Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10

8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10

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150TH ANNIVERSARY VICTORIA BRIDGE, 1859

mid-December, first train;

1860 August, celebration

H. J. McQueen, Prof Emeritus, Mechanical Eng.,

Concordia University, Montreal H3G 1M8

[email protected]


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THE VICTORIA BRIDGE

1859, TUBULAR - WROUGHT IRON*

1898, TRUSS STEEL* (*HOT RIVETED)

1957, SPUR, LIFT SPANS

DUCTILE WROUGHT IRON WITHSTANDS FATIGUE

TO KEEP THE TRAINS ON TIME & ON TRACK

IMMOVABLE SHARP PIERS SPLIT

THE IRRESISTIBLE ICE, STOPPED CITY FLOODS

*********

111 YEARS-YOUNG STEEL TRUSS, (1898): STILL VITAL SEA-T0-SEA RAIL LINK

*********

51 YEARS HAVE PASSED SINCE SEAWAY (1958)

SWITCHED BRIDGE INTO DOUBLE LIFT SPANS


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Isle Notre Dame to east was much smaller and

used as rail ferry terminal; rest very shallow


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HERITAGE: INDUSTRIAL ? CULTURAL ?

- Cultural implies impact on citizens minds

- Engineering appreciated historically in bridges

- Bridges: long life, frequent use, noticeable- Significant bridges need superstructure:suspension, cantilever, arch, truss

- Scenic settings: broad river, cliff banks

- In case of Quebec Bridge fortunately not ofVictoria, legend heightened by collapse inconstruction or of a previous structure.


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Front page (1m x 0.5m) ofReport on Construction of

bridge .

Lithographs of construction

scenes, technical drawings,

diagrams of machinery,

tools, components.Very fancy 1m x 0.5m

presentation to Prince of

Wales.

Contractors: Peto, Brassey

& Betts.

Thomas Brassey, set upand ran Canada Works in

Birkenhead UK to make

every piece of the bridge

spans


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THE VICTORIA TUBULAR BRIDGE (1859) -

WROUGHT IRON

Victoria Tubular Bridge viewed from the northwest,showing the gradual incline towards the center span(Notman photograph, McCord Museum, Montreal) [3].


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SOCIAL ECONOMIC CONTEXT FOR MONTREAL

RAILROADS AND BRIDGES (#1)

Replace less reliable crossing of St. Lawrence

Steam ferries in summer

Ice road in mid winter (even a railroad)

In spring/fall, hand rowed cutter pulled across ice flows

Connected Eastern Townships with Montreal.

Extensive rail network in absence of roads.


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Crossing by row boat when ice floes present


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Railroads with no bridge


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Ferries operated when ice floes absent


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Rail crossing on ice, only for 2 or 3 years.

One locomotive fell through ice near shore


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Integrated connection to Upper Canada.

Population grew: 1842 487,000 - 1861 1,396,000

Entry into the modern world with a continuous rail system Britain 1825-1850 60,000 miles of rail road

Future prospects of Progress and Economic Growth

City population 1860, ~70,000; 1898, ~350,000

National unity, strong support from politicians


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Connection to Atlantic to overcome winter cut-off of river and of

Lachine Canal

Compete with the US railroads and the Erie Canal

Compete:

for passengers with networking system of steamboats and stage coaches

for freight with boats on rivers, lakes, and canals.


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TECHNOLOGICAL CONTEXT

ADVANCES IN POWER GENERATION STEAM ENGINE, EFFICIENCYINTENSITY, CONTINUITY, MAGNITUDE, SPECIFIC CAPACITY

PROGRESS IN VOLUME AND QUALITY OFIRON AND STEEL

IMPROVED ACCURACY IN MACHINING COMPONENTS

RIVETED JOINTS IN BOILERS, SHIP HULLS

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION


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RAILS (initially iron straps on wood),

RAIL NETWORKS, Cast Iron, Wrought Iron

BRIDGES (in Britain: 25, 000 in 70 years)

RAILROADS: LOCOMOTIVES (G + R STEPHENSON),

ROLLING STOCK


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CREATIVE DEMANDS

BRIDGE STRUCTURES; LOW RISE unlike arch

RESISTANT TO HEAVY FATIGUE LOADING

MATERIALS: HIGH DUCTILITY; PROPERTIESDEFINED

JOINING:: HOT DRIVEN RIVETS (no welding)


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Glens Viaduct in Western Highlands, Scotland


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Glens Viaduct in Western Highla


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IRON BRIDGE, FIRST OF CAST IRON

River Severn near Coalbrookdale


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Cast iron girder bridges above 30m

Subject to brittle fracture


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Thomas C. Keefer first pres. 1887 Samuel Keefer 3rd pres. 1889

Can. Soc. Civil Engineers pres. Am. Soc. Civil Eng. 1888

sited VicB in rapids (9m deep) to the west

of port in survey for Montreal- Toronto RR


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IMAGINED TUBULAR BRIDGE (ABOUT1850) WOOD OR DUCTILE WROUGHT (F0RGED) IRON

24 medium spans plus a longer center span gradual incline towards the center span

prows on the piers for breaking ice floes. Thick protective abutment walls to hold shore ice (Notman photograph, McCord Museum, Montreal) [3].


