesalmeba saqarTvelos xelisuflebis

mzadyofnas iTanamSromlos saerTaSoriso sagamoZiebo organoebTan nebismier aspeqtSi, konfliqtis gamomwvevi mizezebis da saomari moqmedebebis xasiaTis dasadgenad.84 ruseTis xelisuflebis oficialurma warmomadgenelma ganacxada, rom isini ar SeewinaaRmdegebian damoukidebeli gamoZiebis Catarebas konfliqtis nebismieri garemoebis dasadgenad.85

Amnesty International-is mosazrebis Tanaxmad, saerTaSoriso sagamoZiebo jgufma dauyovnebliv unda daiwyos muSaoba. aRniSnuli jgufi unda atarebdes gamoZiebas da axorcielebdes informaciis



mowodebas saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTlis da adamianis uflebebis moqmedi normebis Tanaxmad. garda amisa, misiis mier Catarebuli gamoZiebis Sedegad mopovebuli informacia unda Seicavdes rekomendaciebs, romelTa mizania saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebis Semdgomi darRvevebis prevencia da konfliqtis Sedegad dazaralebul pirTaTvis reparaciisa da samarTlis uzrunvelyofa. aseTi misia unda iyos adekvaturi resursebiT uzrunvelyofili. eqspertTa sagamoZiebo jgufi unda iyos yvela saxis informaciis miRebaze da nebismier pirTan Sexvedraze uflebamosili. yvela piri, romelic informacias awvdis gamoZiebas, unda iyos represaliisgan daculi. adamianis uflebebis darRvevis masStabebis, faqtobrivi da samarTlebrivi sakiTxebis kompleqsurobis fonze, sagamoZiebo jgufis wevrebi unda iyvnen yvela saWiro saSualebiT aRWurvilni da maT unda hqondeT saTanado mxardaWera detaluri da utyuari gamoZiebis Casatareblad. zemoT aRniSnulis garda, jgufis mxardaWeras unda uzrunvelyofdnen: saerTaSoriso humanitaruli da adamianis uflebebis samarTlis eqspertebi; samxedro da sisxlis samarTlis marTlmsajurebis gamomZieblebi; eqspertebi iaraRis da balistikis sakiTxSi; sasamarTlo eqspertebi; da msxverplTa da mowmeTa dacvis eqspertebi, qalebisa da bavSvebis CaTvliT.

miuxedavad imisa, rom gaeros generalurma mdivanma wamoayena winadadeba gaeros sagamoZiebo misiis regionSi mivlinebis Sesaxeb,86 2008 wlis oqtombris Sua ricxvebSi, organizacia Amnesty International-i ar iyo informirebuli damoukidebel saerTaSoriso gamoZiebasTan dakavSirebiT aranairi konkretuli SemoTavazebis Sesaxeb, romelic sajarod gakeTda gaeros an sxva nebismieri damoukidebeli organizaciis an struqturis mier.

7.3 saerTaSoriso sasamarTloebSi aRZruli saqmeebi

saerTaSoriso sasamarTloSi wardgenilia mravali saCivari konfliqtis dros adamianis uflebebis saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebis darRvevis Sesaxeb.

2008 wlis 12 agvistos saqarTvelom saerTaSoriso sasamarTloSi waradgina saCivari ruseTis federaciis winaaRmdeg rasobrivi diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb saerTaSoriso konvenciis darRvevis safuZvliT, da daadanaSaula igi qarTvelebis eTnikur wmendaSi mocemuli konfliqtisa da 1990 wlis konfliqtis dros. ori dRis Semdgom saqarTvelom waradgina moTxovna droebiTi RonisZiebebis dakisrebis Sesaxeb. 15 oqtombers saerTaSoriso sasamarTlom daakisra orive mxares Tavi Seikavon rasobrivi diskriminaciis yvela aqtisagan da amgvari aqtebis dafinansebis, dacvisa Tu xelSewyobisagan, daicvan sakuTrebis



uflebebi da uzrunvelyon pirebis Tavisufali gadaadgileba maTi erovnuli Tu eTnikuri warmoSobis ganurCevlad

11 agvistos saqarTvelom mimarTa adamianis uflebebis evropul sasamarTlos (ECtHR) droebiTi zomebis miRebisTvis raTa ruseTis mTavrobas Tavi Seekavebina iseTi moqmedebebisgan, romlebic safrTxes Seuqmnida mSvidobiani mosaxleobis sicocxles, an janmrTelobis mdgomareobas. 2008 wlis 12 agvistos, imis gamo, rom situaciidan gamomdinare warmoiSva ECtHR-is saeriozuli darRvevis riski, sasamarTlos Tavmjdomarem mimarTa saqarTvelos da ruseTs SeesrulebinaT ECtHR-iT aRebuli valdebulebebi, gansakuTrebiT ki sicocxlis uflebis dacvis kuTxiT da aRekveTaT wamebis faqtebi da sxva arahumanuri da Rirsebis Semlaxveli mopyroba, an dasja. sasamarTlos prezidentma aseve moTxova orive mxares sasamarTloSi waredgina informacia konvenciiT aRebuli maTi pasuxismgeblobebis Sesaxeb. droebiTi zomebi sasamarTlos mier gagrZelda orjer - 26 agvistos da 16 seqtembers. saqarTvelos mTavrobam gamoacxada, rom ECtHR-Si Sesatanad mzaddeba saCivari ruseTis winaaRmdeg, radgan maTi mtkicebiT, ruseTma daarRvia ECtHR-iT aRebuli valdebulebebi. 6 oqtombers ECtHR-is prezidentma ganacxada, rom sasamarTloSi Sesuli iyo daaxloebiT 2,000 individualuri saCivari samxreT oseTis moqalaqeebisgan qarTuli mxaris mier konfliqtis ganmavlobaSi adamianis uflebebis darRvevis gamo.87

