Publikace EPUAP 2015.qxp katalog velkż · 2020. 3. 17. · Publikace EPUAP 2015.qxp_katalog velký...
Transcript of Publikace EPUAP 2015.qxp katalog velkż · 2020. 3. 17. · Publikace EPUAP 2015.qxp_katalog velký...
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EPUAP 201518th Annual Meeting of the EuropeanPressure Ulcer Advisory Panel16 – 18 September 2015 · Ghent, Belgium · www.epuap2015.org
PUTTING THE PRESSUREIN THE HEART OF EUROPE
PROGRAMME AND ABSTRACT BOOK
Organised by the European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Board and the University Centre for Nursing & Midwifery (Ghent University) incooperation with EduWond, CNC, WCS België and AfiScep.
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Ziudergang
1st Floor1. Priorzaal2. Library/Speakers room (mezzanine)3. Zaal Rector GillisS. Stairs
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Ground Floor
1. Refter Hall2. Registration3. Courtyard Exhibition4. Kapittelzaal Exhibition5. Poster area6. Meeting room SacristieS. Stairs
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2nd Floor1. Zaal Rector Vermeylen2. Oude infirmerieS. Stairs
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3rd Floor1. Zaal Rector Blanquert3. Stairs
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CONTENT
EPUAPBUSINESS OFFICEProvaznicka 11110 00 Prague 1 Czech RepublicTel: +420 251 019 379 [email protected]
Follow EPUAP on
LinkedIn Twitter
Welcome 4About EPUAP 5Programme overview 8Dutch symposium programme 14French symposium programme 16EPUAP interactive sessions 19Key session overview 20Key sessions presentations 21Quality improvement projects abstracts 34Oral presentation overview 41Abstracts of oral presentations 43Poster presentations overview 67Abstracts of poster presentations 70Author index 101General information 103EPUAP and SAGE product 105About Ghent 106Social events 109Sponsors EPUAP 2015 110Industry satelllite symposia and workshops 112Exhibitors EPUAP 2015 115Exhibition plans 117
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WELCOME
Dear colleague, Dear friend
Welkom in Gent! Bienvenue à Gand! Welcome to Ghent!
On behalf of all of us at the European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel(EPUAP) we wish you a warm welcome at our 18th Annual Meeting.The host of this year’s conference is the University Centre for Nursingand Midwifery based at Ghent University. The conference is organizedin collaboration with all Belgian woundcare organizations (EduWond,CNC, WCS België, and AfiScep).
Ghent, a city of culture and science in the Flemish Region, is ourhosting city. Ghent is without doubt one of the most beautiful historiccities in Europe and was given several pretty names: historic heart ofFlanders, a city of all times, medieval Manhattan, Europe’s best keptsecret and received some international tourist nominations. In 2008National Geographic Traveler Magazine ranked Ghent third in its listof 109 most authentic destinations. In the 2011 edition of the LonelyPlanet’s ’Best in Travel’ guide, Ghent took the 7th place on the list ofmust-see cities.
More than 500 experts from 35 countries in Europe, The United States,Asia, Australia and Middle East are attending the conference. Morethan 120 abstracts were submitted and more than 30 companies willbe exhibiting the next 3 days. The quality of the scientific programmehas been acknowledged by the European Accreditation Council forContinuing Medical Education (EACCME) by assigning 14 EuropeanCME Credits (ECMEC). A real success!
Like every year, the aim of the conference is bringing together clinicalcare practitioners, researchers and people from industry, to discussthe current status of the problem in Europe and the world and todiscuss new developments in pressure ulcer prevention, treatmentand care. The overall theme of this year’s conference is “Putting thePressure in the Heart of Europe” and the main topics of the scientificprogramme are:
• the societal impact of pressure ulcers• health economics• how to put pressure ulcers on the international agenda for
healthcare• pressure ulcers and quality indicators• developing and evaluating local and national quality improvement
projects• international collaboration in practice, research and education• EPUAP - International Society for Pediatric Wound Care (ISPeW)
Session• Preview of the EPUAP Book: Science and Practice of Pressure Ulcer
Management
With this scientific program, which blends top-tier science, the latestclinical research, and also region-specific activities covered in aFlemish and a French speaking session, we hope you will enjoy theconference and your time in Ghent!
Welcome!
Kind regards, Prof. Dimitri Beeckman Prof. Amit Gefen Prof. Lisette Schoonhoven Chair of EPUAP 2015 President of EPUAP President-Elect of EPUAP Chair of the EPUAP Scientific Committee Chair of the Guidelines Committee
The Local Organising Committee: Hilde Heyman Hilde Beele Steven Smet Evelien Touriany Luc Gryson Christian Thyse
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ABOUT EPUAP
About EPUAP
The “European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel” was created in Londonin December 1996 to lead and support all European countries in theefforts to prevent and treat pressure ulcers. At its inaugural meetingin London in December 1996, which included experts from manyEuropean countries, the group of over twenty agreed their missionstatement and the initial Executive Board and Trustees.
The mission statement reads: “To provide the relief of personssuffering from or at risk of pressure ulcers, in particular throughresearch and the education of the public and by influencing pressureulcer policy in all European countries towards an adequate patientcentred and cost effective pressure ulcer care.“ A very importantactivity for the EPUAP is our annual conference. These meetings areaimed at bringing together clinical care practitioners, researchers andpeople from industry, to discuss the current status of the problem inEurope and the world and to discuss new developments in pressureulcer prevention, treatment and care.
EPUAP Executive Board Members
Amit Gefen, PresidentLisette Schoonhoven, President Elect and Chair
of the Guidelines Committee
Jane Nixon, TreasurerJeannie Donnelly, Co-Treasurer Dimitri Beeckman, Chair of the Scientific CommitteeJan Kottner, Co-Chair of the Guidelines CommitteeZita Kis Dadara, Public RelationsChristina Lindholm, Public Relations
The Local Organising Committee
Dimitri Beeckman (Chair), University Centre for Nursing & Midwifery, Ghent University
Hilde Heyman, WCS België Hilde Beele, EduWond Steven Smet, EduWond Evelien Touriany, CNC Luc Gryson, CNCChristian Thyse, AfiScep
EPUAP Current Trustees
Maarit Ahtiala (Finland)Dan Bader (United Kingdom)Carina Bååth (Sweden)Guido Ciprandi (Italy)Lena Gunningberg (Sweden)Hilde Heyman (Belgium)Rolf Jelnes (Denmark)Lenche Neloska (Macedonia)Yohan Payan (France)Elia Ricci (Italy)Marco Romanelli (Italy)Jos Schols (The Netherlands)Jakub Taradaj (Poland)José Verdú Soriano (Spain)Erik de Laat (The Netherlands)
The mission
To provide the relief of persons suffering from or at risk of pressureulcers trough:
• research in prevention and treatment of pressure ulcers• raising awareness on the importance of prevention and treatment
of pressure ulcers• influencing pressure ulcer policy in all European countries• working towards an adequate patient centered and cost effective
pressure ulcer care
www.epuap.org
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ABOUT GHENT UNIVERSITY
Ghent University was founded in 1817 by King William I of Orange.The past 200 years, Ghent University employed many eminentscientists such as Nobel Prize winner Corneille Heymans, LeoBaekeland, Joseph Guislain, Walter Fiers, Marc Van Montagu, PeterPiot,... You'll also find many prominent persons among our alumnisuch as Robert Cailliau (co-inventor of the Internet), Dirk Frimout(astronaut), Peter Piot (United Nations) and Jacques Rogge (formerPresident of the International Olympic Committee). Today, GhentUniversity is a top 100 university and one of the major Belgianuniversities counting over 41,000 students and 9,000 employeesspread over 11 faculties and 117 faculty departments. Thesedepartments offer more than 230 high-quality courses in everyscientific discipline, each inspired by innovative research. GhentUniversity distinguishes itself as a socially committed and pluralisticuniversity in a broad international perspective.
