Q1. Non alignment does not mean neutrality of state. In ...€¦ · Partner Capacity programmes. It...
Transcript of Q1. Non alignment does not mean neutrality of state. In ...€¦ · Partner Capacity programmes. It...
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Model Answer
Intro
The Non-Aligned Movement is a Movement of countries
representing the interests and priorities of developing countries. as
to ensure "the national independence, sovereignty, territorial
integrity and security of non-aligned countries" in their "struggle
against imperialism, colonialism, neo-colonialism, racism, and all
forms of foreign aggression, occupation, domination, interference
or hegemony as well as against great power and bloc politics. The
recent summit of NAM held in Baku.
Body
Relevance of NAM:
Multi-polarity: Now the present world scenario is in a slow but
steady pace. Uni-polar is slowly shifting to the multi-polar world
and eager to look into the matter of global economic issues. Even
G20 realized that they cannot withstand without developing
nations in this phase of the acute crisis.
Stability in the rising multipolar world order
Can help to contain the rise of China by raising a collective voice.
A platform where India’s Leadership is recognized
A unique platform of countries with dissimilar backgrounds and
interests
Q1. Non alignment does not mean neutrality of state. In the
light of this statement critically examine the relevance of NAM
in current multipolar world.
Approach
Intro: Define what is non alignment or Mention any current event
related to NAM
BODY: Examine relevance from both perspective: FOR &
AGAINST
• Achievements of NAM
• Failure OF NAM
Conclusion: way forward- changes that should be brought to
make NAM relevant for 21st century
Body:
Conclusion:
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Check on big power ambitions-NAM constitute of 120 developing
nation and this overwhelming strength of this third world nation
act as a check on big power ambitions.
Against:
During wars NAM members adopted diplomatic approach. To
begin with, during the 1962 War with China, Ghana and Indonesia
two of the co-founders of NAM, along with India – adopted
explicitly pro-China positions.
World is witnessing the rise of new world powers like China, India
thus is moving towards multipolar world.
No coordinated approach: NAM was formed more out of political
compulsions and friendship of leaders rather than for a concrete
purpose. Members of the NAM have different political, social and
economic structure which hinders any cohesive action each with
their own set of interests.
NAM could not push for reforms in the global bodies like UN,
IMF, and WTO.
Inability to find solution to the West-Asian crisis. Withdrawal of
one of the founder members- Egypt, after the Arab Spring.
Most of the members are economically weak; hence they have no
say in world politics or economy.
Conclusion:
Most of the NAM countries are developing or under-developed hence
collaboration to end exploitation, war, hunger, poverty and disease on the
earth can revive and make NAM more relevant. The most important role
for NAM today lies in framing a concrete economic agenda for a just and
fair international order.
Develop a new ‘Bandung spirit’ which takes into account the new
realities: States could engage in soft balancing of this nature hoping to
delegitimize the aggressive behavior of the great powers.
NAM 2.0- Most of the NAM countries are developing or under-developed
hence collaboration to end exploitation, war, hunger, poverty and disease
on the earth can revive and make NAM more relevant. The most
important role for NAM today lies in framing a concrete economic agenda
for a just and fair international order.
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Model Answer
Intro The defence partnership, a key pillar of the relationship, which has
blossomed. India and USA are planning to revitalise a defence technology
sharing pact by putting several new ideas, Focus on startups The
possibility of exports to identified third nations and focusing on practical
industry partnerships and Including setting up of an industry forum that
can identify and suggest practical projects that can be taken up in the
future.
Body
Defence agreements signed between India and USA-
DTTI: India and the United States have launched a Defence
Technology and Trade Initiative (DTTI), aimed at simplifying
technology transfer policies and exploring possibilities of co-
development co-production to invest the defence relationship with
strategic value.
