pwT-6cspunjab.nirmancampus.co.in/notes/12th Chapter 6th.pdf · 2020. 11. 1. · P a g e | 1 kMipatr...

P a g e | 1 kMipaUtr swieMs - 12vIN jmwq

iqAwr krqw: ivkws kWsl (UGC NET Qualified) – 9501010979 (kMipaUtr PYkltI, s.s.s.s.(kM), sunwm)

pwT-6

(nYtvrikMg sMklp)

(slwnw pRIiKAwvW ivc ies pwT ivcoN 1,2 Aqy 6 AMkW vwly pRSn pùCy jwxgy)

KwlI QwvW Bro[

1. do siQqIAW drimAwn fwtw bdlx vwly mwiDAm nUM _______ ikhw jWdw hY[

a. nYtvrk A. hwrf ifsk e. sI. fI. rom s. ieh swry

2. HTTP pRotokol _________ vwsqy vriqAw jWdw hY[ (WWW dy pMnyH dyx leI)

3. inmniliKq ivcoN ikhVw kMipaUtr nYtvrkW dw inSwnw nhIN hY[

a. sroq vMf A. au~c Brosw e. skylyibltI s. iehnW ivcoN koeI nhIN

4. iek Distributed Network Configuration ijs ivc smUh fwtw iek kyNdrI kMipaUtr ivcoN

gujrdw hY[

a. b`s nYtvrk A. stwr nYtvrk e. irMg nYtvrk s. puAwieMt-tU-puAwieMt nYtvrk

5. PC dI muFlI mYmrI jW ifsk qoN iksy dUjy kMipaUtr nUM PweIl Byjx nUM kI ikhw jWdw hY

a. AploifMg A. fwaUnloifMg e. log-ien s. hYNg-Awn

6. aus ifvwies dw nW d`so ijhVw tYlIPon lweInW rwhIN do kMipaUtrW nUM jOVdw hY[

a. typ A. mwfm e. b`s s. kybl

7 sI.pI.XU. qoN iek kMipaUtr dy sImW XMqrW leI fwtw dI Adlw-bdlI __rwhIN pRwpq huMdI hY[

a. mwfm A. kMipaUtr port e. ieMtrPys s. bPr mYmrI

8. __________ sMcwr mwiDAm nhIN hY[

a. tYlIPon lweInW A. ko-AYksIAl kybl e. mwfm s. muVI hoeI koAYksIAl kybl

9. trmInlW dI vrqoN _______ leI kIqI jWdI hY[

a. XUzr qoN fwtw pRvyS krvwaux leI A. skUl mu`KI nUM sUcnw pRdwn krn leI

e. nYtvrk ivc fwtw vMfx leI s. ienWH ivcoN koeI nhIN

10. ieMtrnYt qy phuMc krn leI PC qy lgwieAw jwx vwlw swPtvyAr _________ hY

a. www A. TCP/IP e. Web Browser s. URL



iek-SbdI pRSn au~qr

1. stwr, irMg Aqy b`s nYtvrk _________ dIAW imswlW hn[ (topolojI)

2. do siQqIAW drimAwn fwtw dI bdlI dy mwiDAm nUM ______ ikhw jWdw hY[ (sMcwr cYnl)

3. iek Cotw ijhw nYtvrk ijhVw sQwnk Kyqr ijvyN ik dPqr, iemwrq qk sIimq huMdw hY[

(LAN)

4. do jW vDyry nYtvrkW dy kunYkSnW nUM ____ ikhw jWdw hY[ (ieMtrnYt)

5. iek nYtvrkd dw pRXog _______ leI kIqw jWdw hY[ (fwtw vMf)

6. _______ inXm (pRotokol) PweIl bdlI dw iDAwn r`Kdw hY[ (FTP)

7. _________ rwhIN kMipaUtr qoN sMdyS Byj Aqy pRwpq kr skdy hW[ (eI myl)

8. _____ kybl plwsitk jW SISy dIAW bxIAW huMdIAW hn Aqy fwtw sMcwr leI vrqIAW

jWdIAW hn[ (EptIkl PweIbr)

9. sMcwr pRxwlI dy swDn duAwrw joVy gey kMipaUtrW dw sMigRh _______ khwauNdw hY[ (nYtvrk)

10. iek nYtvrk ivc nofs dy AMqr sMbMD dw nmUnw _________ khwauNdw hY[ (topolojI)

11. ______ topolojI ivc kyNdrI nof hr iek dUjI nof nwl iek mwrg duAwrw juVIAW huMdIAW

hn[ (stwr)