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Double Walled caisson towed into position.

Sank from rocks between walls.

Sealed with clay.

Pumped out bottom cleared to bed rock.


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Bottom of Caisson


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Steam shovel, note chain to stationary engineOne of first in North America.


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Boulder from bottom to

commemorate 6000 typhus victims

1846-47


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Piers under construction, 1856


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Pier design: Height 30m x 30m x 8m


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EUROPE: MASONRY REPLACED BY METALS

(masonry trestle) Arch - suspension box girder cantilever

NORTH AMERICA: WOOD REPLACED BY IRON THEN STEEL

(Wood trestle), wooden truss, suspension, cantilever.

In USA much greater experimentation than in Europe.

Covered wooden truss bridges: 1000 in Quebec, 400 in N.B., many in USA

1850 START OF BEAM AND TRUSS THEORY

BRIDGES DESIGN LIMITED BY MATERIALS


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Robert Stephenson

William Fairbairn

The principal figures in the building of

the Britannia Bridge.

Stephenson from L.T.C. Rolt, The

Railway Revolution (New York, 1962).

Fairbairn from Life of Sir William

Fairbairn (London, 1877).


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Britannia Bridge, Great Tunnel in the Sky

Twin tubes, 2main spans 140m, at Menai Straights, Wales


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Transverse section through

middle of tubeLongitudinal section through middle of tube

Final design of Britannia Bridge. From Fairbairn, An Account of the Construction of the Britannia and

Conway Bridges (London, 1849), plate 4


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Hot rolled sections riveted to plates

To create joints, prevent buckling


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HOT DRIVEN RIVETS

RIVET SHANKS EXPAND TO FILL HOLES NEAR

HEADS

HEADS CLAMP PLATES DUE TO DRIVING PRESSURE

CLAMPING PRESSURE RAISED BY RIVET

CONTRACTION

THESE FACTORS PREVENT SLIP OF PLATE

SPLICES

GIVE WATERTIGHT JOINTS: ships,boilers.

RIVETS - COLD-HEADED RODS,. FASTENER FACTORY


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SUMMARY OF STRUCTURAL METALS (#1)

WROUGHT IRON DUCTILE FORM

1200BC Reduced from ore as solid blooms

Forge refined by heating in a hearth and hammering,

folding, welding and dividing

CAST (PIG) IRON (brittle): pillars, arch segments (

compression)

~1400 Blast furnace smelts iron to pig ~ 6% C

1750 Large scale blast furnace (coke) production of liquid pig iron

1780 PUDDLING; carbon removed from liquid pig, slag by flame,air in hearth

Puddled balls forge into bars squeezing out slag, piled, rolled to sheet

Slag stringers (~2%) in long direction breaks like wood


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Etched microstructures of wrought iron showing slag stringers: a) elongated,

parallel in rolled bars on left and irregular from primary hammering on right, as

prepared by Kirkaldy in 1862, (after C.S. Smith, 1960 [21]); and b,c) elongated slag lying inrecrystallized ferrite grains (X50) and c) exhibiting FeO and Fe2O3 (X500, bar 10 m) [24].


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Wrought iron fracture:: macroscopic splitting along

the slag stringers in a Charpy specimen. [23]


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WROUGHT IRON DUCTILE FORM

1200BC Reduced from ore as solid bloomsForge refined by heating in a hearth and hammering,

folding, welding and dividing

CAST (PIG) IRON (brittle): pillars, arch segments (compression)

~1400 Blast furnace smelts iron to pig ~ 6% C

1750 Large scale blast furnace (coke) production of liquid pig iron1780 PUDDLING; carbon removed from liquid pig, slag by flame,air in hearth

Puddled balls forge into bars squeezing out slag, piled, rolled to sheet

Slag stringers (~2%) in long direction breaks like wood

CANADA 1857:: 7 ironworks ONNB 5-9 kt pigi ron, ..