The Faculty of Medicine was one of the four founding faculties ofGhent University. Today, with 200 professors instructing 6,200students, it remains one of its largest. Now formally named the Facultyof Medicine and Health Sciences, the Faculty provides training inseven disciplines: medicine; dentistry; biomedical sciences; physicaleducation; rehabilitation sciences and physiotherapy; medical andsocial sciences (nursing and midwifery, healthcare management andpolicy, and health education and promotion); and speechtherapy/audiology. It has a close relationship with Ghent UniversityHospital, the largest such institution in Belgium. The Faculty, alsorenowned for its postgraduate and continuing education programs,seeks to build a highly dynamic learning atmosphere linked to notonly strict healthcare but also to what is currently happening in thebroader society. More information: http://www.UGent.be
Ghent University - ‘Dare to think’: not just a slogan
The University Centre for Nursing and Midwifery (UCVV) is part of theDepartment of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences,Ghent University. The team consists of 20 members of staff beingactive in academic education, research, societal/academic servicesand administrative support. The UCVV is led by Prof. dr. SofieVerhaeghe, Prof. dr. Ann Van Hecke, and Prof. dr. Dimitri Beeckman.The UCVV is a dynamic research center that focuses on thedevelopment, validation and valorization of scientific knowledge thatleads to safe, evidence-based and efficient care and organization ofcare. This includes a focus on the translation and implementation ofcomplex interventions in practice. Through partnerships and
collaborations with external partners, the UCVV aims to supportresearch skills of professionals in clinical practice. The research workis divided into six domains: skin care (pressure ulcers andincontinence- associated dermatitis), oncological care, midwifery,education and training, mental health care, and nutritional care. TheUCVV uses innovative research methods (quantitative, qualitative,mixed methods) and works with national and internationalgovernments, universities, healthcare organizations and the industryin order to accomplish its mission. The UCVV is responsible for theorganization of the Master in Science in Nursing and Midwifery. Moreinformation: http://www.UCVVGent.be
University Centre for Nursing and Midwifery (UCVV)
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3rd EPUAPFOCUS MEETINGThe Role of Skin and Tissue Maturationand Aging in Pressure Ulcer Research and Practice
EPUAP Business [email protected]
+420 251 019 379
Organised by the European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel in partnership with Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Leeds University
4 – 6 April 2016 | Berlin, Germany www.focusmeeting2016.org
Receive an overview of current research and development trends in academia in regard to a spectrum of knowledge and technologies in the pressure ulcer field.
Receive an overview of current trends in commercialized technology in the pressure ulcer field as well as of needs and technological gaps identified by the industry.
Opportunities for commercialization of inventions and technologies which are still at the research lab phase.
Obtain an overview of the state-of-the-art in pressure ulcer prevention and treatment technology which is currently being developed at research labs internationally in the academia.
The EPUAP Focus Meeting is a relatively new initiative aimed at exchanging knowledge among scientists, clinicians, R&D and industry in regard to the latest developments in special areas of pressure ulcer research and practice. The focus meeting is intended to give room for in-depths discussion about special topics, to identify knowledge and technological gaps, as well as clinical needs in the pressure ulcer field and establish a platform of discussion for academia and industry.
Scientists and companies have opportunities for to work together towards commercialization of technologies – starting at an early stage of development of the technology – and in particular, to jointly shape the course of R&D so that it meets true clinical needs and bridges actual gaps which have been identified by the industry.
It is an appropriate environment for informal discussions that encourages follow-up contacts between scientists and companies such as for development of technologies, consultation projects for companies etc.
Why attend the Focus Meeting?
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PRELIMINARY PROGRAMME
18th Annual Meeting of the European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel 16 – 18 September 2015 · Ghent · Belgium
WEDNESDAY 16. 09. 2015 Registration area
07:30 Registration, badge and bag collection - registration area
07:30 - 09:00 Morning coffee and tea - registration and exhibition area
Refter Hall - Plenary room
09:00 - 10:15 OPENING CEREMONYChairs: Dimitri Beeckman, Lisette Schoonhoven
• Opening of the conference by Prof. Guy Vanderstraeten, Dean of the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University• Opening of the conference by The President of EPUAP and the EPUAP 2015 Local Organizer, Amit Gefen, Dimitri Beeckman• Pressure Ulcers and Quality of Care – Activities to Stimulate Quality of Care Discussions at a National Level, Prof. dr. Peter Van
Bogaert on behalf of the Belgian Federal Council on the Quality of the Nursing activities• Lecture of Appreciation for Prof. dr. Tom Defloor, Professor in Nursing Science at Ghent University and Past President of EPUAP
(2005 – 2007), Lisette Schoonhoven, Dimitri Beeckman
10:15 - 11:15 KEY SESSION 1: Ethics, accountability, and health economics in pressure ulcersChair: Dimitri Beeckman, Lisette Schoonhoven
• Health economics and pressure ulcers: importance, methods and reflections, Lieven Annemans • Assessing the severity of pressure ulcers: unstageable/ungradeable project, Carol Dealey
• The cost of prevention and treatment of pressure ulcers from an international perspective: a systematic review, Dimitri Beeckman
11:15 - 12:30 Lunch break, exhibition and poster viewing (in the exhibition area)
Refter Hall - Plenary room Zaal Rector Vermeylen
12:30 - 14:00 KEY SESSION 2: An update of pressure ulcer basic sciencesChair: Dimitri Beeckman, Lena Gunningberg
• Pressure induced deep tissue injury explained, Cees Oomens• The future of support surfaces and technologies for tissue
protection: where should we go, and what should we do, Amit Gefen
• Biomechanical modeling to prevent ischial and foot pressureulcers, Yohan Payan
• Angiogenesis and wound healing, Liesbet Geris• The association between microclimate and pressure ulcer
development, Jan Kottner
14:00 - 14:45 Coffee break, exhibition and poster viewing (in the exhibition area)
14:00 – 14:45 POSTER SESSION IN ZUIDERGANG
