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Cells in parts. By Keita
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Introduction to Cells
- There are 2 types of cells in the world: eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells.
- I studied about eukaryotic cells, human cells in particular.
- There roughly are 3 trillion cells in the average adult.
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The Central Ideas
- My Central Idea: Cells have many parts with structures that interact with processes to sustain life in organisms.
- My Central Idea: Cells have many parts with structures that interact with processes to sustain life in organisms.
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Introduction to Cells
- There are 2 types of cells in the world: eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells.
- I studied about eukaryotic cells, human cells in particular.
- There roughly are 3 trillion cells in the average adult.
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Part 1- The parts of any cell:1.The Nucleus and DNA2.Cellular Membrane3.The Ribosomes4.Translation, Transcription, and Replication5.The Endoplasmic Reticulum6.The Golgi Apparatus
Table of contents part 1
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7.Proteins8.Mitochondria
Part 2 specific cells:1.Nerve cells
a. The Axonb.The Dendrites
Table of contents part 2
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c. The Terminald. Schwann cells/ Myelin sheathe. The Synapsesf. The nodes of Ranvier
Table of Contents part 3
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Picture of General Cell
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-The nucleus holds the DNA.
-The nucleus is protected by a double bi lipid layer.
-The DNA in the nucleus of your cell is made of phospholipid groups, adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine.
The Nucleus and The DNA
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Pictures of Deoxyribonucleic acid and Ribonucleic acid (DNA and RNA)
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Picture of Cellular Membrane
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- The cellular membranes in your cells are composed of a phospholipid bilayer each.
- The membrane is semipermeable.
- The membranes of the nucleus have tunnels of protein that the mRNA goes to the ribosome through.
The Cellular Membrane
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- The Cellular membranes have particular proteins embedded into it.
The Cellular Membrane #2
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Picture of Ribosome
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- The ribosomes take mRNA (messenger ribonucleic acid) and tRNA (translator RNA) and pair them up.
-The tRNA has amino acids attached to it that stick together to make proteins.
-There are 20 amino acids.
The Ribosomes
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- Translation is when mRNA combines with tRNA and creates proteins.
- Transcription is when mRNA is made from DNA.
- Replication is when DNA is created from DNA.
Translation, Transcription, and Replication
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Picture of the Endoplasmic Reticulum
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- The endoplasmic reticulum has two parts: the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
- The rough endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes attached to it that release the proteins inside the endoplasmic reticulum.
The Endoplasmic Reticulum
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- The smooth endoplasmic reticulum supposedly has lots of purposes that I don’t know of but I do know that it encloses the proteins from the rough endoplasmic reticulum in some of its own membrane turning the protein into a vesicle.
The Endoplasmic Reticulum #2
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Picture of Golgi Body
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The Golgi Apparatus or Golgi Body
- The golgi apparatus adds the glycerol sugars that guide the vesicles to where they have to go to.
- The golgi apparatus adds extra carbohydrates and also adds phosphates.
- It does this with enzymes.
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Picture of Proteins
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The Proteins
- There are lots of kinds of proteins that the ribosomes create.
- There are tunnel proteins, proteins that are embedded into the membrane, there are proteins on the surface of the membrane, so you get the point right.
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Picture of Mitochondria
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Mitochondria
- Mitochondria creates the energy that the cells use.
- Mitochondria transforms the already energy containing sugars in the cell into ATP a more used form of energy.
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Mitochondria Part 2
- There can be thousands of mitochondrias inside of one cell.
- Mitochondria takes the nutrients from the small intestine and turns it the nutrients into energy.
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Nerve Cells
Here is a picture of a nerve cell.
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Picture of Axon
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The Axon
- The axon is the long thing on the picture of the cell
- The axon is where the signals from the cell are transmitted.
- The axon has voltage gated sodium channels that keep the signal strong with sodium ions.
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The Dendrites
- The dendrites are the root looking things on the picture
- On the average nerve cell there are five dendrites.
- These dendrites receive the signals from different axons and “feel” as in the sense.
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The Terminal
- The terminal is where the axon splits on the picture
- The terminal is where the certain signal goes to place where it commands something through the synapses.
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Myelin Sheath/ Schwann Cells
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The Myelin Sheath/ Schwann cells- The schwann cells are parts of the axon that isolate the axon.
- The myelin sheath is made of multiple schwann cells.
- The schwann cells are made of layers upon layers of bi lipid layers.
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Picture of Synapse
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The Synapses
- The synapse is the space between the axon and axon, dendrite, or soma and the two sending and receiving neurons.
- There are these vesicles (membrane bound proteins) with proteins called neurotransmitters
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The synapses
- Then, the snare proteins (the proteins that connect the vesicles to the axon) pry open the axon membrane.
- The neurotransmitters are let out and they bond with the proteins on another cell which opens a Na+ channel to make another action potential
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Picture of a Node of Ranvier
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The Nodes of Ranvier
- In the Nodes of Ranvier the part of the axon is depolarised this means that the cell is polar in the first place.- The cells are polar because there
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The End For now but the real end is near
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The Real EndIs here
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Anyway, Any questions?