12. ivksq Aqy fIzweIn kIqI geI pihlI vYn (WAN) pRweIvyt nYtvrk ______ sI[

(ARPANET)

13. fwtw sMcwr gqI nUM mwpx vwlI iek iekweI _______ hY[ (baud)

shI/glq ilKo

1. iek nof iek kMipaUtr huMdw hY jo nYtvrk nwl juiVAw huMdw hY[ (shI)

2. MAN nYtvrk auh huMdw hY jo Sihr ivc PYilAw huMdw hY[ (shI)

3. dr ijs qy lYn fwtw nUM bdldw hY, gIgw-ibts pRqI sYkMf huMdw hY (glq)

4. nYtvrk ieMtrPys iekweI iek ifvwies hY jo srvr nwl Aqy smUh vrkstySnW nwl aunWH

drimAwn kunYkSn joVn leI huMdy hn[ (shI)

5. nYtvrk sMklp ivc URL dw Bwv XUnIPwrm irsors lokytr huMdw hY[ (shI)

6. iek Gbps 1,000,000,00 ibt pRqI sYikMf dy brwbr huMdw hY[ (glq)

7. hvw ivc gYr mwrg drSk sMcwr mwiDAm hY[ (shI)

8. ifvwies ijhVw quhwnUM bhumuKI kMipaUtrW nUM iekihry nYtvrk nwl joVn dI AwigAw idMdw hY, nUM

h`b kihMdy hn[ (shI)

9. bYNfivfQ mwiDAm dI smr`Qw hY ijs ivc isgnl dw sMcwr huMdw hY[ (shI)



mh`qvpUrn pRSn

1. nYtvrk kI huMdw hY?

au: iek kMipaUtr nYtvrk do jW do qoN v`D kMipaUtrW nUM Awps ivc joVn nwl bxdw hY[ nYtvrk

swDnW (resources) nUM sWJw (share) krn leI bxwieAw jWdw hY[ iek nYtvrk ivc kMipaUtrW nUM

Awps ivc joVn leI sMcwr cYnlW dI vrqoN kIqI jWdI hY[ ieh sMcwr cYnl qwrW jW ibnWH qwrW

vwly ho skdy hn[ nYtvrk ivc kMipaUtrW nUM Awps ivc joVn leI dUrI dI koeI h`d nhIN huMdI[

2. kMipaUtr nUM AYnwlwg tYlIPon lweIn nwl joVn vwly XMqr dw nW ilKo[ ies dIAW iksmW vI

ilKo[

au: kMipaUtr nUM AYnwlwg tYlIPon lweIn nwl joVn vwly XMqr nUM mwfm ikhw

jWdw hY[ ieh do iksmW dy huMdy hn: bwhrI Aqy AMdrUnI mwfm[ iehnW dw

vrnx ies pRkwr hY:

1. bwhrI mwfm (External Modem): ieh kMipaUtr qoN Al`g iek v`Krw XMqr huMdw hY[ iesnUM

kMipaUtr dy sIrIAL port (Serial Port) COM1 jW COM2 nwl joiVAw jWdw hY[ ieh mwfm

AMdrUnI mwfm dy mukwbly mihMgy huMdy hn[ pr iehnW dI sMcwr gqI AMdrUnI mwfm dy mukwbly

izAwdw huMdI hY[

2. AMdrUnI mwfm (Internal Modem): ieh iek ipMRtf srkt borf

(Printed circuit board) huMdw hY[ iesnUM isstm XUint dy AMdr lgwieAw

jWdw hY[ ieh mwfm bwhrI mwfm dy mukwbly ssqy huMdy hn[ pr iehnW

dI sMcwr gqI bwhrI mwfm dy mukwbly G`t huMdI hY[

http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-8ZtJLsQmLq8/VdR_hA9C_jI/AAAAAAAAAeU/95NEqJkPicY/s1600/1a.jpghttp://4.bp.blogspot.com/-8ZtJLsQmLq8/VdR_hA9C_jI/AAAAAAAAAeU/95NEqJkPicY/s1600/1a.jpghttp://4.bp.blogspot.com/-8ZtJLsQmLq8/VdR_hA9C_jI/AAAAAAAAAeU/95NEqJkPicY/s1600/1a.jpg



3. sMcwr cYnl dI pirBwSw ilKo[

au: sMcwr cYnl nUM sMcwr mIfIAw vI ikhw jWdw hY[ sMcwr cYnl auh cYnl huMdy hn ijs rwhIN

nYtvrk ivc fwtw nUM iek kMipaUtr qoN dUjy kMipaUtr q`k ByijAw jWdw hY[ sMcwr cYnl do iksmW

dy huMdy hn: gwieff mIfIAw Aqy Angwieff mIfIAw[

4. nYtvrk topolojI kI hY?