14:45 - 15:30 KEY SESSION 3: Pressure ulcer treatment - beyond the basicsChair: Christina Lindholm, Jeannie Donnely
• Tackling biofilms and infected pressure ulcers, Ron Legerstee• Wound dressings for pressure ulcer treatment: facts and
figures, Erik de Laat• Updated scar management practical guidelines: non-invasive
and invasive measures, Luc Téot• The role of negative pressure wound therapy in pressure ulcer
treatment: evidence and practice, Lubos Sobotka
14:15 - 15:45 INTERACTIVE SESSION 2: EPUAP - Internationalsociety for pediatric wound care (ISPeW) Session, Chair: Guido Ciprandi, Rolf JelnesPressure ulcers in children: introduction and examples to bediscussed, Hilde Beele, Steven SmetPressure ulcers prevention in NICU and PICU critical areas, Anna-Barbara SchluerNeonatal pressure ulcers. Focus on smallest patients, Guido CiprandiFinal discussion
15:45 - 17:15 INDUSTRY SYMPOSIUM (90') 16:15 - 17:15 FREE PAPER SESSION 2: Pressure ulcers: Patientsafety, quality of care and policy (1)Chairs: Lena Gunningberg, Lenche Neloska
• Strategic Benchmarking: Implementing and Evaluating EPUAP2014 Guidelines-Envisioning the Possibilities; Nancy Donaldson
• Pressure Ulcer and Wounds Reporting in English NHS Hospitals:Pressure Ulcer/Wound Audit (PUWA) and Survey; Jane Nixon
• The development of a preventive pressure ulcer preventionpolicy in a (General Hospital) AZ Nikolaas; Dirk Milliau
• Pressure ulcers and quality of care in the Centre Hospitalier deLuxembourg; Andree Marchal
18:30 Welcome reception at the Ghent City Hall
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PRELIMINARY PROGRAMME
See the programmes for the industry satellite symposia and workshops at page 112
07:30
07:30 - 09:00
09:00 - 09:45
09:45 - 11:15
11:15 - 12:30
Priorzaal Zaal Rector Blancquaert
INTERACTIVE SESSION 1: Patient and load handling teamUniversity GhentChairs: Filip Buckens, Heidi DeconinckPhysiotherapy: a complementary therapy, Jo DevleeschhouwerIntroduction to the practical workshop, Filip Buckens, HeidiDeconinckPractical workshop: Demonstrations of the use of lifting devicesHet Pand team
12:30 - 14:00
14:00 - 14:45
14:45 - 15:30 FREE PAPER SESSION 1: Basic science:Biomechanics and aetiology (1)Chairs: Carina Baath, Jan Kottner
• Modelling Cell Migration and Differentiation Processes inMuscle and Fat Structures; Fred Vermolen
• Computational Modeling of Angiogenesis Using a Cell-BasedFormalism; Fred Vermolen
• Changes in hypodermic adipose tissue could affect chronicskin wound healing during obesity; DominiqueSigaudo-Roussel
• Investigating the effect of shear on skin viability, in relation tothe development of pressure ulcers; Iris Hoogendoorn
14:45 - 15:30
15:45 – 16:45 STUDENT FREE PAPERS SESSION: Basic scienceChair: Christina Lindholm, Zita Kis Dadara
• Soft tissue loads in the penis during use of penile incontinenceclamps; Ayelet Levy
• Tissue loads applied by a novel medical device for closing largepressure ulcers; Rona Greifman
• Use of poly (lactic acid) biodegradable microparticles for tissuereconstruction of chronic wounds; Morgane Berthet
• Soft tissue loads around the sacrum in a three-dimensionalbuttocks model when confined to a rigid spinal board; AyeletLevy
15:45 - 16:45 FREE PAPER SESSION 3: Innovations in pressure ulcer prevention and treatmentChairs: Jakub Taradaj, Maarit Ahtiala
• Electrical stimulation in wound healing processes and tissueregeneration; Marino Ciliberti
• The Relationship between Nurses Assessment of Early PressureUlcer Damage and Sub Epidermal Moisture Measurement: AProspective Explorative Study; Gillian O'Brien
• What does it take to make video consultations succeed –experiences from Sunnaas hospital; Ingebjørg Irgens
• Magnetic Resonance Elastography of pressure ulcer relateddeep tissue injury; Jules Nelissen
15:45 - 17:15
18:30
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PRELIMINARY PROGRAMME
18th Annual Meeting of the European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel 16 – 18 September 2015 · Ghent · Belgium
THURSDAY 17. 09. 2015 Registration area
08:00 Registration, badge and bag collection - Registration areaRefter (Main Auditorium) Zaal Rector Vermeylen
08:00 - 09:30 INDUSTRY BREAKFAST SYMPOSIUM (90') 08:00 - 09:00 FREE PAPER SESSION 4: Innovative approachesin clinical research (Prevention and treatment)Chairs: Carina Baath, Michael Renierkens
• The Relationships between Incontinence, Braden Risk Score,and Pressure Ulcer Stages from the 2013 and 2014 InternationalPressure Ulcer PrevalenceTM (IPUP) Survey; CharlieLachenbruch
• The golden hour for pressure ulcer risk assessment; RichardWhite
• Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy in Ulcer Therapy: a single-centre experience and systematic review; Jakub Taradaj
• Evaluation of an immersion type mattress for the prevention ofpressure ulcers; Peter Worsley
09:30 - 10:30 KEY SESSION 4: EPUAP Book preview, Chairs: Marco Romanelli, Amit Gefen, Mike Clark
• Preview of the book: Science and practice of pressure ulcermanagement
• The critical characteristics of good support surfaces forpressure ulcer prevention, Amit Gefen
• How innovative is pressure ulcer prevention and treatment?,Michael Clark
KEY SESSION 5: EWMA - EPUAP Session, infectionmanagement in pressure ulcer treatment: new insights andevolutionsChair: Lena Gunningberg, Carina Baath
• Infection management: old remedies for old wounds, Rose Cooper
• Infection management in pressure ulcers, Rolf Jelnes
10:30 - 11:00 Coffee break and exhibition viewing
10:30 – 11:00 POSTER SESSION IN ZUIDERGANG11:00 - 12:00 KEY SESSION 6: The EPUAP awards 2015
Chair: Dimitri Beeckman, Yohan Payan• Introduction by Prof. Dimitri Beeckman (Chair EPUAP Scientific Committee)• Experienced Investigator Award: Pressure ulcer research: a
tortuous road to travel, Cees Oomens• Novice Investigator Award: Translating Pressure Ulcer Risk
Factor Research into Clinical Practice, Susanne Coleman • Lifetime Achievement Award: Reflections of a Woundologist,
Keith Harding
11:00 - 12:30 INDUSTRY SYMPOSIUM (90')
12:00 - 12:30 EPUAP INITIATIVES KEY SESSION• International Stop Pressure Ulcer Day, Zita Kis Dadara• The international guideline: update on implementation and
development, Lisette Schoonhoven• PuClas3, Dimitri Beeckman
12:30 - 14:00 Lunch break, exhibition and poster viewing
12:30 – 14:00 POSTER SESSION IN ZUIDERGANG13:30 - 14:00 EPUAP Annual General Meeting
14:00 - 15:30 KEY SESSION 7: The organisation of pressure ulcer care – bestpractices and leadershipChair: Amit Gefen, Zita Kis Dadara
• The first Dutch nurse led wound centre, Alita Jaspar• Developing a national pressure ulcer organisation: the Dutch
experience, Michel Renierkens• Telemedicine in pressure ulcer risk assessment, prevention and
management, Rolf Jelnes• Nurse leadership in pressure ulcer management, Christina Lindholm