yvela es saqme exeba saxelmwifos pasuxismgeblobas da ara liderebis, meTaurebis, an kombatantebis sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgeblobas saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTlis normebis, an adamianis uflebebis saerTaSoriso samarTlis wesebis specifiuri darRvevebis gamo. saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTali da adamianis uflebebis saerTaSoriso samarTali aseve moiTxovs aseTi saxis darRvevebSi damnaSave yvela pirovnebis gasamarTlebas. rogorc ukve iyo aRniSnuli, omis danaSaulSi eWvmitanilebis gasamarTleba pirvel rigSi meomari mxareebis pasuxismgeblobaa. sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos iurisdiqciis qveS aris konfliqtis ganmavlobaSi Cadenili yvela omis danaSauli da kacobriobis winaaRmdeg Cadenili danaSauli. sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos romis wesebis (romis wesebi) 15 da 17 muxlebis Tanaxmad miuxedavad imisa, rom ruseTs jer ar mouxdenia romis wesebis ratificireba, prokurors ufleba aqvs daiwyos saqarTvelos teritoriaze qarTvelebis, an rusebis mier Cadenili aseTi danaSaulebis gamoZieba, Tuki saxelmwifo policias da prokuraturas ar SeuZlia, an ar aqvs am saqmeebis gamoZiebis survili.88 prokuroris mier am dromde miRebuli informaciis safuZvelze da ruseTis sagareo saqmeTa saministros mier gagzavnili aTasobiT danaSaulis Sesaxeb informaciaze dayrdnobiT, prokurorma ukve daiwyo winaswari analizi.89 es aris pirveli nabiji imisTvis, rom dadgindes, saWiroa Tu ara winasasamarTlo palatisgan formaluri gamoZiebis dawyebis nebarTvis aReba. man ganacxada, rom



prokuratura “ganagrZobs yvela monawile mxridan informaciis moZiebas”. Amnesty International-s miaCnia, rom yovelTvis, rodesac arsebobs iseTi donis danaSaulebis damadasturebeli faqtebi, rogorc saqarTveloSi moxda, Tuki saxelmwifoebs ar SeuZliaT, an ar gaaCniaT survili gamoiZion da gamoavlinon damnaSaveebi, prokurorma unda gamoiyenos misi ufleba da moipovos gamoZiebis ganxorcielebis nebarTva. Amnesty International-i aseve aRniSnavs, rom 1949 wlis Jenevis konvenciis monawile yvela mxare valdebulia gamoiyenos universaluri iurisdiqcia yvela im pirovnebis winaaRmdeg, vinc eWvmitanilia seriozul kanondarRvevaSi, sadac ar unda momxdariyo es.



8. daskvnebi da rekomendaciebi

saqarTvelos, ruseTis da samxreT oseTis SearaRebul Zalebs

Soris xuTdRiani omis Sedegad moxda konfliqtis zonaSi osuri da qarTuli soflebis farTomasStabiani ngreva. mSvidobian mosaxleobas Zviri daujda samxedro moqmedebebi, rac gamoixata sikvdilianobaSi, fizikur dazianebebSi, iZulebiT gadaadgilebaSi da infrastruqturis da sakuTrebis ganadgurebaSi. gamokvlevis da analizis safuZvelze Amnesty International-ma daaskvna, rom konfliqtis yvela mxarem seriozulad daarRvia saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTlis da adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebi. Amnesty International-i SeSfoTebulia im faqtiT, rom qarvelma samxedroebma ar miiRes saWiro sifrTxilis zomebi 7 agvistos cxinvalze ieriSis mitanisas samoqalaqo mosaxleobis dasacavad da gamoiyenes Znelad damiznebadi iaraRi samoqalaqo mosaxleobis da Senobebis koncentraciis adgilebze Setevisas. am Setevebis Sedegad daiRupa da daiWra aTobiT samoqalaqo piri, dazianda samoqalaqo saxlebi da am adamianebis sakuTreba. saqarTvelos mTavrobam aRiara “kaseturi” iaraRis gamoyeneba samxedro obieqtebis winaaRmdeg, Tumca es moxda iseT adgilebSi da dros, sadac samoqalaqo mosaxleoba didi riskis qveS moxvda. “kaseturi” iaraRi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi warmoadgens safrTxes mosaxleobisTvis da saWiroa gawmendiTi samuSaoebis Catareba aufeTqebeli Wurvebis aRmosaCenad.

qarTul dasaxlebebze ieriSebis dros SesaZloa ruseTis mxares aeria samxedro samizneebi da mSvidobiani mosaxleoba, ramac gamoiwvia samoqalaqo mosaxleobis daRupva da samoqalaqo obieqtebis ngreva. ruseTis samxedro Zalebma ganaxorcieles ganurCeveli da araproporciuli Setevebi konfliqtis zonaSi da mis gareT arsebul qarTul dasaxlebebze. ruseTis armiis sxva moqmedebebi, rogoricaa goris centris dabombva da am angariSSi aRwerili sxva ieriSebi ar iyo gamiznuli raime samxedro obieqtis winaaRmdeg, rac gvafiqrebinebs, rom SesaZloa pirdapiri Seteva iyo mitanili samoqalaqo pirebsa da obieqtebze. seriozulad SemaSfoTebelia aseve ruseTis mxaris mier, samoqalaqo mosaxleobis sacxovrebel teritoriebze “kaseturi” iaraRis gamoyenebis damadasturebeli samxilebi.