au: nYtvrk ivc kMipaUtrW nUM v`K-v`K FMgW nwl pRbMDq krn dy qrIikAW nUM nYtvrk topolojIz

ikhw jWdw hY[ iek nYtvrk ivc kMipaUtrW nUM keI qrIikAW nwl pRbMiDq kIqw jw skdw hY[ ies

leI nYtvrk topolojIz keI iksmW dIAW huMdIAW hn, ijvyN ik stwr topolojI, bs topolojI, irMg

topolojI, tRI topolojI, mYS topoljI[

5. URL kI huMdw hY?

au: ieMtrnYt aupr hryk vYbpyz dw iek ivl`Kx AYfrYs huMdw hY[ ies AyfrYs nUM hI XunIPwrm

irsors lokytr ikhw jWdw hY[ ieMtrnYt aupr iksy vYb-pyz q`k phuMc krn leI swnUM vYb-bRwaUzr

ivc ausdw URL tweIp krnw pYNdw hY[ URL dI audwhrx hyT ilKy Anuswr hY:

6. WWW kI hY?

au: vrlf vweIf vYb nUM www jW web jW W3 dw nW nwl vI jwixAw jWdw hY[ ieh vYb srvrW dw

iek smUh huMdw hY[ vrlf vweIf vYb ivc sUcnw nUM vYb pyjW ivc stor kIqw jWdw hY[ vYb pyjW nUM

HTML ivc bxwieAw jWdw hY[ HTML vYb pyjW dI bxqr Aqy q`qW nUM pirBwiSq krdw hY[ vYb pyz

ivc tYkst, qsvIrW, AwfIE, vIfIE, AynImySn Awid ho skdy hn[ iek dUjy nwl sMbMDq vYb

pyjW dy smUh nUM vYb-sweIt ikhw jWdw hY[ vYb-sweIt nUM vYb –srvr aupr stor kIqw jWdw hY[

iek vYbswiet dy pyjW nUM Awps ivc hweIprilMks duAwrw joiVAw jWdw hY[ vYb pyz ivc

hweIprilMk inly rMg ivc AMfrlweIn kIqy hoey nzr AwauNdy hn[ vYbsweIt dy sB qoN pihly vYb

pyz nUM hompyz (Homepage) ikhw jWdw hY[ vYbpyzW nUM dyKx leI vYb-bRwauzr (web-browser) dI

vrqoN kIqI jWdI hY[ ku`J Awm vrqy jwx vwly vYb bRwaUzr hn – gUgl kRom (Google Chrome),

ieMtrnYt Ayksplorr (Internet Explorer), PwierPoks (Firefox)



7. ieMtrnYtvrikMg kI huMdI hY?

au: v`K-v`K nYtvrkW nUM Awps ivc joVn dw pRosYs ieMtrnYtvrikMg AKvwauNdw hY Aqy ies qrW dy

bxwey gey nYtvrkW nUM ieMtrnYtvrk ikhw jWdw hY[ ieMtrnYtvrk ivc v`K-v`K nYtvrkW nUM Awps

ivc joVn leI keI iksmW dy XMqrW dI vrqoN kIqI jWdI hY ijvyN ik: rwaUtr (Router), gytvyA

(Gateway) Awid[

8. FTP kI huMdI hY? iesdy lwB ilKo[

au: ieh ieMtrnYt leI vriqAw jwx vwlw stYNfrf pRotokol hY[ iehnW pRotokolz dI vrqoN ieMtrnYt

aupr kMipaUtrW ivckwr PweIlW tWRsPr krn leI kIqI jWdI hY[ FTP pRotokol ieMtrnYt dy TCP/IP

pRotokolz dI mdd nwl hI PweIlW dI Adlw-bdlI krdy hn[ ieMtrnYt aupr PweIlW dI Adlw

bdlI krn ivc FTP kwPI lwBdwiek is`D huMdI hY[

9. nYtvrk h`b kI huMdw hY? iesdy lwB kI hn?