14:00 - 15:30 INTERACTIVE SESSION 3: Quality improvementprojects for pressure ulcers: From implementation tomeasuring and comparing quality improvementChairs: Lisette Schoonhoven, Jan Kottner
15:30 - 16:15 Coffee break exhibition and poster viewing
15:30 – 16:15 POSTER SESSION IN ZUIDERGANG16:00 - 17:15 KEY SESSION 8: Risk factors for pressure ulcer development in
specific patients groups - science meets practiceChair: Jane Nixon, Yohan Payan
• Pressure ulcer risk factors from the 2015 French national prevalence studyand comparison with previous prevalence studies, Brigitte Barrois
• Medical devices and vulnerable skin, Dan Bader• Incontinence - associated dermatitis as a risk factor for pressure
ulcer development in a geriatric population?, Sylvie Meaume• Pathophysiological factors and risk assessment methods for
pressure ulcers in ICU, Maarit Ahtiala
EPUAP 2015 QUALITY IMPROVEMENT AWARDSPreventing Skin Breakdown Projects: Tips and tricks from 5quality improvement storiesChairs: Dimitri Beeckman, Lena Gunningberg
19:30 Boat trip and conference dinner at restaurant "Oude Vismijn"
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PRELIMINARY PROGRAMME
See the programmes for the industry satellite symposia and workshops at page 112
08:00Priorzaal Zaal Rector Blancquaert
08:00 - 09:00 FREE PAPER SESSION 5: Pressure ulcer prevention andmanagement in specific patient groups (paediatrics, surgery, spinalcord injury, ER, older persons, palliative care, etc) (1)Chairs: Luc Gryson, Marco Romanelli
• How to prevent patients developing pressure ulcer (PU) whenundergoing cardio-thoracic surgery; Charlotte Walsoee
• Can Pressure Monitoring Influence Non-Concordant Patients andCarers in Their Decision Making with Regards to Repositioning andPressure Ulcer Prevention in the Community; Nicci Kimpton
• Pressure Ulcer Prevention in Geriatric Ward; Aase Fremmelevholm• An interdisciplinary team strategy for the prevention of
pressure ulcers for at risk ageing patients in communitysettings; Carolyn Wyndham-White
08:00 - 09:00 FREE PAPER SESSION 6: Pressure ulcer preventionand management in specific patient groups (paediatrics, surgery,spinal cord injury, ER, older persons, palliative care, etc) (2)Chairs: Erik de Laat, Lenche Neloska • Cost-effectiveness analysis of nutritional support for the prevention of
pressure ulcers in high-risk hospitalized patients; Shelley Roberts • Preventing pressure ulcers in aged care: A randomised controlled trial
of the effectiveness of prophylactic silicone foam dressings; NickSantamaria
• Physiological Responses to Pressure Loading and Unloading in Critically IllPatients as a Predictor of Pressure Ulcer Development; Janet Cuddigan
• Prevention of sacral pressure ulcers in pediatric cardiacintensive care unit; Miroslava Hargasova
08:00 - 09:30
09:00 - 10:00 FREE PAPER SESSION 7: Basic science:Biomechanics and aetiology (2)Chairs: Jakub Taradaj, Maarit Ahtiala
• Features of Dermal Lymphatic Dysfunction in Uniaxially-CompressedTissues – Implication in Pressure Ulcer Aetiology; Dan Bader
• Evaluating control of skin microclimate with AeroSpacer 3Dspacer mattress configurations; Dan Bader
• A Computational Model of the Competition between CellDamage and Cell Repair, in the Presence of Oxidative Stress andMechanical Deformation; Lisa Tucker-Kellogg
• Ultrasound Modulates Proinflammatory Cytokine Release inSoft Tissue; David Voegeli
09:00 - 10:00 INDUSTRY WORKSHOP (60') 09:30 - 10:30
11:00 - 12:00
11:00 - 12:00
12:00 - 12:30
12:30 - 14:00
13:30 - 14:00
14:00 - 15:30
15:30 - 16:15
16:00 - 17:15
19:30
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PRELIMINARY PROGRAMME
18th Annual Meeting of the European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel 16 – 18 September 2015 · Ghent · Belgium
FRIDAY 18. 09. 2015 Registration area
08:00 Registration, badge and bag collection - Registration area
Refter (Main Auditorium) Zaal Rector Vermeylen
09:00 - 10:00 KEY SESSION 9: Pressure ulcer management: Innovativeapproaches need to go hand in hand with basic careChair: Christina Lindholm, Dimitri Beeckman
• Health policy: from a survey of the prevalence of pressureulcers in nursing homes in the Brittany, France to the start oftelemedicine for elderly and disabled people with chronicwounds, Sandrine Robineu
• Electric stimulation in practice for treatment of pressure ulcers,Mike Meuwissen
• What we should know about repositioning for pressure ulcerprevention and treatment, Zena Moore
• Using ITEM as a systematic approach towards pressure ulcertreatment, Steven Smet
09:00 – 10:00 STUDENT FREE PAPERS SESSION: ClinicalscienceChair: Evelien Touriany, Hilde Beele
• Risk Factors for Pressure Ulcer in Portuguese Surgical Patients;Marina Batalha Figueiredo
• Incontinence-associated dermatitis in elderly: a qualitativephenomenological study on patient experiences; Nele VanDamme
• Development and validation of an instrument to monitor thehealing of incontinence-associated dermatitis; Karen Van denBussche
• Evidence-based skin care: the development of a basic skin carealgorithm with formal care settings, Andrea Lichterfeld
10:00 - 10:45 Coffee break and exhibition viewing
10:45 - 12:15 KEY SESSION 10: Interactive clinical case discussionsChair: Luc Gryson, Marco Romanelli
• Pediatrics• General• Rehabilitation• Geriatrics• ICU
12:15 - 12:45 EPUAP 2016 Annual Meeting – Florence, Italy
EPUAP 3rd Focus Meeting 2016 - Berlin, Germany
Closing of the conferenceChair: Lisette Schoonhoven, Dimitri Beeckman
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PRELIMINARY PROGRAMME
See the programmes for the industry satellite symposia and workshops at page 112
08:00
Priorzaal Zaal Rector Blancquaert
FREE PAPER SESSION 8: Pressure ulcers: Patient safety, qualityof care and policy (2)Chairs: Jeannie Donnely, Jakub Taradaj
• The cost of pressure ulcer prevention and treatment inhospitals and nursing homes in Flanders: a cost-of-illnessstudy; Liesbet Demarré
• Priorities for pressure ulcer prevention: mixed methods analysisof patient safety incidents reports from primary care in Englandand Wales (2003-2013); Ray Samuriwo
• Continuous quality improvement project to reduce pressureulcer prevalence in a regional Belgian hospital; KatrienVanderwee
• Development of outcome measures and performanceindicators for PUPIS - a specialist pressure ulcer service in thecommunity; Mark Bowtell
FREE PAPER SESSION 9: Pressure ulcers: Implementationscience and educationChairs: Zita Kis Dadara, Jan Kottner
• Measuring practice change through clinical experts; Ann MarieDunk
• Implementation of evidence based pressure ulcer preventionin hospital units – important factors for success; Eva Sving
• INTroducing A Care bundle To prevent pressure injury: theINTACT trial; Wendy Chaboyer
• The implementation of effective quality management forPressure Ulcer Prevention at Germany’s largest universityhospital; Armin Hauss
09:00 - 10:00
10:00 - 10:45
10:45 - 12:15
12:15 - 12:45