. 0.5 kt WI finery forges

9 foundries, 2 puddling hearths Montreal

1850 Forges St. Maurice 2k tons/yr, ~0.5 kt/y WI forge, no rolling

1859 Victoria Bridge, 9000 tons (Canada ~5kt pig, ~0.5kt WI)

1900 Charcoal pig iron (18kt) very good for railroad wheels


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Map of Eastern Canada showing location of iron works and their dates of operation;

the Forges St. Maurice QC (1729-1883) was the first and the longest lived.

Grantham QC, Radnor QC, Londonderry NS and Ferrona NS continued to the end of

the charcoal era [30].


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At the Forges St. Maurice The hydraulic system, as designed by

Chaussegros de Lery, drove the bellows

A for the blast furnace (high carbon iron) and

B, C for the finery furnaces associated with the two forging

hammers to work the low carbon iron [22]


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At Forges St. Maurice, water-powered shaft with 4 teeth raisedhelvehammerfor beating the slag out of finery iron muck barsExcept for hammer / anvil, the hurst frame constructed mainly of

wood reinforced with iron straps; the projecting horizontal woodenspring safely limited the upward throw of the hammer

Similar iron-framed, steam-powered hammers used to about 1900.


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VICTORIA TUBULAR 1859

- Grand Trunk RailRoad: Portland ME;Inter-Colonial RR, Maritimes

- Box girder (trains only, ran in box)

- Ship platerib structure, riveted- Wrought Iron (WI) imported as punched

components from England (technologytransfer from Brittania Bridge)

- Canadian iron works insufficient WIcapacity (Forges St.Maurice no puddlingfurnace, 2 in Montreal - sheet for nails)


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VICTORIA BRIDGE 1859 (#1)

Robert Stephenson, Chief Designer (Britannia B., 1850 #)

(# 2 x 138m + 2 x 69m, twin tubes 4.9m x 9m high

Alex M. Ross, Chief Engineer (GTR)

James Hodges, Chief Site Engineer

Peto, Brassey and Betts contractor (Britannia B.). .. Thomas Brassey, chief engineer, Canada Works fabrication

.shop, Birkenhead, U.K.


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Wrought Iron from Britannia Iron Works (Britain)

Fabrication, Canada Works, Birkenhead, UK

Allowed Stress 11 ksi, (76MPa)

Weight 9,050 tons Cost 6.3$M (285$/ft)

Comparison (Niagara suspension bridge 1855 (Roebling) $375/ft)

(Numerous maintenance reinforcements, replaced 1883 by

cantilever)


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CANADA WORKS, BIRKENHEAD

sheared, bent every plate, angle, tee

Punched all hole with Ross-Jaquardcomputer steam puncher

Fabricated each span, numbered every piece

Each complete span shipped in separate ship

No parts lost, nor too many

Field construction only 6 months per year

Thomas Brassey


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View of construction, Montreal end


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Laying the floor beams of the tube, workmen are aligning holes in

preparation for the riveting team standing by the forge at the right.

Rivets joining web and flange angles are clearly seen in the lithograph.


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Riveting Gang.

Rivet Heater, Back Holder

(12 lb mass)2 Hammer men (91 lb)


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HOT DRIVEN RIVETS1780

SHIPHULLS, BOILERS NONLEAK

RIVETS - COLD-HEADED RODS,. FASTENER FACTORY

Procedure heating cherry red, (980rC, austenite)

..portable forge (rivet boy)

RIVET POSITIONED IN HOLE, SUPPORTED BY 12 .POUND -HAMMER (HOLDER)

RIVET DRIVEN BY BLOWS FROM 9 POUND HAMMERS,

-(2 RIVETERS ALTERNATELY. [300 RIVETS PER SHIFT]

1840 IN SHOPS, HYDRAULICCSHAPED RIVETERS

1920 IN FIELD, PNEUMATIC GUNS WITH BUCKING BAR HOLDER.


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Tube, scaffolding. Traveling crane.


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Span on scaffolding (French Canadian wood framers).

Traveling cranes.


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Center span constructed in winter.

Scaffolding supported on bottom.

Materials transported on ice.


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Completed Victoria Tubular bridge


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The Engineers:

Robert Stephenson chief designer

William Fairbairn test to optimize

Alexander Ross - chief engineer

James Hodges site engineer

Thomas Brassey part manufacturer, site survey

T. C. & S. Keefer - site survey, selection


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Interior; Light at End of Tunnel


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White pine timber raft from Ottawa Valley

to Quebec City for Europe


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After sailing up through Lachine Canal,

Duchess of York shooting the Lachine Rapids to return

under VicB


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Locomotive Lady Elgin pulling train of Prince of Wales

On Grand Trunk RR to opening ofVictoria Tubular Bridge


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CAST IRON FAADE J.W. HOPKINS ST.CATHERINE+UNIVERSITY S.W.