au: nYtvrk h`b iek sMcwr XMqr hY jo nYtvrk bnwaux leI

vriqAw jWdw hY[ ieh do jW do qoN v`D ieQrnYt (Ethernet)

nYtvrkW nUM Awps ivc joVn dw kMm krdw hY[ ieh iehnW

nYtvrkW nUM joV ky iekihry nYtvrk dy qOr qy drSwauNdw hY[

ie`k h`b keI lweInW qoN ienpu`t pRwpq krdw hY[ jdoN h`b iksy vI ie`k ienpu`t lweIn qoN fwtw

pRwpq krdw hY qW ieh ies pRwpq fwtw nUM bwkI swrIAW lweInW aupr Byj idMdw hY[ h`b nUM Awm

qOr qy stwr topolojI ivc vriqAw jWdw hY[

10. fwtw bdlI (fwtw tRWsPr) dI pirBwSw idE[ iesdIAW iekweIAW kI hn?

au: kMipaUtrW ivckwr fwtw dI Adlw bdlI krnw fwtw tWRsPr AKvwauNdw hY[ iek im`Qy smyN

ivc fwtw dI ijMnHI mwqrw kMipaUtrW ivckwr tRWsPr kIqI jWdI hY, aus nUM fwtw bdlI dr ikhw

jWdw hY[ fwtw bdlI dr nUM ibts (bits)ivc pRgtwieAw jWdw hY[ fwtw bdlI dIAW iekweIAW

ib`t drW ivc hyT ilKy Anuswr ho skdIAW hn:

kbps - kilobits per second

mbps - megabits per second

gbps - gigabits per second

tbps - terabits per second



11. qusIN sMcwr mwiDAm Sbd qoN kI smJdy ho?

au: sMcwr mwiDAm nUM sMcwr cYnl vI ikhw jWdw hY[ sMcwr mwiDAm auh mwiDAm huMdy hn ijs

rwhIN nYtvrk ivc fwtw nUM iek kMipaUtr qoN dUjy kMipaUtr q`k ByijAw jWdw hY[ sMcwr mwiDAm do

iksmW dy huMdy hn:

gwieff mIfIAw Aqy

Angwieff mIfIAw[

v`fy auqrW vwly pRSn

1. nYtvrk dI lOV ikauN pYNdI hY?

au: nYtvrikMg dI jrUrq hyT ilKy kwrnW krky pYNdI hY:

1. kMipaUtr PweIlW nUM sWJw krn leI (To share computer files)

2. kMipaUtr dy v`K-v`K hwrfvyAr BwgW dI sWJ krn leI (To share hardware components)

3. kMipaUtrW nUM iek dUjy nwl sMcwr krn Xog bnwauxw (to enable communication between

computers)

4. sMcwr dI gqI Aqy SuD`qw nUM vDwauxw (to increse the speed and accuracy in

communication)

5. fwtw tRWsPr dI kImq Gtwaux leI (to reduce the cost of data transfer)

6. gru`p ivc kMm krn leI (To work in groups)

7. nYtvrk rwhIN kMm dI auqpwdkqw ivc vwDw huMdw hY[

2. fwtw vMf (Data Sharing) nUM nYtvrikMg dw mh`qvpUrn pRXog ikauN mMinAw jWdw hY?

au: fwtw vMf (Data Sharing) nUM nYtvrikMg dw mh`qvpUrn pRXog mMinAw jWdw hY[ iesdy keI

kwrn hn[ nYtvrk dI vrqoN nwl v`K-v`K XUzr fwtw dI SwJ AwswnI nwl kr skdy hn[

audwhrx leI: iek sMsQw ivc v`K-v`K ivBwgW dy XUzr nYtvrk dI vrqoN nwl PweIlW dI sWJ

kr skdy hn[ nYtvrk fwtw dy sMcwr dI gqI Aqy SuD`qw nUM vDwauNdy hn[ nYtvrk rwhIN iksy

fwtw nUM dUijAW q`k qyzI nwl phuMcwieAw jw skdw hY[ ies qoN ielwvw fwtw nUM tRWsPr krn dI

kImq vI kwPI G`t jWdI hY[ nYtvrk rwhIN v`K-v`K gru`p tImW bxw ky iek hI fwtw aupr kMm

krn ivc mdd imldI hY[ ies nwl kMm dI auqpwdkqw ivc vwDw huMdw hY[ iehnW kwrnW krky

AsIN kih skdy hW ik fwtw dI vMf nUM nYtvrikMg dw mh`qvpUrn pRXog mMinAw jWdw hY[



3. kybl tIvI nYtvrk leI ikhVI iksm dw nYtvrk lwBdwiek huMdw hY? ieh vYn nwloN ikvyN v`K

hY?