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DUTCH SYMPOSIUM PROGRAMME
DONDERDAG 17. 09. 2015
Tijd: 10:00 – 17:00
Lokaal: Zaal Rector Blancquaert
Sessievoorzitters voormiddag: Mevr. Hilde Heyman, Mevr. Evelien Touriany
Sessievoorzitters namiddag: Dhr. Steven Smet, Dhr. Luc Gryson
10:00 - 10:10 Welkom en inleidingProf. dr. Dimitri Beeckman; Universiteit Gent, België
10:10 – 10:30 Het ontstaan van diepe weefselschade: inzichten uit de wetenschapProf. dr. Cees Oomens; Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Nederland
10:30 – 10:50 De internationale richtlijnen voor decubituspreventie en behandeling zijn er: wat nu?Prof. dr. Lisette Schoonhoven; University of Southampton, UK
10:50 – 11:30 Decubitus en incontinentie- geassocieerde dermatitis: etiologie, preventie en behandelingProf. dr. Hilde Beele; Universitair Ziekenhuis Gent, België
11:30 – 12:00 Voorspellen van decubitusgenezing met de DECU-STICK bij dwarslaesiepatiënten tijdens conservatieve behandelingDr. Floris Van Asbeck; De Hoogstraat Revalidatie Utrecht, Nederland
12:00 – 12:30 Organisatie van het decubitus beleid in het ziekenhuis: best practicesAdinda Toppets; UZLeuven, België
12:30 – 13:30 Lunch
13:30 – 14:00 De behandeling van biofilms en geïnfecteerde decubituswondenRon Legerstee; Pe@r, Wound Healing and Tissue Repair, Nederland
14:00 – 14:30 Wondverbanden in de behandeling van decubitus: feiten en praktijkDr. Erik De Laat; UMC Radboud, Nijmegen, Nederland
14:30 – 15:00 De systematische aanpak van decubitus door het gebruik van ITEMSteven Smet; Universitair Ziekenhuis Gent, België
15:00 – 15:30 Electrostimulatie bij hard to heal ulcers, de ervaringen binnen de praktijkMike Meuwissen; Mitralis Expertise Centrum Wondzorg Heerlen, Nederland
15:30 – 16:15 Koffie pauze
16:15 – 16:45 De uitbouw en implementatie van een verpleegkundig gestuurde wondkliniek: praktijk en ervaringenAlita Jaspar; Mitralis Expertise Centrum Wondzorg Heerlen, Nederland
16:45 – 17:00 ConclusieDhr. Luc Gryson
Publikace EPUAP 2015.qxp_katalog velký 22.08.15 13:35 Stránka 14
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15
DUTCH SYMPOSIUM PROGRAMME
DONDERDAG 17. 09. 2015Tijd: 10:00 – 17:00Lokaal: PriorzaalSessievoorzitters voormiddag: Dhr. Steven Smet, Dhr. Luc GrysonSessievoorzitters namiddag: Mevr. Hilde Heyman, Mevr. Evelien Touriany
10:00 - 10:10 Welkom en inleidingDhr. Steven Smet, Dhr. Luc Gryson
10:10 - 10:40 De behandeling van biofilms en geïnfecteerde decubituswondenRon Legerstee; Pe@r, Wound Healing and Tissue Repair, Nederland
10:40 - 11:10 Wondverbanden in de behandeling van decubitus: feiten en praktijkDr. Erik De Laat; UMC Radboud, Nijmegen, Nederland
11:10 - 11:40 De systematische aanpak van decubitus door het gebruik van ITEMSteven Smet; Universitair Ziekenhuis Gent, België
11:40 - 12:10 Electrostimulatie bij hard to heal ulcers, de ervaringen binnen de praktijkMike Meuwissen; Mitralis Expertise Centrum Wondzorg Heerlen, Nederland
12:10 - 12:40 De uitbouw en implementatie van een verpleegkundig gestuurde wondkliniek: praktijk en ervaringenAlita Jaspar; Mitralis Expertise Centrum Wondzorg Heerlen, Nederland
12:30 – 13:30 Lunch
13:30 - 13:50 Het ontstaan van diepe weefselschade: inzichten uit de wetenschapProf. dr. Cees Oomens; Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Nederland
13:50 -14:10 De internationale richtlijnen voor decubituspreventie en behandeling zijn er: wat nu?Prof. dr. Dimitri Beeckman; Universiteit Gent, België
14:10 -14:50 Decubitus en incontinentie- geassocieerde dermatitis: etiologie, preventie en behandelingProf. dr. Hilde Beele; Universitair Ziekenhuis Gent, België
14:50 - 15:20 Voorspellen van decubitusgenezing met de DECU-STICK bij dwarslaesiepatiënten tijdens conservatieve behandelingDr. Floris Van Asbeck; De Hoogstraat Revalidatie Utrecht, Nederland
15:30 – 16:15 Koffie pauze
16:15 - 16:45 Organisatie van het decubitus beleid in het ziekenhuis: best practicesAdinda Toppets; UZLeuven, België
16:45 – 17:00 ConclusieSteven Smet; Universitair Ziekenhuis Gent, België
Publikace EPUAP 2015.qxp_katalog velký 22.08.15 13:35 Stránka 15
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16
FRENCH SYMPOSIUM PROGRAMME
YEUDI 17. 09. 2015Heure: 10:00 – 17:10 (L'enregistrement commence à 09:00)Salle de réunion: Oude Infirmerie (2ème étage)Président de séance le matin: Brigitte Barrois Président de séance l'après-midi: Christian Thyse
The French language symposium is organised in partnership with Afiscep and PERSE.
10:00 – 10:10 Introduction Mr. Christian Thyse, AfiScep Dr. Brigitte Barrois, PERSE
10:10 – 10:30 Optimalisation de la prise en charge des escarres: un cas SuisseMme. Lucie Charbonneau
10:30 – 10:50 IAD, un risque pour le développement d’escarres dans la population gériatrique? Dr. Sylvie Meaume
10:50 – 11:30 Etude nationale de prévalence des escarres réalisée en France : résultats préliminaires de l’enquête décennale (2014) et comparaisonavec les enquêtes précédentes (2004 et 1994)Dr. Brigitte Barrois, F. A Allaert
11:30 – 12:00 Avant l’ IAD, l’incontinence, est-elle évitable?Mr. Christian Thyse
12:00 – 13:30 Pause
13:30 – 14:00 Capacités d’ajustement de la microcirculation cutanée face aux pressions Dr. Dominique Sigaudo Roussel, Mme. Bérengère Fromy
14:00 – 14:30 Optimalisation de la prise en charge des escarres: un cas Luxembourgeois. Dr. René Dondelinger
14:30 – 15:00 Actualisation des guidelines pratiques de prise en charge des escarres: mesures invasives et non- invasivesProf. Luc Téot
15:00 – 15:30 TLM Plaies chroniques: Télémédecine entre un centre de médecine physique et réadaptation et les structures médicosociales ou le domicile : résultats après un an de téléconsultations.Dr. Sandrine Robineau, Dr. B. Nicolas, A. Chopin, A. Allain, C. Lemeur, M. Cristina, P. Gallien
15:30 – 16:15 Pause
16:15 – 16:45 Spécificités de la prise en charge des escarres chez l’enfantDr. Benoit Nicolas
16:45 – 17:00 Modélisation biomécanique pour prévenir les escarres ischiatiques et du pied Prof. Yohan Payan
Publikace EPUAP 2015.qxp_katalog velký 22.08.15 13:35 Stránka 16
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Bremen
EWMA 2016PATIENTS. WOUNDS. RIGHTS11-13 MAY 2016BREMEN · GERMANY
www.deutscher-wundkongress.dewww.wund-dach.org
www.ewma2016.org
26th Conference of theEuropean Wound Management Association
Abstract submission d
eadline:
1 December 2015
Publikace EPUAP 2015.qxp_katalog velký 22.08.15 13:35 Stránka 17
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How can you get involved?• Host educational activities on prevention and treatment of pressure ulcers• Organise awareness raising events to share information about pressure ulcers• Reach out to your local community to inform them about pressure ulcers• Make policy makers aware about pressure ulcers
Download support material for free at: www.epuap.org
EPUAP Business OfficeEmail: [email protected]: +420 251 019 379
YOUR VOICEfor pressure ulcerPREVENTION!