COMCASA is meant to facilitate use of high-end secured
communication equipment to be installed on military platforms
being sold to India by US to fully exploit their potential. It
essentially provides legal framework for transfer of
Q2.) Discuss Indo-US relations in the light of recent Defence
agreements signed between India and the USA
Approach
Intro: discuss Indo US relation in brief or mention any recent
defence talks between India and USA
Body:
• Mention defence agreements which are signed
• Bring out the purpose of defence cooperation
• Benefits for both countries
• Challenges that are hampering defence partnership
Conclusion: suggest few measures to operationalize defence
partnership
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communication security equipment from US to India that will
facilitate interoperability between armed forces of both countries
and potentially with other militaries that use US-origin systems for
secure data links.
The agreements signed include, Logistics Exchange Memorandum
of Association (LEMOA) signed in August 2016.It gives access to
both countries and to designated military facilities on either side
for the purpose of refueling and replenishment.
BECA: It facilitates exchange of geospatial information between
India and US for both military and civilian use.
BENEFITS FOR BOTH COUNTRIES:
• The US sees the defence partnership in the context of its Building
Partner Capacity programmes. It increasingly regards India as a
potential ally in dealing with the emerging challenges in the Indo-
Pacific, notably China’s growing economic and military
assertiveness.
• India’s importance as a market for arms supplies, next only to Saudi
Arabia, is also a major factor.
• India’s immediate objective is to rapidly build its defence
capabilities, in order to better deal with potential threats on its
northern and western land borders and in the Indian Ocean. It needs
the latest technologies to pursue its ambitious ‘Make in India’
Programme in defence manufacturing.
CHALLENGES:
• Bilateral disputes impacting the security partnership: There is a risk
that bilateral disputes in the commercial or trade sector could bleed
into and affect the defence relationship, or that short-sighted policy
decisions could have long-term strategic ramifications.
• DTTI frustration: it has often been perceived, incorrectly, as a venue
for fast-tracking sole-source contracts on major defence articles.
Technologies identified for co-development and production were
unviable and of questionable commercial potential and operational
requirements.
• Countering America’s Adversaries Through Sanctions Act
(CAATSA): According to this Act, sanctions could be imposed on any
country indulging in procurement of weapons from a foreign so-called
“rogue” government
Way forward:
Focus on co-production opportunities: Both countries should be
more aggressively exploring co-production opportunities,
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particularly in next-generation areas that would give a needed
boost to the partnership.
Launch DTTI 2.0: DTTI should be reinvigorated, with an explicit
mandate to drive cooperative research, development, and
production of defence technologies. The DTTI must develop
further ties with Indian industry
Q3.Has already been asked covered earlier. You can refer the
same for Model answer
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Model Answer
Approach
Intro – One can start with data/report showing urgent need to
expedite food fortification program in India.
Body – One can define food fortification briefly and highlight its
importance. Then the present status and future possibilities (prospect)
of food fortification can be highlighted.
Conclude – With highlighting government initiatives in this
direction.
Intro The Economist Intelligence Unit has ranked India 63rd among 67
countries in terms of micronutrient deficiency prevalence, with only
Mozambique, Sierra Leone, Ghana and Kenya faring worse. In this scenario
food fortification draws an urgent attention.
Body
What is food fortification?
Q4. What is food fortification? Explain the prospects of food
fortification in India.
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Importance of food fortification
The debate on food security in India, till not very long ago, revolved around
making available adequate quantities of produce to feed our vast population.
However, of late, the emphasis has started shifting from quantity to quality,
signaling a paradigm shift in the understanding, if not definition, of “food
security”.
What is present status of food fortification in India?
The FSSAI has formulated a ‘Food Safety and Standards
(Fortification of Foods) Regulations, 2016’, a comprehensive
regulation on fortification of foods in the country.
These regulations set standard guidelines for food
fortification and encourage the production, manufacture,
distribution, sale and consumption of fortified foods.
They also assign specific role of FSSAI in promotion for food
fortification and to make fortification mandatory.
Prospects of food fortification in India
Need for rice fortification
1. 67 % of population in India consumes rice (NSSO, 68th
round).
2. Rice forms a large source of calories and core component of
agriculture and nutrition in most of India.