au: kybl tIvI nYtvrk iek pUry Sihr ivc PYilAw hoieAw nYtvrk huMdw hY Aqy Aijhy nYtvrk

leI MAN nYtvrk dI vrqoN kIqI jWdI hY[ ies qrWH AsIN kih skdy hW ik kybl tIvI nYtvrk

leI MAN nYtvrk lwBdwiek huMdy hn[ ieh nYtvrk vYn nYtvrk nwloN v`K huMdy hn ikauNik vYn

nYtvrk pUry dyS/mhWdIp jW sMswr ivc PYly hoey huMdy hn[ ies qrW AsIN kih skdy hW ik kybl

tIvI nYtvrk (MAN) WAN nYtvrk dy mukwbly bhuq Coty huMdy hn[

4. gweIff imfIAw Aqy AngweIff mIfIAw fwtw sMcwr mwiDAm kI huMdy hn?hryk dI imswl

idE[

au: auh mIfIAw ijs rwhIN nYtvrk ivc fwtw nUM iek kMipaUtr qoN dUjy kMipaUtr q`k ByijAw jWdw

hY, ausnUM tRWsimSn mIfIAw ikhw jWdw hY[ tRWsimSn mIfIAw nUM sMcwr mIfIAw vI ikhw jWdw hY[

kMipaUtrW nYtvrkW ivc fwtw sMcwr leI do iksmW dy mIfIAw vrqy jWdy hn:

gweIff jW bWaUNff mIfIAw (Guided or Bounded Media):

ies mIfIAw ivc fwtw qwrW dI vrqoN krky iek Kws rsqy rwhIN sMcwr krdw hY[ ieh mIfIAw

keI qrW dw huMdw hY[ ijvyN ik: tivsitf pyAr kybl, koAYksIAl kybl, PweIbr Awpitk kybl

Awid[

AngweIff jW AnbWaUNff mIfIAw (UnGuided or UnBounded Media):

ies mIfIAw ivc fwtw sMcwr ibnWH qwrW dy hvw rwhIN huMdw hY[ ies ivc fwtw dw pRvwh iek Kws

rsqy dI bjwey hr idSw ivc ho skdw hY[ ieh mIfIAw auhnW QwvW auqy vriqAw jWdw hY ij`Qy

kyblW nwl sMcwr krn ivc smisAw AwauNdI hY[ AngweIff mIfIAw dIAW mu`K iksmW – ryfIE

qrMgW, mweIkro qrMgW, aupgRih mweIkro qrMgW, ienPrwrY`f qrMgW Awid hn[



5. nYtvrikMg ivc mwfm dw kI kMm hY?

au: mwfm dw pUrw nw mwfUlytr ifmwfUlytr

(Modulator Demodulator) hY[ ieh iek sMcwr

XMqr hY[ ies dI vrqoN ifzItl isgnl (digital

signal) nUM AYnwlwg isgnl (Analogue singal) Aqy

AYnwlwg isgnl nUM ifzItl isgnl ivc qbdIl

krn leI kIqI jWdI hY[ kMipaUtr ifzItl

isgnl pYdw krdw hY[ prMqU ieh isgnl lMbI dUrI

q`k sMcwr krn leI FukvyN nhIN huMdy[ ies leI

iehnW isgnlW nUM AYnwlwg isgnlW ivc qbdIl

kIqw jWdw hY jo ik lMbI dUrI q`k sMcwr krn leI

FukvyN huMdy hn[ ifzItl isgnl nUM AYnwlwg isgnl ivc qbdIl krnw mwfUlytr AKvwauNdw hY[

jdoN AYnwlwg isgnl Awpxy pVwv qy phuMc jWdw hY qW ies AYnwlwg isgnl nUM vwips ifzItl

isgnl ivc qbdIl kIqw jWdw hY qW jo kMipaUtr ifzItl rUp ivc isgnl nUM pRwpq kr sky[

AYnwlwg isgnl nUM ifzItl isgnl ivc qbdIl krnw fImwfUlytr AKvwauNdw hY[ ies qrWH AsIN

kih skdy hW ik nYtvrikMg ivc mwfm sMcwr krn ivc mh`qvpUrn BUimkw inBwauNdw hY[

hor v`fy ayuqrW vwly mh`vpUrn pRSn

pR1: nYtvrk kI huMdy hn? v`K-v`K iksmW dy nYtvrkW nUM ibAwn kro[

au: iek kMipaUtr nYtvrk do jW do qoN v`D kMipaUtrW nUM Awps ivc joVn nwl bxdw hY[ nYtvrk

swDnW (resources) nUM sWJw (share) krn leI bxwieAw jWdw hY[ iek nYtvrk ivc kMipaUtrW nUM