samxreT oseTis “de faqto” administraciis mxares mebrZolma sruliad gansxvavebuli da gaurkveveli Semadgenlobis SeiaraRebulma jgufebma Seteva miitanes eTnikurad qarTuli dasaxlebebze samxreT oseTSi, romlebic “de faqto” pro-qarTuli administraciis kontrolis qveS iyvnen konfliqtis dawyebamde, xolo



im dros ukve ruseTis samxedro kontrolis qveS imyofebodnen. SeiaraRebulma dajgufebebma gamiznulad gadawves da gaZarcves qarTvelebis saxlebi, gansakuTrebiT ki im soflebSi, romlebic asocirdeboda Tbilisis mxardaWeris mqone, dimitri sanakoevis, alternatiul “de faqto” administraciasTan. TviTmxilvelTa mier Amnesty International-isTvis miwodebuli informaciiT, zogierT SemTxvevaSi osuri SeiaraRebuli jgufebi scemdnen da klavdnen qarTvelebs. am Setevebis dros dairRva saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTliT gansazRvruli akrZalvebi ganzrax mkvlelobaze, sakuTrebis gamiznul ganadgurebaze da marodiorobaze. ruseTis SeiaraRebulma Zalebma kontrolis qveS aiyvanes “de faqto” pro-qarTuli administraciis qveS myofi teritoria samxreT oseTSi da qarTuli teritoria egreT wodebul “buferul zonebSi”. rusulma jarebma, rogorc okupantma Zalam, ver SeZlo iq mcxovrebi eTnikuri qarTuli mosaxleobis adamianis uflebebis dacva. rusulma samxedro Zalebma ar Seasrules valdebuleba kanonisa da wesrigis SenarCunebis Sesaxeb da ar aRkveTes samxreT oseTis SeiaraRebuli dajgufebebis mier ganxorcielebuli marodioroba maT mier kontrolirebad teritoriaze. ruseTma pasuxi unda agos am garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT darRveuli adamianis uflebebis gamo.

konfliqtis Sedegad iZulebiT gadaadgilebulia 190,000

adamiani. mTlianobaSi Cans, rom ruseTis da saqarTvelos mTavrobebi efeqturad Sexvdnen gadaadgilebulTa gadaudebel moTxovnilebebs sacxovrebelze, sakvebze da wyalze. miuxedavad imisa, rom bevri ukve daubrunda sakuTar saxlebs, aTi aTasobiT adamiani kvlav iZulebiT gadaadgilebulia, radgan maTi saxlebi gamiznulad iqna ganadgurebuli. amis gamo bevri qarTvels uaxloes momavalSi dabrunebis perspeqtiva ar aqvs. grZelvadian periodSi iZulebiT gadaadgilebulTa ekonomikuri, socialuri da kulturuli uflebebis dacva darCeba mudmiv problemad saqarTveloSi.

Amnesty International-is da sxva organizaciebis mier Segrovili

informacia adasturebs, rom qarTuli da rusuli samxedro Zalebis da samxreT oseTis dajgufebebis mxridan saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTlis normebis seriozul darRvevebs hqonda adgili da saWiroa gamoZieba da sasamarTlo procesis warmoeba. saqarTvelo da ruseTi ukve axorcieleben saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTlis darRvevis faqtebis gamoZiebas. Amnesty International-i mouwodebs maT, rom es gamoZiebebi Seexos yvela aralegalur qmedebas da umoqmedobas da isini unda ganxorcieldes swrafad, damoukideblad, obieqturad da siRrmiseulad, saerTaSoriso standartebis Sesabamisad. am gamoZiebebis Sedegebi sajarod unda gacxaddes da saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTlis normebis damrRvevebi unda daisajon. Amnesty International-i aseve mouwodebs samxreT oseTis xelmZRvanelobas ganaxorcielos maTi SeiaraRebuli Zalebis mier saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTlis normebis faqtebis damoukidebeli, obieqturi da gamWvirvale gamoZieba.



rekomendaciebi Amnesty International-i mouwodebs saqarTvelos da ruseTis mTavrobebs:

uzrunvelyon konfliqtis gavlenis qveS myof teritoriaze mcxovrebTa da dabrunebis survilis mqone iZulebiT gadaadgilebulTa usafrTxoeba, maT mier kontrolirebad teritoriebze, adamianTa eTnikuri warmomavlobis miuxedavad;

uzrunvelyon maTi samxedro Zalebis mier konfliqtis ganmavlobaSi saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTlis da adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebis seriozuli darRvevebis faqtebis, samxedro danaSaulis CaTvliT, swrafi, damoukidebeli, siRrmiseuli da obieqturi gamoZieba, saerTaSoriso standartebis Sesabamisad. aqve igulisxmeba umoqmedobiT gamowveuli danaSaulic, magaliTad mkvlelobis, cemis, marodiorobis da xanZris gaCenis xelis ar SeSla maT mier kontrolirebad teritoriaze;

Sesaferisi, dasaSvebi samxilis arsebobis dros uzrunvelyofili iyos erovnuli da/an saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebis darRvevaSi eWvmitanilTa dacva, raTa procesi SesabamisobaSi iyos saerTaSoriso samarTliani sasamarTlo procesis standartebTan;

dauyovenebliv Sedges konfliqtis Sedegad dazaralebuli adgilebis rukebi, sadac gamoyenebuli iyo “kaseturi” Wurvebi, raTa moxdes “kaseturi” Wurvebis narCenebis gauvnebelyofa da am teritoriebis samoqalaqo mosaxleobisTvis usafrTxod gaxdoma. orive mTavrobam aseve unda uzrunvelyos sajaro sainformacio kampaniebis meSveobiT mosaxleobis gafrTxileba aufeTqebeli Wurvebis saSiSroebis Sesaxeb. saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi unda moxdes aseTi teritoriebis Caketva, Wurvebis gauvnebelyofis procesis dasrulebamde;

gamoacxadon moratoriumi “kaseturi” iaraRis gamoyenebaze da moaxdinon “kaseturi” iaraRis konvenciis ratificireba;

daTanxmdnen da srulad iTanamSromlon konfliqtis dros da mis Semdgom saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTlis da adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebis darRvevis faqtebis saerTaSoriso gamoZiebasTan;

daTanxmdnen da srulad iTanamSromlon meqanizmTan, romlis gamoyenebiTac dadgindeba forma da uzrunvelyofili iqneba sruli reparaciebi ukanono qmedebebisTvis da umoqmedobisTvis, restituciis, kompensaciis, reabilitaciis, dakmayofilebis da



gaumeoreblobis garantiebis CaTvliT;

uzunvelyon maTi SeiaraRebuli Zalebis mier Cadenili ukanono qmedebebis da umoqmedobis Sedegad adamianis uflebaTa darRvevis msxverplTa sruli reparacia;

srulad iTanamSromlon regionSi momuSave adamianis uflebaTa yvela saerTaSoriso monitorTan.

