PurFAT Technical Ppt
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Transcript of PurFAT Technical Ppt
Welcome
PurFATMaking your feed 100%
LACTATION CURVELACTATION CURVEConcern for Nutritionist
& Dairy Farmers
Energy required for Involution of uterus
Negative Energy Balance
Negative Energy Balance
Negative Energy Balance
Sign – Ribs become prominent
Sign – Ribs become prominent
POOR BODY SCORE CONDITION
• BCS at calving– < 2.75 reduced milk yield– > 3.25 reduced milk yield– Penn State & Cornell research shows cows with a BCS
>3.25 at calving produce 2.3 Kg less milk each day than cows with lower BCS during the first 30 days of lactation
• BCS change after calving– Decrease of 1 BCS unit increase of 423 Kg milk in 305-d
lactation– Body reserves essential to support milk production
Waltner et al., 1993
Pedron et al., 1993
BCS and Milk Production
• Negative energy balance is common for high-producing cows in early lactation– Mobilized body fat is used to produce milk
• 1 Kg of mobilized fat = 7 Kg of milk
• Our goal is to minimize weight loss by encouraging intake of– High quality, highly palatable forage dry matter at
1.8 to 2.0% of body weight daily – High energy density ration - PurFAT, the quantity
being gradually increased over the first 100 days of lactation
BCS and High Producers
• Recommended Score: 3.25 to 3.75
• Nutritional Objective:– Cows calve with adequate,
but not excessive, body-fat reserves
BCS at Calving
• BCS < 3.25 – Too little energy provided
in late lactation or dry period
– Risk low milk production• Especially if ration is not
balanced or not palatable
• BCS > 3.75 – Too much energy provided
in late lactation or dry period
– Separate dry cows from milking herd
– Feed low-energy ration balanced for protein, minerals, and vitamins
– Niacin may help• Reduce ketosis• Increase fat mobilization• Increase appetite
Red Flags – Calving
• Recommended Score: 2.75 to 3.25
• Nutritional Objectives:– Maximize intake of a high-
energy ration – Minimize body condition loss
and offset negative energy balance
– Ration must contain enough protein to support high milk production
BCS in Early Lactation
• BCS < 2.75 and low milk production – Too little energy provided
in ration
• High producers may drop below 2.75, but condition must be regained to prevent reproductive problems
• BCS > 3.25 – Too little protein provided
in ration to support milk production
– Check intake of water, minerals, and vitamins
Red Flags – Early Lactation
• Recommended Score: 2.5 to 3.25
• Nutritional Objectives:– Maximize intake of a high-
energy ration – Minimize body condition loss
and offset negative energy balance
– Ration must contain enough protein to support high milk production
BCS at Peak Milk Yield
• BCS < 2.5 and low milk production – Too little energy provided in
ration
• BCS > 3.25 – Too little protein provided in
ration– Check intake of water,
minerals, and vitamins
Red Flags – Peak Lactation
• Recommended Score: 2.75 to 3.25
• Nutritional Objectives: – Maintain body condition– Begin to gain condition for
maximum milk production– Avoid excessive body
weight gain
BCS in Mid Lactation
• BCS < 2.75 – Too little energy provided
in ration– Problem probably began in
early lactation
• BCS > 3.25 – Reduce energy intake to
avoid over conditioning
Red Flags – Mid Lactation
• Recommended Score: 3.0 to 3.75
• Nutritional Objectives:– Replenish body reserves
to prepare for next lactation
– Avoid over conditioning
BCS in Late Lactation
• BCS < 3.0 – Too little energy provided in
ration– Problems likely began earlier
in the lactation
• BCS > 3.75 – Too much energy provided
in ration– Also may result from
extended calving intervals
Red Flags – Late Lactation
• Recommended Score: 3.25 to 3.75
• Nutritional Objectives: – Prepare for next lactation– Maintain condition through
dry period – do not lose, especially if cows enter dry period fat
– Avoid over conditioning by feeding low-energy ration with adequate protein, minerals, and vitamins
BCS at Dry Off
• BCS < 3.25 – Too little energy provided in
ration– Problems likely began earlier
in the lactation
• BCS > 3.75 – Too much energy provided
in ration– Also may result from
extended calving intervals– Avoid BCS loss in dry period
Red Flags – Dry Cows
WHY TO USE ENERGYWHY TO USE ENERGY??An excessive loss of weight during the first 100 days of lactation gives rise to a series of problems, of which the following can be highlighted:
• FALL IN MILK PRODUCTION after the lactation peak
• FERTILITY DISORDERS: lowering conception rate
• High risk of suffering METABOLIC DISEASES (KETOSISKETOSIS)
• POOR BODY CONDITION SCORE by high energy requirements for milk production
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INCREASE ENERGY DENSITY IN THE OVERALLRATION OR IN THE CONENTRATE
INCREASE CONCENTRATES AMOUNT IN FEED
INCREASE DRY MATTER CONSUMPTION
STRATEGIES TO INCREASE ENERGY STRATEGIES TO INCREASE ENERGY CONTENTCONTENT
Disadvantage
To increase the dry matter To increase the dry matter consumptionconsumption
During the first two months of lactation the animal’s ingestion capacity is limited by:
1. Space occupied by the reproductive system2. Hormonal change related with calving 3. Adaptation lack of rumen bacteria to new diet
To increase the proportion of concentrates in the ration
• Disadvantage: Acidosis
Cereals Propionic
acid in
rumen
Rumen
pH
decrease
s
Lowers fibre digestion
Ruminal
ACIDOSI
S
↓ % fat
milk
↓ appetite
↓
production
Consequently, the incorporation of large amounts of concentrates in the total ration of ruminants should
be limited to 50%-60% of the total amount of dry matter, the rest of the feed being forage.