Awps ivc joVn leI sMcwr cYnlW dI vrqoN kIqI jWdI hY[ ieh sMcwr cYnl qwrW jW ibnWH qwrW

vwly ho skdy hn[ nYtvrk ivc kMipaUtrW nUM Awps ivc joVn leI dUrI dI koeI h`d nhIN huMdI[

nYtvrkW dIAW iksmW:

kMipaUtr nYtvrk keI iksmW dy huMdy hn[ nYtvrk nUM auhnW dy Bugoilk Kyqr dy Anuswr hyT ilKy

iqMnH BwgW ivc vMifAw jw skdw hY: LAN, MAN Aqy WAN

1. lokl eyrIAw nYtvrk (LAN-Local Area Network):

ies nYtvrk ivc Coty Bugoilk Kyqr dy kMipaUtrW nUM Awps ivc joiVAw jWdw hY[ ieh Cotw

BUgoilk Kyqr iek irhwieSI iblifMg, skUl, lweIbRyrI jW dPqr Awid ho skdw hY[ LAN nYtvrk



dw Kyqr MAN Aqy WAN nYtvrk dy mukwbly kwPI Cotw huMdw hY[ Awm qOr qy LAN nYtvrk

pRwievyt nYtvrk huMdy hn[ dPqrW ivc LAN nYtrvk dI vrqoN v`K-v`K swDnW nUM jW sUcnw nUM sWJy

krn leI kIqI jWdI hY[

iek LAN nYtvrk bhuq swry BwgW qoN imlky bxdw hY[ ieh Bwg tRWsimSn cYnl (tvIstf pyAr

kybl, ko-AYksIAl kybl, PweIbr-AwptIk kybl Awid) srvr kMipaUtr, vrkstySn

kMipaUtr, NIC, h`b Awid huMdy hn[

2. mYtropolItn eyrIAw nYtvrk (MAN-Metropolitan Area Network):

ieh nYtvrk BUgoilk Kyqr ivc LAN qoN v`fy prMqU WAN qoN Coty huMdy hn[ MAN nYtvrk dw

BUgoilk Kyqr iek v`fy Sihr ijnWH v`fw ho skdw hY[ MAN nYtvrk kybl tI.vI. nYtvrk dI qrWH

iekihrw nYtvrk vI ho skdw hY Aqy ieh keI Coty LAN nYtvrkW qoN iml ky vI bixAw ho skdw

hY[ audwhrx leI: iek kMpnI Sihr ivc PYly Awpxy LAN nYtvrkW nUM Awps ivc joV ky MAN

nYtvrk bxw skdI hY[ MAN nYtvrk pRweIvyt Aqy pbil`k dovyN qrWH dy ho skdy hn[ MAN

nYtvrk dI rPqwr LAN nwloN G`t pr WAN nwloN v`D huMdI hY[

3. vweIf eyrIAw nYtvrk (WAN-Wide Area Network):

ieh sB qoN v`fy nYtvrk huMdy hn[ ienWH nYtvrkW ivc BUgoilk Kyqr dI koeI sImw nhIN huMdI[ ies

nYtvrk dw BUgoilk Kyqr iek pUrw dyS, mhWdIp jW sMswr ijnWH v`fw ho skdw hY[ ies nYtvrk

ivc kMipaUtrW nUM Awps ivc joVn leI pbilk nYtvrkW dI mdd leI jWdI hY[ audwhrx leI:

tYlIPon nYtvrk dI mdd nwl ies nYtvrk dy kMipaUtrW nUM Awps ivc joiVAw jWdw hY[ ies qoN

ielwvw sYtylweIt (Satellite) dI mdd nwl vI kMipaUtrW nUM ies nYtvrk ivc joiVAw jw skdw

hY[ ieMtrnYt WAN nYtvrk dI sB qoN vDIAw audwhrx hY[ WAN nYtvrk bnwaux leI keI

iksmW dy XMqr iesqymwl kIqy jWdy hn[ ijvyN ik: ibRj (Bridge), rwaUtr (Router), gytvyA