amasTan, Amnesty International-i mouwodebs saqarTvelos mTavrobas:

uzrunvelyos qveynis SigniT iZulebiT gadaadgilebulTa informirebuloba maTi uflebebis Sesaxeb dabrunebaze, an sxvagan dasaxlebaze, an integraciaze adgilobriv sazogadoebasTan maTi survilis SemTxvevaSi;

uzrunvelyos qveynis SigniT gadaadgilebulTa uflebis dacva, raTa maT pirdapiri monawileoba miiRon maTi adamianis uflebebis dacvis sakiTxebSi gadawyvetilebebis miRebaSi;

uzrunvelyos qveynis SigniT gadaadgilebulTa informirebuloba maTi uflebis Sesaxeb, moxdes maTi integracia, an mudmivi xelaxla dasaxleba qveynis sxva regionebSi, yoveli individualuri piris nebayoflobiTi arCevanis safuZvelze.

damatebiT, Amnesty International-i mouwodebs ruseTis mTavrobas:

srulad iTanamSromlos saerTaSoriso monitoringis yvela jgufTan, raTa rac SeiZleba male SesaZlebeli gaxdes yvela gadaadgilebuli piris swrafi dabruneba, Rirseul pirobebSi;

uzrunvelyos adamianis uflebaTa yvela saerTaSoriso monitoris daSveba konfliqtis yvela regionSi;

uzrunvelyos konfliqtis zonidan ruseTis federaciaSi gadaadgilebul ltolvilTa uflebebis srulad dacva;

imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom rusuli samxedro Zalebi kvlav akontroleben samxreT oseTs, uzrunvelyos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis adamianis uflebebis saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebis Sesabamisad moqmedeba da adamianis uflebebis dacva. Amnesty International-i mouwodebs samxreT oseTis



administracias:

miiRos yvela kanonieri zomebi, sajaro gancxadebebis da Zalovani struqturebis gamoyenebiT, adamianis uflebebis pativiscemiT da dacviT, raTa aRikveTos Semdgomi Setevebi, sakuTrebis ukanono miTvisebis, ganadgurebis da marodiorobis CaTvliT, eTnikuri qarTvelebze samxreT oseTis yofili avtonomiuri respublikis im teritoriaze, romelic konfliqtamde “de faqto” pro-qarTuli administraciis qveS iyo;

gamoiZios samxreT oseTis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis miliciis da kerZo pirebis mier Cadenili saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTlis da adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebis darRvevis faqtebi;

daeTanxmos da srulad iTanamSromlos saerTaSoriso gamoZiebebTan konfliqtis ganmavlobaSi da misi dasrulebis Semdgom saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTlis da adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebis darRvevis faqtebTan dakavSirebiT;

daeTanxmos adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso monitorebis Sesvlas samxreT oseTSi da srulad iTanamSromlos maTTan;

daTanxmdes da srulad iTanamSromlos meqanizmTan, romlis gamoyenebiTac dadgindeba forma da uzrunvelyofili iqneba sruli reparaciebi ukanono qmedebebisTvis da umoqmedobisTvis, restituciis, kompensaciis, reabilitaciis, dakmayofilebis da gaumeoreblobis garantiebis CaTvliT;

uzrunvelyos samxreT oseTis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis mier ganxorcielebuli ukanono qmedebebis da umoqmedobis Sedegebis sruli reparaciebi;

uzunvelyos samxreT oseTis yofili avtonomiuri respublikis teritoriidan iZulebiT gadaadgilebulTa usafrTxo da Rirseuli dabruneba. sajarod daadasturos gadaadgilebulTa ufleba daubrundnen sakuTar saxlebs;

uzrunvelyos yvela moqalaqis, diskriminaciis gareSe, Tanabari daSveba sareabilitacio daxmarebasTan, materialurTan da finansurTan. Amnesty International-i mouwodebs saerTaSoriso sazogadoebas:

uzrunvelyos saWiro eqspertizis, resursebis da uflebis mqone saerTaSoriso gundis Camoyalibeba, romelic gamoiZiebs adamianis



uflebaTa saerTaSoriso samarTlis da saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTlis normebis savaraudo darRvevebs yvela monawile mxaris mier konfliqtis ganmavlobaSi da misi dasrulebis Semdeg. gundma unda gaakeTos rekomendaciebi darRvevebisTvis dausjelobasTan da momavalSi aseTi darRvevebis Tavidan acilebis mxriv.

uzrunvelyos meqanizmis Camoyalibeba, romlis gamoyenebiTac dadgindeba forma da uzrunvelyofili iqneba sruli reparaciebi ukanono qmedebebisTvis da umoqmedobisTvis, restituciis, kompensaciis, reabilitaciis, dakmayofilebis da gaumeoreblobis garantiebis CaTvliT;

akrZalos kerZo kompaniebis, kerZo pirebis da saxelmwifoebis mier “kaseturi” iaraRis gamoyeneba, Senaxva da transportireba;

uzrunvelyos saxelmwifoebis mier iurisdiqciis gamoyeneba, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi saerTaSoriso iurisdiqciis CaTvliT, saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebis darRvevaSi eWvmitanilTa winaaRmdeg, konfliqtis ganmavlobaSi Cadenili omis danaSaulebis CaTvliT;

uzrunvelyos adamianis uflebaTa monitorebis sruli Seyvana samxreT oseTSi da saqarTveloSi.