Otherwise, we can give rise to:
*Ruminal acidosis*Reduced acetic/propionic ratio*Loss of appetite*Fall in milk production*Lower fat content in milk
Recommendations:
Forage:Concentrates = 40:60
Non-fibrous carbohydrates = 35-40%
Disadvantage of increasing Energy density in Ration
Disadvantage:- Physical coating of fibre- Toxic effect on cellulolytic flora- Physical coating of microorganisms,
reducing the superficial active enzymes- Reduction in the absorption of cations
Recommendations:The NRC recommends adding a minimum of fat to the ration, equivalent to 3% of the total dry substance ingested by a cow per day (if it eats 21 kg of DS = 21x3/100 = 0.63 kg), but limiting the fat to a maximum of 5% (21x5/100 = 1.05 kg) in order to avoid a mibrobic flora unbalance in the belly.
INCREASING FAT LEVEL IN RATION(2.25 times more energy than cereals)
EFFECT OF FAT ON THE DIGESTIVE TRACT OF
RUMINANTS
Animal Fat
Lard Oil
Veg. Fat
CONSEQUENCECONSEQUENCE
NECESSITY OF ENERGY WITHOUT ALTERING NECESSITY OF ENERGY WITHOUT ALTERING RUMEN FERMENTATIONS AND RUMINAL RUMEN FERMENTATIONS AND RUMINAL
MICRO ORGANISMSMICRO ORGANISMS
USE OFUSE OF
BY BY –– PASS FATS PASS FATS
Choose your ByPass Fat cautiously??...
1st Generation Bypass Fat
2nd Generation Bypass Fat
3rd Generation Bypass Fat
1st Generation ByPass Fat – Obsolete Technology (Not in use)
2nd Generation ByPass Fat – Old Technology (Most Widely used)
3rd Generation ByPass Fat – New Technology (Recently launched)
• Normally known as CALCIUM SOAPS
• These are formed by saturated and unsaturated fatty acids jointed to calcium ions to form salts
• Their protection mechanism is based on the acidity of the level, which is named pH.
• It is made from a chemical reaction of saponification
Fatty Acid + Calcium
• Normally known as CALCIUM SOAPS
• These are formed by saturated and unsaturated fatty acids jointed to calcium ions to form salts
• Their protection mechanism is based on the acidity of the level, which is named pH.
• It is made from a chemical reaction of saponification
Fatty Acid + Calcium
FATTY ACID CALCIUM SALTS
2nd Generation Bypass Fat
SALT
Challenges: 2nd Generation Bypass Fat
• Only 84% of Gross Fat• C16:0 Palmitic acid = only 44% so less butter fat %• Poor palatability – b’coz of detergent like smell• Chances of Low fertility index due to low Stearic acid (only 5%)• High level in Duodenum due to over feeding may depress DMI• Uneven physical texture• High Ashes content = 12.5% • Only 75-80% free fatty acids improve energy density• ME in DM = 33.9 MJ/Kg only• Degraded in Rumen by 8.8% for retention time of 20 hrs in
rumen (ref: Wallace, 1994 )
PurFAT – The 3rd Generation ByPass Fat
• PurFAT - Palm fatty acids are hydrogenated to raise the melting point to 50-55ºC. Because rumen temperature is well below this it remains solid in the rumen and passes through inert without affecting fibre digestion, rumen fermentation or acidity.
• Digestibility is high because there is no chemical protection to overcome after the rumen and there is no adverse affect on feed intake.
Advantages: PurFAT – The 3rd Generation ByPass Fat
• 100% of Gross Fat• C16:0 Palmitic acid = 49% so more butter fat %• Better palatability – no detergent like smell• Very high fertility index due to high Stearic acid (45%)• High level in Duodenum due to over feeding may depress
DMI• Even physical texture• Ashes content = 0% • 95% free fatty acids improve energy density• ME in DM = 39.0 MJ/Kg only• 0% degradation in Rumen for retention time of 48 hrs in
rumen (ref: Dr Mu, Institute of Animal Sc, Israel )
Composition Ca based By Pass Fat PurFAT
Gross Fat % 84 100
ME (MJ/Kg) 33.9 39
C:16 (Palmitic acid) % 44 49
C:18 (Stearic acid) % 5 45
Ashes % 12.5 0
Free Fatty Acids % 75-80 95
Rumen degradation in 48 hrs %
9-15 0
PurFAT
PurFAT Vs Triglycerides
• Fat sources that are comprised of triglyceride have less gross energy than one that is pure fatty acids. This is because triglycerides are composed of 10% glycerol; this molecule links three fatty acids to form the triglyceride. Glycerol is a carbohydrate, which has less gross energy than fatty acids and ‘dilutes’ the concentration of total gross energy. PurFAT is composed of 95% fatty acids will therefore have a higher gross energy than a product that is triglyceride.
CBR: PurFAT – The 3rd Generation ByPass Fat
Per Head/day 595 g Ca Soap
500 g PurFAT
Cost of added FAT 22.3 p 25.5 p
Extra payment for milk & fat 32.0 p 49.0 p
Net Gain 9.7 p 23.5 p
R.O.I1.44 : 1 1.92 : 1
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