(Gateway) Awid[ mu`K qOr qy rylvy, bYNk, Awid KyqrW ivc iehnW nYtvrkW dI vrqoN kIqI jWdI

hY[ WAN nYtvrk dI rPqwr LAN Aqy MAN dy mukwbly G`t huMdI hY[

pR:2 nYtvrk topolojI kI huMdI hY? v`K-v`K iksmW dIAW topoljIAW nUM ibAwn kro[

au: nYtvrk ivc kMipaUtrW nUM v`K-v`K FMgW nwl pRbMDq krn dy qrIikAW nUM nYtvrk topolojIz

ikhw jWdw hY[ iek nYtvrk ivc kMipaUtrW nUM keI qrIikAW nwl pRbMiDq kIqw jw skdw hY[ ies

leI nYtvrk topolojIz keI iksmW dIAW huMdIAW hn[ ku`J Awm vrqIAW jwx vwlIAW nYtvrk

topolojIz ies pRkwr hn:



bs topolojI (Bus Topology):

ieh topolojI LAN nYtvrk ivc vrqI jWdI hY[ ieh sB qoN swDwrx topolojI hY[

ies toopolojI ivc nYtvrk dy swry kMipaUtr iek iekihrI kybl (Single cable)

nwl juVy huMdy hn[ ies kybl nUM bs ikhw jWdw hY[ ieh kybl pUry nYtvrk ivc

iek rIVH dI h`fI mMnHI jWdI hY[ nYtvrk ivc hr iek nof (kMipaUtr) dUjI nof nwl ies kybl

rwhIN hI sMcwr krdI hY[ bs dy dovyN iknwirAW auqy trmInytr l`igAw huMdw hY jo isgnl nUM bwaUNs

hox qoN bcwauNdw hY[

stwr topolojI (Star Topology):

ieh topolojI LAN nYtvrk ivc vrqI jWdI hY[ ies ivc swrIAW nofz (kMipaUtr)

iek kyNdrI XMqr nwl juVIAW huMdIAW hn[ ies kyNdrI XMqr nUM h`b ikhw jWdw hY[

kyNdrI XMqr Aqy nofz ivckwr Point-to-Point kunYkSn huMdw hY[ hr iek nof dUjI

nof nwl ies kyNdrI h`b rwhIN hI juVI huMdI hY[ nYtvrk ivc swrw fwtw ies kyNdrI h`b ivcoN hI

lMG ky jWdw hY[ Awm qOr qy UTP (AnSIlff tvIstf pyAr) kybl dI vrqoN nwl nofz nUM kyNdrI

h`b nwl joiVAw jWdw hY[

irMg topolojI (Ring Topology):

ieh topolojI LAN nYtvrk ivc vrqI jWdI hY[ ies topolojI ivc swrIAW nofz

(kMipaUtr) iek dUjy nwl iek bMd lUp (Closed loop) ivc juVIAW huMdIAW hn[ hr

nof dUsrIAW do hor guAWFI nofz nwl juVI huMdI hY[ ies nYtvrk ivc fwtw Byjx jW

pRwpq krn leI tokn (token) dI vrqoN kIqI jWdI hY[ tokn ivc fwtw Byjx vwly Aqy ies nUM

pRwpq krn vwly sMbMDI sUcnw stor huMdI hY[

mYS topolojI (Mesh Topology):

ieh topolojI LAN nYtvrk ivc vrqI jWdI hY[ ies topolojI ivc swrIAW nofz

Awps ivc iek dUjy nwl juVIAW huMdIAW hn[ ies iksm dI topolojI kwPI mihMgI

huMdI hY[ ieh Awm qOr qy ibnWH qwrW vwly (wireless) nYtrvk ivc vrqI jWdI hY[

ies topolojI ivc hr iek nof dUjIAW swrIAW nofz nwl is`Dy qOr qy juVI huMdI hY[ Flooding Aqy

Routing ies topolojI ivc vrqIAW jwx vwlIAW mu`K qknIkW hn[

tRI topolojI (Tree Topology):

ies topolojI ivc bs Aqy stwr topolojI dIAW ivSySqwvW nUM iek`Tw kIqw igAw hY[

ies topolojI ivc keI stwr topolojI vwly nYtvrkW nUM bs kybl rwhIN joiVAw jWdw



hY[ ies topolojI nUM Expanded Star Topology vI ikhw jWdw hY[ ies topolojI ivc Awm qOr qy

ieQrnYt (Ethernet) pRotokol vriqAw jWdw hY[

12vIN jmwq dy pwTW dy ivfIE lYkcrW dI lVI dyKx leI hyT idqy

ilMk aupr kil`k kro jI

pwT-1 11vIN jmwq dI duhrweI https://youtu.be/A6J5GO56t4E

pwT-2 stirMgz https://youtu.be/j9ler5lctwk

https://youtu.be/Ux-K_Tk9HGM

pwT-3 PMkSnz https://youtu.be/xGGxbPtdtZc

https://youtu.be/6u8lu-G8zSw pwT-4 ivMfoz muvI mykr (Bwg-1) https://youtu.be/7s-mjrv9hjI