19thNovember2015
org
www.epuap.org
Publikace EPUAP 2015.qxp_katalog velký 22.08.15 13:35 Stránka 18
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19
EPUAP INTERACTIVE SESSIONS
INTERACTIVE SESSION 1
Patient and load handling teamUniversity Hospital GhentPhysiotherapy: a complementary therapy, Jo DevleeschhouwerIntroduction to the practical workshop, Filip Buckens and Heidi DeconinckPractical workshop: Demonstrations of the use of lifting devices, Patient and loadhandling team University Hospital Ghent
Speakers: Jo DevleeschhouwerFilip BuckensHeidi Deconinck
Date: 16 September 2015Time: 12:30 – 14:00Meeting room: Priorzaal
INTERACTIVE SESSION 2
EPUAP – International Society PaediatricWound Care (ISPeW) session
Pressure ulcers in children: introduction and examples to be discussed, Hilde Beele,Steven SmetPressure Ulcers Prevention in NICU and PICU critical areas, Anna-Barbara SchluerNeonatal pressure Ulcers. Focus on smallest patients, Guido CiprandiFinal discussion
Speakers: Hilde BeeleSteven SmetAnna-Barbara SchluerGuido Ciprandi
Date: 16 September 2015Time: 14:15 – 15:45Meeting room: Zaal Rector Vermeylen
INTERACTIVE SESSION 3
Quality improvement projects for pressure ulcers: From implementationto measuring and comparing quality improvementIn this session key principles of implementation will be introduced and discussed inrelation to pressure ulcer guidelines. The model for implementation from Grol andWensing will be introduced and serve as a structure to implement better practices inhealth care.
Speakers: Lisette SchoonhovenJan Kottner
Date: 17 September 2015Time: 14:00 – 15:30Meeting room: Zaal Rector Vermeylen
KEY SESSION 10:
Interactive clinical case discussion• Pediatrics• General• Rehabilitation• Geriatrics• ICU
Date: 18 September 2015Time: 10:45 – 12:15Meeting room: Refter Hall
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20
KEY SESSION OVEVIEW
WEDNESDAY 16. 09. 2015Refter Refter Hall (ground level)
10:15 – 11:15 KEY SESSION 1:Ethics, accountability and health economics in pressure ulcers
12:30 – 14:00 KEY SESSION 2:An update of pressure ulcer basic sciences
14:45 – 15:30 KEY SESSION 3:Pressure ulcer treatment – beyond basics
THURSDAY 17. 09. 2015Refter Refter Hall (ground level)
09:30 – 10:30 KEY SESSION 4:EPUAP book preview
11:00 – 12:00 KEY SESSION 6:The EPUAP Awards 2015
12:00 – 12:30 EPUAP INITIATIVES14:00 – 15:30 KEY SESSION 7:
The organisation of pressure ulcer care – best practices and leadership16:00 – 17:15 KEY SESSION 8:
Risk factors for pressure ulcer development in specific patients groups – science meets practice
Zaal Rector Vermeylen (1st level)
09:30 – 10:00 KEY SESSION 5:EWMA – EPUAP Session: Infection management in pressure ulcer treatment: new insights andevolutions
16:00 – 17:30 EPUAP 2015 Quality Improvement Awards:Preventing Skin Breakdown Projects: Tips and tricks from 5 quality improvement stories
FRIDAY 18. 09. 2015Refter Refter Hall (ground level)
09:00 – 10:00 KEY SESSION 9:Pressure ulcer management: Innovative approaches need to go hand in hand with basic care
10:45 – 12:15 KEY SESSION 10:Interactive clinical case discussions
Publikace EPUAP 2015.qxp_katalog velký 22.08.15 13:35 Stránka 20
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KEY SESSIONS PRESENTATIONS
21
ASS
ESSI
NG
TH
E SE
VERI
TY O
F PR
ESSU
RE U
LCER
S:U
NST
AG
EABL
E/U
NG
RAD
EABL
E PR
OJE
CT
Caro
l Dea
ley1
1 U
nive
rsity
Hos
pita
l Birm
ingh
am N
HS
Foun
datio
n Tr
ust a
nd U
nive
rsity
of B
irmin
gham
, Uni
ted
King
dom
Intr
oduc
tion
: Th
e ai
m o
f thi
s aud
it w
as to
col
lect
info
rmat
ion
on th
e ou
tcom
e fo
r uns
tage
able
pre
ssur
e ul
cers
(PU
). In
par
ticul
arit
wou
ld d
emon
stra
te to
com
mis
sion
ers
the
impo
rtan
ce o
f acc
urat
e re
port
ing.
Met
hods
: D
ata
wer
e co
llect
ed o
ver a
9 m
onth
per
iod.
Info
rmat
ion
on p
ositi
on o
f PU
s, th
eir w
eekl
y pr
ogre
ss a
nd fi
nal o
utco
me
was
reco
rded
. Int
eres
ted
TVN
s ind
icat
ed th
eir i
nter
est v
ia th
e Ti
ssue
Via
bilit
y So
ciet
y w
ebsi
te a
nd w
ere
give
n de
tails
on h
ow to
regi
ster
thei
r pat
ient
s. Th
is a
lso
enab
led
regu
lar g
roup
em
ails
to b
e se
nt o
ut e
ncou
ragi
ng o
ngoi
ng d
ata
colle
ctio
n. It
was
hop
ed to
col
lect
dat
a on
100
pat
ient
s
Resu
lts:
By th
e en
d of
the
audi
t 56
patie
nts
had
been
regi
ster
ed a
nd fo
llow
up
data
col
lect
ed o
n 44
and
full
data
on
only
36 p
atie
nts.
At t
he e
nd o
f the
ass
essm
ent p
erio
d th
e fin
al c
lass
ifica
tion
of o
rigin
ally
uns
tage
able
PU
was
: int
act
skin
: 1 (2
.3%
); ca
tego
ry 2
: 1 (2
.3%
); Ca
tego
ry 3
: 17
(38.
6%);
Cate
gory
4: 8
(18.
2%);
unst
agea
ble:
17
(38.
6%).
A M
ann
Whi
tney
test
show
ed th
ere
was
no
sign
ifica
nt d
iffer
ence
bet
wee
n st
agea
ble
and
unst
agea
ble
ulce
rs (p
=0.1
3) w
ithre
spec
t to
the
num
ber o
f day
s ob
serv
ed.