3. Milling of rice removes the fat and micronutrient rich bran
layers to produce the commonly consumed starch white rice.
4. Polishing further removes 75-90% of Vitamin B- 1, Vitamin
B-6, Vitamin-E and Niacin.
Need for milk fortification
1. The quantity question in milk has since long been addressed.
It is the country’s largest “crop” today, both by volume and
value.
2. Qualitatively, too, it is a wholesome food containing animal
protein, fat, carbohydrate, calories and sugar as well as
calcium, phosphorus and vitamin A, D, B2 and B12.
3. Being a universally consumed food, milk also offers itself as
a natural vehicle for a nationwide food fortification
Programme that can effectively address the problem of under-
nutrition amongst large sections of our masses.
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4. The potential is even more given the high-income elasticity
of demand for milk in the lower quintiles and deciles.
Conclusion Therefore food fortification needs to be diversified to
crops which are more widely and cheaply available to the vulnerable
sections and others. Only then micronutrient deficiencies can be
eliminated from India.
The government of India has launched a Milk Fortification Project
targeting fortification of about 2 million tonnes of liquid milk to
reach at least 30 million consumers is a positive step in this direction.
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Model Answer
Intro
Pollution is defined as 'an addition or excessive addition of
unwanted elements to the physical environment (water, air
and lands), making it less fit or unfit for the environment'.
Types of Pollutants
Pollutants are the elements, which cause adverse effect on
the natural quality of any component of the environment.
For example, household residual, vehicular emissions,
automobile emissions radioactive substances.
Body
Causes of pollution
» High Population- The increasing level of population put
more pressure on natural resources such as water, air and
ultimately creating imbalance in the environment.
» Industrialization- Large industrial development has
resulted in mushrooming of large infrastructural plants
creating air pollution through emission in atmosphere. Hence,
the environment is affected.
» Forest fires- Forest fires are caused due to various factors such
as- Irresponsible Tourism, invasive species (such as Lantana
Camera) etc. Due to forest fires, the smoke emitted from it, leads to
air pollution, soil pollution.
Q5)What do you understand by Environmental Pollution?
Mention the various kinds of pollution and their effect on
human health in India.
Approach
Intro: Explain the term pollution.
Body: Explain various types of pollution. Their effects on human
health
Conclusion: Positive approach
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WATER POLLUTION
Water pollution is the addition/presence of undesirable
substances to/in water such as organic, inorganic, biological,
radiological, heat, which effects the quality of water so that it
becomes unfit for human utilization’.
Effects on human health-Consumption of polluted water leads
to effects on blood, nails and hairs causing skin lesions, rough
skin, dry and thickening of the skin and ultimately skin cancer.
AIR POLLUTION
The pollutants persist in the atmosphere after release into the environment
is called air pollution.
Effects on humans- It leads to severe lungs problems such as asthma,
lung cancer; irritation, headaches, mental issues, death.
SOIL POLLUTION
“Soil pollution” refers to the presence of a chemical or substance out of
place and/ or present at a higher than normal concentration that has
adverse effects on any non-targeted organism.
Effects on Human Health- More than 70% of the soil pollutants are
carcinogenic in nature, intensifying the chances of developing cancer in
the humans exposed to the polluted soils. It happens when people
consume crop produce that is grown in the polluted soils or when they
consume animal products that eat plants from polluted soils. As a result,
humans suffer from acute illnesses and may experience premature death.
For example, Itai-itai disease has been reported in the cadmium enriched
soil.
NOISE POLLUTION
Noise pollution is generally defined as regular exposure to elevated sound
levels that may lead to adverse effects in humans or other living
organisms. According to the World Health Organization, sound levels less
than 70 dB are not damaging to living organisms
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Effect of Noise Pollution on Humans
Hypertension is, in this case, a direct result of noise pollution
caused elevated blood levels for a longer period of time.
Hearing loss can be directly caused by noise pollution, whether
listening to loud music in your headphones or being exposed to
loud drilling noises
Sleep disturbances are usually caused by constant air or land
traffic at night, and they are a serious condition in that they can
affect everyday performance and lead to serious diseases.