The Crystal Palace, opened by His Royal Highness August 25, 1860

Moved to Park Ave. 1878, Destroyed by fire 1896


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ClendinnengsFoundry in Montreal, 1872

The McDougalls have made Grantham into a significant concern. It supplies

pig iron to the main foundries of our country, particularly the McDougall

foundry in Montreal. The iron is reputed to be the best in North America for

railcar wheels and other goods.


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1888, WI through truss


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MODERN BOX GIRDER BRIDGES

Concorde B. (1965) 3 x 160m + 2 x 150m (Montreal, Ile Ste-

Helene)

Neus B. (1953), 203m + 2 x 101m (Dusseldorf/Rhine) Vertical web 7m deep at pier tapered to mid span

(Germany built 320 km of bridging by 1955 replacing 4800

destroyed)

Severn B. (1966), 972m suspension, deck: air foil box 3mdeep x 22m wide


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Grand Trunk Railway, bridge essential system link

Intense Traffic 100 Trains/Day in 1897

Comparison

(Niagara suspension bridge 1855 (Roebling) $375/ft)

(Numerous maintenance reinforcements, replaced 1883 bycantilever)


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STEEL (only hardened steel before 1860)Swords: Rome, India, Japan, Arabia, Europe

1850 (60kt) for cutting tools, cutlery

1865 mild steel from pig iron in Bessemer converter and Siemens-Martin open hearth

1900 World 28Mt, Britain 5Mt, USA 11Mt, Canada 0.1Mt

CANADA 1901 Dominion Iron & Steel, Sydney

1903 Algoma Steel, Sault St-Marie

100kt of C steel mainly for rails

No high strength Ni steel, no plate mill

1859 Victoria Tubular B. 9,000 ton WI

1898 Victoria Truss B. 22,000 tons

(Bessemer)

1901-1907 Quebec B.

collapsed

73,000 tons

1910-1917 Quebec B. Final 23,000 tons

50,000 tons Ni steel


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Metal pig iron WI Steel

1850 4.7 Mt 3Mt (60%) 60 kt

Canada 5 kt 0.5 kt 0.1 Mt

1900 39 Mt 0.5Mt( 1.3%) 28 Mt

APPLICATIONS TRANSFER FROM WROUGHT IRON TO STEEL

RAILS AXLES WHEELS SHIPS BR IDGES BUILDINGS

STEEL BEGINS 1865* 1890 1900 1860 1870 1888

WROUGHT IRON

ENDS

1890 1910 1910 1890 1890 1900

*RAILS, STEEL 18 X LIFE OFIRON 1889 EIFFEL TOWER 300M


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THE VICTORIA TRUSS BRIDGE (1898) STEEL,

HOT RIVETED

A view of the Victoria Truss Bridge from the south-west,

showing Mount Royal and the City in the background(taller center span outlined against sky)[2].

The iers had been widened above the rows and the abutments sim lified.


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The Eleventh Pier and Section of Twelfth Span


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The cross-section of the double-track truss is shown in reference to the single-

track tube cross-section that was replaced. The truss had twice the lineal

weight but could carry close to 4 times the load in increased train weights and

added road traffic. (After Szeliski [5].)


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Construction of the truss span around the tube supported

by a wider construction frame directly resting on the piersIt could be rolled forward span by span, supported on the tube [


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VICTORIA TRUSS 1898 (#1)

Double Track (9.5m wide), Old piers widened at top

Constructed around tube (traffic never stopped)

19 spans Detroit B. Co., 6 spans Dominion B. Co.

Pratt Trusses, height mid span: center 18m, side 12m

Stress: allowed 21Ksi (145MPa) Yield Stress 35Ksi

Weight: 22,000 tons Cost: 2M$ for new work

J. Hobson, chief engineer, GTR


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Victoria Truss 1898:: Horse/carriage approaching Montreal

Steam locomotives in two directions


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THE VICTORIA TRUSS BRIDGE (1898) STEEL


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THE VICTORIA TRUSS BRIDGE (1898) STEEL,

HOT RIVETED

A view of the Victoria Truss Bridge from the south-west,

showing Mount Royal and the City in the background(taller center span outlined against sky)[2].

The iers had been widened above the rows and the abutments sim lified.