1 1992 wels, q. soWSi, ruseTsa da saqarTvelos Soris miRweuli ormxrivi SeTanxmeba samxreT oseTSi cecxlis Sewyvetis pirobebis Sesaxeb. soWis xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad, monitoringisTvis Camoyalibda Sereuli sakontrolo komisia (JCC). JCC warmoadgenda oTxmxriv komisias, romelic dakompleqtebuli iyo saqarTvelos, ruseTis, CrdiloeT da samxreT oseTis, da agreTve euTo-s warmomadgenlebiT. komisia miznad isaxavda Seeqmna ruseTis, samxreT oseTis da saqarTvelos warmomadgenelTa gaerTianebuli samSvidobo batalionebi (TiToeul batalionSi iqneboda maqsimum 500 kaci). saqarTvelo didi xnis ganmavlobaSi gamoTqvamda ukmayofilebas JCC-is formatTan dakavSirebiT; 2004 wlidan, struqturis gadawyvetilebebi ar xorcieldeba arc erTi mxaris mier. saqarTvelo cdilobda Seecvala molaparakebebis formati, da aRniSnulis nacvlad Semoetana ormxrivi molaparakebebis formati, romelic gaimarTeboda saqarTvelosa da samxreT oseTs Soris, aRniSnuli formati uaryves samxreT oseTis warmomadgenlebma 2 informaciisTvis ix. qvemoT mocemuli angariSebi, romlebic gamoqveynda saerTaSoriso krizis-jgufis (International Crisis Group) mier: Georgia’s South Ossetia conflict: Make haste slowly, Europe Report No. 183, 7 June 2007; Georgia: Avoiding War in South Ossetia, Europe Report No. 159, 26 November 2004. 3 sxva saxelmwifoebma, venesuelas msgavsad, moiwones ruseTis gadawyvetileba samxreT oseTisa da afxazeTis aRiarebis Sesaxeb, Tumca Tavi Seikaves formalurad ecnoT maTi damoukidebloba. 4 Georgia, Russian Invasion of Georgia. Facts and Figures October 2 2008, p.9; ixileT: http://georgiaupdate.gov.ge



5 dimitri sanakoevi, romelmac 2006 wels moigo saqarTvelos kontrolqveS myofi samxreTis oseTis teritoriaze Catarebuli alternatiuli saprezidento arCevnebi, Tbilisis mxardaWeriT marTavda saqarTvelos mier kontrolirebad samxreT oseTis teritoriebs. 6 Dmitri Solovyov, “Russia urges Georgia to halt clashes in regions”, Reuters, 4 July 2008; RFE/RL Newsline, “Four Georgian soldiers being held in South Ossetia”, 8 July 2008; RFE/RL Newsline, “Georgia says Russian jets violated airspace”, 9 July 2008. 7 JCC Sedgeba qarTuli, rusuli, CrdiloeT da samxreT oseTis warmomadgenlebisgan. 2004 wlidan qarTuli mxare iTxovs aRniSnuli formatis Secvlas, romelic misi azriT araobieqturia saqarTvelos interesebis mimarT. 8 “Countdown in the Caucasus: Seven days that brought Russia and Georgia to war”, Financial Times, 26 August 2008. 9 RIA Novosti, 4 agvisto. 10 “Six dead in Georgia standoff”, Financial Times, 4 August 2008. 11 “Evacuees from South Ossetia arrive at Russian border”, ITAR-TASS, 3 August 2008. 12 Dmitry Avaliani, Sopho Bukia, Alan Tskhurbayev and Thomas de Waal, “How the Georgian war began: IWPR-trained reporters investigate the tragic sequence of events that triggered a war in South Ossetia”, Institute for War and Peace Reporting, Caucasus Reporting Service, No. 456, 22 August 2008. 13 Financial Times, “Countdown in the Caucasus”. 14 Luke Harding and Mitch Prothero, “Russia signs ceasefire deal but troops stay in Georgia”, The Observer, 17 August 2008. 15 ”Death toll in South Ossetia reached 2,000”, Russia Today, 10 August 2008, http://www.russiatoday.com/news/news/28732; “Georgian troops burn South Ossetian Refugees alive”, Pravda.ru, 10 August 2008, http://english.pravda.ru/hotspots/conflicts/10-08-2008/106050-georgia-0. Human Rights Watch-is mier aRniSnuli pirebis gamokiTxvis Sedegebi gamoqveynda 10 agvistos gakeTebul ganacxadSi. Human Rights Watch, “Georgia/Russia: Update on Casualties and Displaced Civilians”, http://hrw.org/english/docs/2008/08/10/georgi19581_txt.html 16 Caucasian Knot, “Authorities of South Ossetia report about 1492 casualties of Georgia’s attack”, http://eng.kavkaz-uzel.ru/newstext/engnews/id/1227624.html 17 Peter Wilson, “Death toll in South Ossetia a tenth of initial Russian claims”, The Australian, 22 August 2008. http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,24219963-2703,00.html 18interviu ruseTis federaciis generaluri prokuraturis sagamoZiebo komisiis ufrosTan aleqsandre bastrikinTan; Sueddeutsche Zeitung, 12 oqtomberi 2008 w., http://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/746/313652/text/