Dis
cuss
ions
: W
e ha
d ex
pect
ed t
hat
it m
ight
tak
e so
me
time
to d
eter
min
e th
e ac
tual
cat
egor
y of
the
PU
thi
s w
as c
erta
inly
confi
rmed
by
the
audi
t with
39%
(17/
44) b
eing
stil
l uns
tage
able
/ung
rade
able
at t
he e
nd o
f the
per
iod
of d
ata
colle
ctio
n w
hich
rang
ed b
etw
een
0-16
7 da
ys.
Clin
ical
rele
vanc
e:
In th
e lig
ht o
f the
find
ings
of t
his
audi
t usi
ng th
e ca
tego
ry u
nsta
geab
le/u
ngra
deab
le m
ay b
e a
usef
ul a
dditi
on to
PU m
onito
ring
sche
mes
.
KS1
/2H
EALT
H E
CON
OM
ICS
AN
D P
RESS
URE
ULC
ERS:
IMPO
RTA
NCE
, MET
HO
DS
AN
D R
EFLE
CTI
ON
SLi
even
Ann
eman
s1
1 Pr
ofes
sor o
f Hea
lth E
cono
mic
s, G
hent
Uni
vers
ity, F
acul
ty o
f Med
icin
e, d
epar
tmen
t of p
ublic
hea
lth,
Ghe
nt, B
elgi
um
The
confl
ict
betw
een
wha
t so
ciet
ies
are
able
to p
ay fo
r hea
lth c
are
and
the
popu
latio
n’s
need
for h
igh
qual
ityhe
alth
car
e is
stil
l inc
reas
ing.
Hea
lth e
cono
mic
s ai
ms
to fi
nd t
he b
est
poss
ible
way
to s
pend
the
ava
ilabl
e fin
anci
al m
eans
. In
orde
r to
appl
yec
onom
ic th
inki
ng to
hea
lthca
re, o
ne sh
ould
vie
w th
e he
alth
sect
or a
s a p
rodu
ctiv
e se
ctor
who
se a
im is
to p
rodu
cehe
alth
, by
ensu
ring
that
peo
ple
live
long
er a
nd/o
r mor
e he
alth
ily. P
riorit
y m
ust b
e gi
ven
to th
ose
inte
rven
tions
(bot
h pr
even
tive
and
cura
tive)
whi
ch r
esul
t in
the
gre
ates
t am
ount
of h
ealth
for
the
mon
ey t
hat
is in
vest
ed.
Inte
rven
tions
with
a g
ood
ratio
bet
wee
n th
e in
vest
ed m
oney
and
the
resu
lting
hea
lth o
utco
me
are
calle
d co
st-
effec
tive.
In h
ealth
eco
nom
ic e
valu
atio
ns, t
he n
et c
osts
of a
n in
vest
men
t (e.
g. p
reve
ntio
n of
pre
ssur
e ul
cers
) are
calc
ulat
ed in
com
paris
on to
not
und
erta
king
the
inve
stm
ent,
and
the
ratio
bet
wee
n th
ese
net c
osts
and
the
net
heal
th b
enefi
ts is
then
ass
esse
d.
In th
e EU
this
con
cept
of c
ost-
effec
tiven
ess
is g
aini
ng m
ore
and
mor
e in
tere
st a
nd h
as a
n in
crea
sing
influ
ence
inde
cisi
ons
on a
lloca
tion
of h
ealth
car
e bu
dget
s.
Ove
r the
pas
t yea
rs a
n in
crea
sing
num
ber o
f hea
lth e
cono
mic
stud
ies h
ave
been
per
form
ed a
nd p
ublis
hed
in th
ear
ea o
f pre
ssur
e ul
cers
. The
lect
ure
disc
usse
s th
e ne
ed fo
r suc
h st
udie
s as
wel
l as
the
met
hodo
logi
cal c
halle
nges
,su
ch a
s un
cert
aint
y, d
iffer
ence
s in
per
spec
tive
and
time
horiz
on o
f the
ana
lysi
s.
KS1
/1
Publikace EPUAP 2015.qxp_katalog velký 22.08.15 13:35 Stránka 21
-
KEY SESSIONS PRESENTATIONS
22
PRES
SURE
IND
UCE
D D
EEP
TISS
UE
INJU
RY E
XPLA
INED
Cees
Oom
ens1
1Ei
ndho
ven
Uni
vers
ity o
f Tec
hnol
ogy,
The
Net
herla
nds
Intr
oduc
tion
: Tr
aditi
onal
ly p
ress
ure
ulce
rs w
ere
cons
ider
ed to
resu
lt fr
om p
rolo
nged
isch
aem
ia. I
ndee
d w
hen
exte
rnal
load
soc
clud
e bl
ood
vess
els,
tissu
e is
dep
rived
of o
xyge
n an
d w
aste
pro
duct
s ca
nnot
be
rem
oved
. Thi
s w
ill e
vent
ually
lead
to c
ell d
eath
. Im
paire
d in
ters
titia
l flui
d flo
w a
nd ly
mph
atic
dra
inag
e co
ntrib
ute
to th
e pr
oble
m a
nd re
perf
usio
nin
jury
mig
ht a
ggra
vate
the
prob
lem
whe
n th
e bl
ood
stre
am is
rest
ored
. How
ever
, the
se m
echa
nism
s do
not
fully
expl
ain
why
sev
ere
wou
nds,
oft
en w
ith a
vas
t un
derm
inin
g of
inta
ct s
kin,
may
dev
elop
ver
y fa
st. T
hese
dee
pw
ound
s of
ten
foun
d ov
er b
ony
prom
inen
ces
are
curr
ently
kno
wn
as p
ress
ure
indu
ced
Dee
p Ti
ssue
Inju
ry (D
TI).
The
rese
arch
in E
indh
oven
was
aim
ed a
t und
erst
andi
ng h
ow D
TI d
evel
ops
and
alth
ough
it is
kno
wn
that
fat a
sw
ell a
s m
uscl
e tis
sue
can
be im
plic
ated
in th
e ov
eral
l dam
age
proc
ess
the
focu
s w
as o
n sk
elet
al m
uscl
e. A
revi
ewof
the
curr
ent k
now
ledg
e ba
se w
ill b
e pr
esen
ted.
Met
hods
: A
mul
ti-sc
ale
appr
oach
usi
ng m
odel
sys
tem
s ra
ngin
g fr
om s
ingl
e ce
lls in
cul
ture
, tis
sue
engi
neer
ed m
uscl
e to
anim
al st
udie
s with
smal
l ani
mal
s was
use
d. In
all
mod
el sy
stem
s a c
ontr
olle
d m
echa
nica
l loa
d w
as a
pplie
d to
cel
lsor
tis
sues
and
the
effe
ct o
f tha
t lo
ad o
n th
e ce
ll or
tis
sue
resp
onse
was
mea
sure
d. In
ord
er t
o de
term
ine
the
hete
roge
neou
s int
erna
l mec
hani
cal s
tate
and
to in
terp
ret t
he e
xper
imen
tal d
ata,
the
intr
oduc
tion
of c
ompu
tatio
nal
mod
els
has
prov
ed in
valu
able
.