Conclusion
Our constitution has provided the provisions related to the
protection of various ecosystem. Article 51a (g) to protect
and improve the natural environment including forests,
lakes, rivers and wild life, and to have compassion for living
creatures.
Case Study of Bihar Flood, 2019- The government has shown
the team work by collaborating with NDRF, SDRF, NGO’s,
in carrying out rescue operation.
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Introduction:
About 60 percent of the landmass is prone to earthquakes of various
intensities, over 40 million hectares is prone to floods and 68 percent of
the area is susceptible to drought.
According to an estimate by the World Bank direct losses from natural
disaster are up to 2 percent of the India’s GDP.
The turning point in the thinking on disaster management was the Indian
Ocean Tsunami of 26th December 2004. This disaster struck the country
in more than seven states which highlighted the gaps in early warning,
coordination and the management of disasters.
The Disaster Management Act, 2005 lays down institutional, legal
financial and coordination mechanisms at the central, state, district and
local levels.
These institutions are not parallel structures and will work in close
harmony.
The new institutional framework is expected to ensure implementation
of the national desire for a paradigm shift in DM from a relief-centric
approach to a proactive regime that lays greater emphasis on
preparedness, prevention and mitigation.
Q6) How important is vulnerability and risk assessment for
pre-disaster management? Asan administrator, what are key
areas that you would focus on in a Disaster Management
System?
Approach:
Introduction
Mention about India’s vulnerability to disasters.
Illustrate the importance of pre-disaster management.
Mention govt. initiative
Body:
Broadly discuss about the areas on which you as an
administrator can focus.
Conclusion:
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With better planning, preparedness awareness and mitigation measures
we can significantly reduce the impact of disasters for our people in the
near future.
The Hyogo Framework of Action (HFA) for action approved in 2005 by
UNISDR to which India is a signatory, advocates mainstreaming
disaster risk reduction into socioeconomic development planning and
activities
Body:
As an administrator, one needs to focus on following areas:
Technical area: Application of science and technology for
assessment, identification and monitoring of disasters and
enhancing early warning of system.
Socio-educational area: Increasing citizen’s understanding and
skills to build a culture of safety and resilience at all levels
Development area: Integrating disaster risk in all relevant sectors
of development planning and programmes.
Humanitarian area: Factoring disaster risk reduction in disaster
response and recovery.
Increasing awareness and preparedness, strengthening rescue and
relief mechanisms.
Better rehabilitation and reconstruction.
Agriculture:
o The Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY) is a flagship
Programme of the Ministry of Agriculture which provides
adequate flexibility to include DRR components to take care
of extreme weather events.
o Creating reserves of seeds, pest surveillance systems,
providing water storage devices (in combination with
MGNREGS) etc. could be taken up as DRR components.
Infrastructure
The Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) provides rural
connectivity to habitations. These could also provide lifeline connectivity
in the case of disasters to hospitals, food distribution centres, schools, etc.
In the event of a natural disaster, availability of drinking water and food
demand immediate attention.
Administrator should give more thought needs to be given to the design,
construction and location of the drinking water sources particularly in
low lying flood prone areas.
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Health:
National Rural Health Mission: Areas like hospital safety, surveillance
mechanism for infectious diseases, trauma care, management of mass
causalities, etc., need more attention.
Public awareness:
Disaster Risk Reduction needs to be included in the curricula in
Schools and Colleges to inculcate the culture of safety and
prevention among the children.
In addition, a thorough review of the safety of the School
buildings needs to be undertaken.
Ensuring compliance of building norms:
Our adherence to norms in the case of buildings in seismic zone-IV and
V has been quite poor. Similarly our compliance with fire safety norms
has also been found to be awfully inadequate. It is necessary to
strengthen inspections and management by Government agencies.
Conclusion: All hazards need not become disasters. With better
planning, preparedness awareness and mitigation measures we can
significantly reduce the impact of disasters for our people in the near
future.