pwT-5 ivMfoz muvI mykr (Bwg-2) https://youtu.be/XjSXQzcafJQ

YouTube aupr sI-pRogrwimMg sMbMDI ivfIE lYkcrz dy ilMk

1. : https://youtu.be/CKwC8oeOw_o

2. : https://youtu.be/G9ZaHvTd5sU

3. , , : https://youtu.be/8NXsnDCr1ho

4. - : https://youtu.be/aU06gTkp82k

5. : https://youtu.be/PGv1_8Q5fh8

- 1 (ਉ 1 5 ਉ ) https://youtu.be/8hg3BJAyBqE

https://www.google.com/url?q=https://youtu.be/A6J5GO56t4E&sa=D&ust=1590741666642000&usg=AFQjCNGLipOKx21RaNGLS2ts7cD-bju46ghttps://www.google.com/url?q=https://youtu.be/j9ler5lctwk&sa=D&ust=1590741666643000&usg=AFQjCNEygHB87wyjWSluGJGrtQJDoOhiSAhttps://www.google.com/url?q=https://youtu.be/Ux-K_Tk9HGM&sa=D&ust=1590741409029000&usg=AFQjCNG2ky9xHk97mpSSHCEIUNYhMCud3Ahttps://www.google.com/url?q=https://youtu.be/xGGxbPtdtZc&sa=D&ust=1590741666643000&usg=AFQjCNGrjDwJXUHAW0t5pkHGQK2r_R9vuAhttps://youtu.be/6u8lu-G8zSwhttps://youtu.be/7s-mjrv9hjIhttps://youtu.be/XjSXQzcafJQhttps://www.google.com/url?q=https://youtu.be/CKwC8oeOw_o&sa=D&ust=1590741409006000&usg=AFQjCNHbJGteZ_7vUkDvQsEu4_iHunqaUwhttps://www.google.com/url?q=https://youtu.be/G9ZaHvTd5sU&sa=D&ust=1590741409009000&usg=AFQjCNF-e3inSe4OIQAyRXctkFkFnCuePwhttps://www.google.com/url?q=https://youtu.be/8NXsnDCr1ho&sa=D&ust=1590741409012000&usg=AFQjCNHAmEh9M-o4N24s5SvP5IC8TirR6ghttps://www.google.com/url?q=https://youtu.be/aU06gTkp82k&sa=D&ust=1590741409014000&usg=AFQjCNG8Ll3GFHeI52iofyACTCDQ39y-2Ahttps://www.google.com/url?q=https://youtu.be/PGv1_8Q5fh8&sa=D&ust=1590741409016000&usg=AFQjCNGSVIQgc72xOCTrs_MQe6e7d0bmUQhttps://www.google.com/url?q=https://youtu.be/8hg3BJAyBqE&sa=D&ust=1590741409019000&usg=AFQjCNHEo0CqaC_44GVtKtj4Ua-uCKVJJQ



6. - : https://youtu.be/xi-38dRt3mY

- 2 ( ਉ ) https://youtu.be/v_lw8wmfIP4

7. - : https://youtu.be/NIkDGAr-AjE

- 3 ( ਉ ) https://youtu.be/RBq--darc0I

8. : https://youtu.be/vfUmTaczhrU

9. : https://youtu.be/Ux-K_Tk9HGM

10. : https://youtu.be/6u8lu-G8zSw
https://www.google.com/url?q=https://youtu.be/xi-38dRt3mY&sa=D&ust=1590741409021000&usg=AFQjCNEUsT3SyRebdi9OH81LJOf8qKY3YQhttps://www.google.com/url?q=https://youtu.be/v_lw8wmfIP4&sa=D&ust=1590741409024000&usg=AFQjCNEVA1RxpIkZ7QtCji4UWwD8UWZIaghttps://www.google.com/url?q=https://youtu.be/NIkDGAr-AjE&sa=D&ust=1590741409026000&usg=AFQjCNEDOAyF7sUR4tCc8WQHBtt_wxBELwhttps://www.google.com/url?q=https://youtu.be/RBq--darc0I&sa=D&ust=1590741409027000&usg=AFQjCNG4CgWy91_Jg10TBF6tMrAC7F9fywhttps://www.google.com/url?q=https://youtu.be/vfUmTaczhrU&sa=D&ust=1590741409028000&usg=AFQjCNGSp0ZWv3pF6QYAePvVthA_iWZKwwhttps://www.google.com/url?q=https://youtu.be/Ux-K_Tk9HGM&sa=D&ust=1590741409029000&usg=AFQjCNG2ky9xHk97mpSSHCEIUNYhMCud3Ahttps://youtu.be/6u8lu-G8zSw

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