19 Georgian government publishes latest data on casualties during Russian invasion”, kavkas-presi, BBC-is mier mowodebuli informaciiT, 12 seqtemberi 2008. 20 informacia Amnesty International-s miawoda saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa saministrom 2008 wlis 7 oqtombers. 21 Georgian government publishes latest data on casualties during Russian invasion”, kavkas-presi, BBC-is mier mowodebuli informaciiT, 12 seqtemberi 2008. informacia daWrilTa raodenobis Sesaxeb emTxveva informacias, romelic Amnesty International-s miawoda saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa saministrom 2008 wlis 7 oqtombers. 22 Jean-Marie Henckaerts and Louise Doswald Beck, Customary International Humanitarian Law, ICRC, 2005. 23 8(2)(b)(i) muxli 24 Jenevis konvenciebis damatebiT oqmebTan dakavSirebiT gakeTebuli wiTeli jvris oficialuri ganacxadi ganmartavs gamoTqmas: “zustad gansazRvruli samxedro upiratesoba” da adgens, rom “ukanonoa Tavdasxma, romelic gvTavazobs mxolod potenciur an daudgeneli saxis upiratesobebs”. 25 sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos romis wesdeba, muxli: 8(2)(b)(iv) 26 ICRC, saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTlis CveulebiTi normebi, tomi I: samarTlebrivi normebi; norma 156, gv. 589. muxli: 8(2)(b)(i). 27 sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos romis wesdeba, muxli: 8(2)(a)(iv). 28 gaeros dokumenti E/CN.4/1998/53/Add.2 29 gaeros generaluri asambleis rezolucia A/60/L.1 para 132. 30 gaeros dokumenti E/CN.4/1998/53/dam.2: saxelmZRvanelo principebi iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTa Sesaxeb, 28-e da 29-e principebi; 31 adamianis uflebaTa komisia, ZiriTadi koment. N. 31 [80] konvenciis monawile saxelmwifoebze dakisrebuli ZiriTadi samarTlebrivi valdebulebebis xasiaTi, 26 maisi 2004, CCPR/C/21/gan.1/dam.13, par. 11. 32 adamianis uflebaTa komisia, ZiriTadi koment. N. 31 [80] konvenciis monawile saxelmwifoebze dakisrebuli ZiriTadi samarTlebrivi valdebulebebis xasiaTi, 26 maisi 2004, CCPR/C/21/gan.1/dam.13, par. 10. 33 ekonomikuri, socialuri da kulturuli uflebebis komisia, ZiriTadi koment. 7, iZulebiTi gandevna, da saTanado sacxovrebeli adgilis ufleba (me-16-e sesia, 1997 w.), gaeros dok. E/1998/22, IV danarTi, 113 (1997), par. 4. 34 ekonomikuri, socialuri da kulturuli uflebebis komisia, ZiriTadi koment. 7, iZulebiTi gandevna, da ufleba saTanado sacxovrebel adgilze (me-16-e sesia, 1997 w.), gaeros dok. E/1998/22, IV danarTi, 113 (1997), par. 7.



35 generaluri asambleis rezolucia, saxelmwifoebis pasuxismgebloba saerTaSoriso deliqtebze, gaeros dok.: A/Res/56/83 (28 ianvari 2002 w.), me-3 paragrafi. 36 magaliTisTvis ix., ICCPR, muxli: 2(3), da arabuli qartia adamianis uflebebis Sesaxeb, me-9 muxli. 37 kanonebis I tomi (kembrijis universitetis presa / 2005 w.). 38 respondentebis Txovnis safuZvelze, konfidencialurobis mizniT, mocemul angariSSi garkveul adgilebSi gamoyenebulia fsevdonimebi. aseTi adgilebi moniSnulia brWyalebiT. respondentebis namdvili saxelebi mocemulia brWyalebis gareSe. 39 informacia Amnesty International-s miawoda saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa saministrom, 2007 wlis 7 oqtombers. 40 samecniero ganviTarebis amerikuli asociaciisa da organizacia Amnesty International-is maRali garCevadobis satelituri masala da konfliqti samxreT oseTSi, 2008 wlis 9 oqtomberi. http://shr.aaas.org/geotech/aaas_georgia_9oct2008.pdf 41 Attacks damaged or destroyed 70% of buildings - Tskhinvali mayor, RIA-Novosti, 12 August 2008, http://en.rian.ru/world/20080812/115983262.html 42 Georgia, Russian Invasion of Georgia. Facts and Figures October 2 2008, p.2; ix http://georgiaupdate.gov.ge 43 Human Rights Watch, “Georgia: Join Treaty Banning Cluster Munitions”, 1 September 2008, http://www.hrw.org/english/docs/2008/09/01/georgi19722.htm 44 informacia Amnesty International-s miawoda saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa saministrom, 2007 wlis 7 oqtombers. 45 eqspertTa Sexvedris angariSi: " Humanitarian, Military, Technical and Legal Challenges of Cluster Munitions”, Montreux, 18-20 April 2007, ix.: http://icrc.org/Web/Eng/siteeng0.nsf/htmlall/p0915/$File/ICRC_002_0915.PDF!Open 46 Landmine Action: Ban the “M85” cluster bomb: Fact sheet, ix: http://www.landmineaction.org/resources/ActionPacks/m85_factsheet.pdf 47 Human Rights Watch: Georgia: Russian Cluster Bombs Kill Civilians, ix: http://www.hrw.org/english/docs/2008/08/14/georgi19625.htm 48 Pavel Felgenhauer, “Ossetian separatists are provoking a major Russian intervention”, Jamestown Foundation, Eurasia Daily Monitor, Volume 5, No. 151, http://www.jamestown.org/edm/article.php?article_id=2373294 49 aRniSnuli dazaralebuli soflebis amsaxveli satelituri masala ix. UNOSAT, ‘Village damage summary: Kekhvi to Tskhinvali, South Ossetia, Georgia, http://unosat.web.cern.ch/unosat/freeproducts/Georgia/Russia_ConflictAug08/UNOSAT_GEO_Village_Damage_Summary_Tskhinvali_19aug08_Lowres.pdf