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VICTORIA TRUSS 1898 (#2)

Carriage ways (5m) outside the trusses; FIRST ACROSS ST. LAWRENCE

1908 trolley track on east side, 1955 2 lane road

1935 west side widened to 2 lanes

1958 2 lift spans, Seaway, ends ofSt-Lambertlock

alternate auto roads on canal banks

Spur rail bridge 5 spans, fly over for autos

Girders placed under spur switch spans, replacing trusses (traffic neverstopped)

Seaway 1958


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Seaway 1958

2 lift spans,, ends ofSt-Lambertlock

Spur rail bridge 5 spans, rolled sections,

welded into similar trussGirders placed under spur-switch spans,

replacing trusses (traffic never stopped)

fly over for autos alternate auto roads oncanal banks


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Photograph (~1980) of the Victoria Bridge from the north-west shows the trusses rising to

the higher center span and the new spur going to the west lift-span (outlined against sky)

over the seaway.


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Diagram of the track diversion required by the introduction of twin lift-spans at the Seaway. The

turnout (lower right) required replacement of two original spans by below-track girders and

construction of a spur with 6 new spans on piers in line (of water flow) with the old ones. (After

Szeliski [5].)


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Girder above track holding up right side,

Left side truss and transverse beams are cut away


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Girders below track at switch,

two truss spans removed (view from spur)


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VICTORIA TUBULAR 1859

- Grand Trunk RailRoad: Portland ME toChicago; Inter-Colonial RR, Maritimes

- Box girder (trains only, ran in box)

- Ship platerib structure, riveted- Wrought Iron (WI) imported as punched

components from England (technologytransfer from Brittania Bridge)

- Canadian iron works insufficient WI capacity(Forges St.Maurice no puddling furnace, 2 inMontreal - sheet for nails)


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HOT DRIVEN RIVETS1780 SHIPHULLS, BOILERS NONLEAK

RIVETS - COLD-HEADED RODS,. FASTENER FACTORYheating cherry red, 980rC, austenite, portable forge (rivet boy)

RIVET POSITIONED IN HOLE, SUPPORTED BY 12 POUND - HAMMER

(HOLDER)

RIVET DRIVEN BY BLOWS FROM 9 POUND HAMMERS,

- (2 RIVETERS ALTERNATELY. [300 RIVETS PER SHIFT]IN SHOPS, HYDRAULICCSHAPED RIVETERS; IN FIELD,PNEUMATIC GUNS WITH BUCKING BAR HOLDER.

RIVET SHANKS EXPAND TO FILL HOLES NEAR HEADS

HEADS CLAMP PLATES DUE TO DRIVING PRESSURECLAMPING PRESSURE RAISED BY RIVET CONTRACTION

THESE FACTORS PREVENT SLIP OF PLATE SPLICES - GIVE

WATERTIGHT JOINT.


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WORLD PRODUCTION OF IRON AND STEEL

1850 1870 1880 1890 1900 1918

PIG IRON

(BLAST

FURNACE,

COKE)

4.7MT

B>1/2

G~1/2

(70%) * PUDDLE*

BRITAIN

GERMAN

USA

(5%)* 39MT

1/4

1/4

~1/3

CHARCOAL,

COKE,CANADA

5KT 10KT

0KT

(1885)

(1885)

(4. KT)

(20 KT)

18 KT

80 KT

0KT

3MT

PUDDLED

IRON

3 MT

2KT

BRITAIN

CANADA

0.5 MT

STEEL

T tons

60KT

0.2KT

0.5 MT

12KT

22KT

(1873)

(0.65MT)

(0.2MT)

BRITAIN

GERMAN

USACANADA

28 MT

4.9 MT

8.0 MT

11 MT0.1 MT #

2.5 MT

# CANADA: 1910~0.5 MT, 1939 ~1 MT, 1960 5T, 1970 11 MT


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St. Lambert Lock and Victoria Bridge during construction.


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St. Lambert Lock and Victoria Bridge


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Cast iron arch bridge on river Spey by Telford


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National energy policy 1973,

Piere Trudeau, Macdonald

Alberta energy planning to

make much money

(after being subsidized on oil

price by Ontario for 20 years)


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Map


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Thomas C. Keefer first pres. 1887 Samuel Keefer 3rd pres. 1889

Can. Soc. Civil Engineers pres. Am. Soc. Civil Eng. 1888

sited VicB in rapids (9m deep) to the west

of port in survey for Montreal- Toronto RR


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Double Walled caisson towed into position.

Sank from rocks between walls.

Sealed with clay.

Pumped out bottom cleared to bed rock.


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Bottom of Caisson


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Steam shovel

One of first in North America.


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Boulder from bottom tocommemorate 6000 typhus victims

1846-47


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Piers under construction, 1856


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Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10

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