50 Georgia, Russian Invasion of Georgia. Facts and Figures October 2 2008, p.9; ix. http://georgiaupdate.gov.ge 51 American Association for the Advancement of Science and Amnesty International, High-Resolution Satellite Imagery and the Conflict in South Ossetia, p.19. 52 magaliTisTvis: “Yugoosetinskiy spetsnats i opolchentsy zachistili gruzinskoe selo”, Novye Izvestiya, 13 agvisto, 2008 w.; “Georgian villagers flee amid claims of atrocities by armed militias arriving from South Ossetia”, The Guardian, 15 August 2008; Catherin Belton, “Georgian Refugees tell of Attacks and Looting”, Financial Times, 18 August 2008. 53 UNHCR, “UNHCR continues monitoring the villages North East of Gori, Emergency Operation in Georgia Update, 29 August 2008, http://www.unhcr.org/news/NEWS/48bba2ed4.html 54 Georgia, Russian Invasion of Georgia. Facts and Figures October 2 2008, p.10; ix: http://georgiaupdate.gov.ge 7,894-iani mosaxleoba Sedgeboda daaxloebiT 7,194 qarTvelisa da 700 osisgan. 55 UNHCR, ‘New Humanitarian tragedy unfolding in Gori’, Emergency Operation in Georgia Update, 26 August 2008, http://www.unhcr.org/news/NEWS/48b431254.pdf 56 UNHCR, ‘Situation north of Gori is deteriorating’, Emergency Operation in Georgia Update, 27 August 2008, http://www.unhcr.org/news/NEWS/48b55da74.pdf; Amnesty International-is interviu UNHCR-is personalTan gorSi, 30 agvisto 2008 w. 57 sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos romis wesdebis muxli 8 (2) (b) (xiii) f. 58 Jenevis meoTxe konvenciis 33-e muxlis Tanaxmad marodioroba akrZalulia saerTaSoriso SeiaraRebul konfliqtebSi, xolo, II oqmis 4 (2)(g) muxlis Tanaxmad marodioroba ikrZaleba arasaerTaSoriso SeiaraRebul konfliqtebSi. (33-e muxli, Jenevis meoTxe konvencia) agreTve moqmedebs arasaerTaSoriso SeiaraRebul konfliqtSi (II oqmi, 4 (2)(g) muxli). 59 sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos romis wesdebis 8 (2) (b) (xvi) muxli gaTvaliswinebulia saerTaSoriso SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis dros, xolo 8 (2) (e) (v) muxli arasaerTaSoriso SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis dros. 60 mocemuli informacia Amnesty International-s miawoda saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa saministrom 2007 wlis 7 oqtombers. 61 informacia Amnesty International-s miawoda saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa saministrom 2007 wlis 7 oqtombers. 62 UNHCR, “Revised figures push number of Georgia displaced up to 192,000,” 12 September 2008, ix: http://www.unhcr.org/georgia.html?page=news&id=48ca8d804 63 UNHCR, “UNHCR concern as shelter capacity in Georgia town of Gori is exhausted”, 2 September 2008, http://www.unhcr.org/georgia.html?page=news&id=48bd56044 64 OCHA, Situation Report No. 11 on the Situation in Georgia 05 Sep 2008 http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900SID/KKAA-7J83FJ?OpenDocument



65 Georgia, Russian Invasion of Georgia. Facts and Figures October 2 2008, p.11 ix: http://georgiaupdate.gov.ge 66 UNHCR, “Reports of lawlessness creating new forcible displacement in Georgia” 26 August 2008; UN OHCHR, “Georgia: UN Expert on Internally Displaced Persons says security is key to return,” 4 October 2008. 67 Georgia, “Russian Invasion of Georgia: Refugees and displaced persons,” 8 October 2008, ix: http://georgiaupdate.gov.ge 68 UNHCR, “New arrivals and increased need for coordination”, Emergency Operation in Georgia, 5 September 2008; http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/home/opendoc.pdf?tbl=NEWS&id=48c1463c4 69 Georgia, Russian Invasion of Georgia. Facts and Figures October 2 2008, p.13; ix. http://georgiaupdate.gov.ge 70 Walter Kälin, Representative of the Secretary-General on the Human Rights of Internally Displaced Persons, “Legal aspects of return of internally displaced persons and refugees to Abkhazia, Georgia”, 29 November 2007. 71 UNHCR, ‘First UNHCR assessment mission to “buffer zone”’, Emergency Operation in Georgia, 12 September 2008, http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/home/opendoc.pdf?tbl=NEWS&id=48cfafe44 72 UNHCR, “Last Update on Emergency Operation in Georgia”, Emergency Operation in Georgia, 19 September 2008, available at http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/home/opendoc.pdf?tbl=NEWS&id=48d3beb42f6 73 “20,000 Georgians return to buffer zone – UNHCR”, Reuters, 14 October 2008. 74 UN OHCHR, “Georgia: UN Expert on Internally Displaced Persons says security is key to return,” 4 October 2008. 75 UNHCR, “New humanitarian tragedy”; Amnesty International-is interviu UNHCR-is warmomadgenlebTan, 29 agvisto 2008 w. 76 ICRC, “Georgia/Russian Federation: ICRC shifts focus to long-term recovery”, 3 September 2008, http://www.icrc.org/web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/htmlall/georgia-update-030908 77 UN OHCHR, “Georgia: UN Expert on Internally Displaced Persons says security is key to return,” 4 October 2008. 78 S/RES/1839 79 euTos mudmivi sabWos gadawyvetileba # 861 saqarTveloSi euTos misiaSi samxedro oficrebis ricxvTan gazrdasTan dakavSirebiT. 80 Human Rights in Areas Affected by the South Ossetia Conflict. Special Mission to Georgia and Russian Federation, By Thomas Hammarberg, Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights



81 PACE, The consequences of the war between Georgia and Russia, Resolution 1633 (2008), http://assembly.coe.int/Documents/AdoptedText/ta08/ERES1633.htm 82 igor komisarovi, generaluri prokuraturis sagamoZiebo komisiis ufrosis moadgile. informacia mowodebulia RIA Novosti-is mier, 14 agvisto 2008 w. 83 PACE, The consequences of the war between Georgia and Russia, Resolution 1633 (2008). 84 mocemuli informacia Amnesty International-s miawoda saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa ministrma 2008 wlis 7 oqtombers. 85 gaeroSi ruseTis federaciis mudmivi warmomadgenlis sityva PACE saparlamento asambleaze, informacia mowodebulia 2008 wlis 20 seqtembers RIA Novosti-is mier. 86 gaeros generaluri mdivnis warmomadgenelma savaraudod gaakeTa 2008 wlis 16 seqtembers samxreT oseTSi yofnisas: http://www.un.org/apps/sg/sgstats.asp?nid=3403 87 Luke Baker, “South Ossetia floods court with Georgia writs”, Reuters India, 6 October 2008, http://in.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idINIndia-35825220081006. 88 ruseTma xeli moawera romis wesdebas, rac mas akisrebs valdebulebas, Tavi Seikavos iseTi qmedebisgan, romelic ewinaaRmdegeba romis wesdebis amocanebsa da miznebs. 89 sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos prokurorma ganacxada, rom:

"saqarTvelo warmoadgens romis wesdebis saxelmwifo mxares. Cvens struqturaSi, moqmedi iurisdiqciis farglebSi, yuradRebiT ganixileba ukanono qmedebebTan dakavSirebiT Semosuli yvela saxis informacia, samxedro danaSauli Tu danaSeuli kacobriobis winaSe, romelic ganxorcielda saxelmwifoebis teritoriaze, moqalaqeebis an saxelmwifo mxareTa mier, imis ganurCevlad, ukanono qmedeba Cadenilia individuali piris Tu jgufis mier. Cvens mier agreTve ganixileba informacia moqalaqeebze ukanono Tavdasxmebis Sesaxeb.

“sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos prokurori adasturebs, rom saqarTveloSi arsebul situacias ukeTdeba analizi”, haaga, 20 agvisto 2008 w., ICC-OTP-20080820-PR346 ENG.

ganurCevlad imisa, didi mniSvnelobis konfliqts exeba es, Tu dedamiwis romelime miviwyebul kuTxes, AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL-i iRvwis samarTlianobisa da TavisuflebisTvis da msoflioSi mdgomareobis gasaumjobeseblad sazogadoebis mxardaWeris mopovebas cdilobs.

ra SegiZliaT Tqven?

mTels msoflioSi moRvawe aqtivistebma daamtkices, rom adamianis uflebebis damrRvev saxifaTo ZalebTan brZola SesaZlebelia. gaxdiT am moZraobis wevri. SeebrZoleT maT, vinc SiSsa da

siZulvils avrcelebs.

SeuerTdiT Amnesty International-s, msoflio masStabis moZraobas, romelic adamianis uflebebis darRvevis aRsakveTad iRvwis. dagvexmareT cvlilebis moxdenaSi.

daexmareT Amnesty International-s Tqveni SemowirulobiT.

erTad Cvens xmas ukeT gaigoneben.

msurs miviRo meti informacia imis Taobaze, Tu rogor

gavwevriande Amnesty International-Si.

saxeli, gvari

misamarTi

qveyana

eleqtronuli fostis misamarTi

msurs Amnesty International-s Semovwiro Tanxa (Semowirulebebi

miiReba UK£, US$ an €-s saxiT)

Tanxa

gadaxdis forma: Visa Mastercard

nomeri

vadis gasvlis TariRi

xelmowera

gTxovT, es forma daubrunoT Amnesty International-is ofiss

Tqvens qveyanaSi. Amnesty International-is ofisebi msoflioSi:

www.amnesty.org/en/worldwide-sites Tu Tqvens qveyanaSi ar aris Amnesty International-is ofisi, gTxovT mocemuli forma gamoagzavnoT Semdeg

misamarTze: Amnesty International, International Secretariat, Peter Benenson House, 1 Easton Street, London WC1X 0DW, United Kingdom

ww

w.a

mne

sty.

org

maqvs survili

dagexmaroT

mSvidobiani mosaxleoba cecxlis xazzeqarTul-rusuli konfliqti

2008 wlis agvistoSi, xuTdRiani omis ganmavlobaSi, romelic

moxda samxreT oseTis, saqarTvelo, gakontrolebisTvis, daiRupa

ufro meti mSvidobiani mosaxle, vidre jariskaci. daibomba

skolebi, saavadmyofoebi da saxlebi. mosaxleoba acxadebs, rom

maT bombavdnen sakuTari soflebidan gaqcevis drosac. konfliqtis

Sedegad iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTa raodenoba TiTqmis 200,000-ia da rogorc Cans, aTobiT aTasi adamiani sakmaod didi xnis

ganmavlobaSi ver daubrundeba sakuTar saxlebs.

saomari moqmedebebis dros qarTulma da rusulma samxedro Zalebma

ar gaiTvaliswines adamianis uflebebis saerTaSoriso samarTlis

ZiriTadi principebi, ramac gamoiwvia 350 samoqalaqo piris

sikvdili da aTasobiT adamianis fizikuri daSaveba. konfliqtis

Semdeg samxreT oseTis mxardamWeri SeiaraRebuli dajgufebebi

aqtiurad Zarcvavdnen da wvavdnen qarTul dasaxlebebs, romlebic

imyofeboda ruseTis samxedro kontrolis qveS.

mocemul angariSSi warmodgenilia Amnesty International-is mier konfliqtis zonaSi Catarebuli faqtebis moZiebis ramdenime

misiis ganxorcielebis Sedegad miRebuli informacia. angariSSi

warmodgenilia adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso samarTlis

da saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTlis normebis seriozuli

darRvevis damadasturebeli faqtebi. Amnesty International-is mowodebaa,

Catardes yvela monawile mxaris mier konfliqtis mimdinareobis

da misi dasrulebis Semdgom omis kanonebis darRvevis faqtebis

detaluri gamoZieba. aRniSnul darRvevebSi, maT Soris, samxedro

danaSaulSi mxilebuli damnaSaveebi, unda gasamarTldnen da maT

yvela msxverpls unda aunazRaurdes zarali.

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