Resu
lts:
Th
is h
as le
d to
a c
lear
und
erst
andi
ng o
n tw
o da
mag
e m
echa
nism
s in
volv
ed in
the
dev
elop
men
t of
DTI
. Dire
ctde
form
atio
n da
mag
e re
sults
from
hig
h, b
ut p
hysi
olog
ical
ly re
leva
nt, s
trai
ns a
nd is
a p
roce
ss th
at le
ads
to th
e fir
stsi
gns o
f cel
l dam
age
in m
inut
es. I
scha
emic
dam
age
is c
ause
d by
occ
lusi
on o
f blo
od v
esse
ls, b
ut ta
kes s
ever
al h
ours
to d
evel
op.
Clin
ical
rele
vanc
e:La
rge
defo
rmat
ion
can
usua
lly b
e av
oide
d by
mea
ns o
f goo
d su
ppor
ting
surf
aces
and
aw
aren
ess f
.e. w
hen
patie
nts
are
mov
ed. I
scha
emic
dam
age
can
only
be
avoi
ded
by re
gula
r loa
d re
lieve
.
Refe
renc
es:
Oom
ens,
C.W
.J., B
ader
, D.L
., Lo
erak
ker,
S., B
aaije
ns, F
.P.T.
, Pre
ssur
e In
duce
d D
eep
Tiss
ue In
jury
Exp
lain
ed, A
nnal
s of
Biom
edic
al E
ngin
eerin
g ,4
3(2)
, 297
-305
, 201
5.
KS2
/1TH
E FU
TURE
OF
SUPP
ORT
SU
RFAC
ES A
ND
TEC
HN
OLO
GIE
SFO
R TI
SSU
E PR
OTE
CTI
ON
: WH
ERE
SHO
ULD
WE
GO
, AN
DW
HAT
SH
OU
LD W
E D
OAm
it G
efen
1
1Te
l Avi
v U
nive
rsity
The
futu
re o
f sup
port
sur
face
s an
d te
chno
logi
es fo
r tis
sue
prot
ectio
n: w
here
sho
uld
we
go, a
nd w
hat s
houl
d w
edo A
mit
Gef
en, P
hDPr
ofes
sor i
n Bi
omed
ical
Eng
inee
ring,
Dep
t. of
Bio
med
ical
Eng
inee
ring,
Fac
ulty
of E
ngin
eerin
g, Te
l Avi
v U
nive
rsity
,Te
l Avi
v 69
978,
Isra
el, E
-mai
l: ge
fen@
eng.
tau.
ac.il
Intr
oduc
tion
The
varie
ty o
f sup
port
sur
face
s is
con
fusi
ng e
ven
for t
he m
ost e
xper
ienc
ed c
linic
ians
. The
re a
re a
djus
tabl
e an
dno
n-ad
just
able
surf
aces
, and
pas
sive
ver
sus a
ctiv
e on
es, a
nd a
lso
com
bina
tions
. Non
-adj
usta
ble
surf
aces
are
sim
ple
and
the
leas
t exp
ensi
ve –
as i
n st
anda
rdis
ed h
ospi
tal f
oam
mat
tres
ses o
r whe
elch
air c
ushi
ons,
but t
hey
cann
ot b
e“fi
ne-t
uned
” to
adeq
uate
ly im
mer
se a
nd e
nvel
op t
he w
ide
varie
ty o
f pat
ient
bod
y ty
pes.
Adj
usta
ble
supp
orts
,pa
rtic
ular
ly a
ir-ce
ll-ba
sed
(ACB
) sup
port
s off
er s
uper
ior i
mm
ersi
on a
nd e
nvel
opm
ent w
hich
alle
viat
es lo
calis
edin
tern
al ti
ssue
load
s –
the
prim
ary
caus
e of
dee
p tis
sue
inju
ries.
Add
ition
al, c
ompl
emen
tary
pro
tect
ion
can
bepr
ovid
ed b
y m
eans
of s
peci
al d
ress
ings
on
vuln
erab
le b
ody
site
s to
furt
her r
educ
e in
tern
al ti
ssue
load
s.
Met
hods
Fi
nite
ele
men
t (F
E) m
odel
ling
is p
ower
ful
in e
valu
atin
g in
tern
al t
issu
e lo
ads
and
isol
atin
g th
e in
fluen
ce o
fbi
omec
hani
cal c
hara
cter
istic
s fro
m o
ther
pot
entia
l ris
k fa
ctor
s e.g
. im
paire
d ci
rcul
atio
n or
tiss
ue re
pair
capa
citie
s.Th
e us
e of
FE
in d
esig
n of
ort
hopa
edic
impl
ants
and
car
diov
ascu
lar d
evic
es h
as p
rove
n su
cces
sful
for m
any
year
s,an
d th
e w
ound
pre
vent
ion
indu
stry
is n
ow a
dopt
ing
FE fo
r eva
luat
ing
and
impr
ovin
g p
erfo
rman
ces
of s
uppo
rts
and
prop
hyla
ctic
dre
ssin
gs.
Resu
lts
Usi
ng F
E m
odel
ling,
imm
ersi
on a
nd e
nvel
opm
ent a
s w
ell a
s ad
just
abili
ty w
ere
iden
tified
as
key
feat
ures
of g
ood
supp
orts
. For
exa
mpl
e, A
CB c
ushi
ons p
rovi
ded
subs
tant
ially
gre
ater
imm
ersi
on a
nd h
ence
4 o
rder
s-of
-mag
nitu
delo
wer
mus
cle,
fat,
and
skin
tiss
ue st
ress
es c
ompa
red
to fl
at fo
am c
ushi
ons [
1]. T
he A
CB sy
stem
als
o pr
ovid
ed b
ette
rpr
otec
tion
agai
nst d
isus
e-re
late
d bo
ne sh
ape
adap
tatio
n, m
uscl
e at
roph
y, m
uscl
e sp
asm
s and
scar
s [1,
2]. L
ikew
ise,
use
of m
ulti-
laye
r hee
l dre
ssin
gs w
as s
how
n to
sub
stan
tially
redu
ce in
tern
al ti
ssue
load
s [3
]. D
iscu
ssio
n Th
e ab
ove
exam
ples
dep
ict t
wo
impo
rtan
t phe
nom
ena:
(1) g
row
ing
use
of F
E to
eva
luat
e bi
omec
hani
cal
effica
cies
of s
uppo
rts
and
(2) e
mph
asis
on
inte
rnal
tiss
ue lo
ads
as th
e m
easu
re o
f the
risk
for p
ress
ure
ulce
rs a
ndde
ep ti
ssue
inju
ries.
Clin
ical
Rel
evan
ce
The
futu
re h
olds
a p
rom
ise
for i
nteg
rativ
e 'p
ress
ure
ulce
r pro
tect
ion'
sol
utio
ns th
at w
ill e
ncom
pass
the
adeq
uate
supp
ort f
or th
e cl
ient
and
pos
sibl
e ad
ditio
nal u
se o
f dre
ssin
gs to
furt
her p
rote
ct ti
ssue
s at
spe
cific
site
s, ba
sed
onris
k as
sess
men
t of t
he in
divi
dual
.
Refe
renc
es[1
] Le
vy A
, Kop
plin
K, G
efen
A. J
Reh
abil
Res D
ev. 2
014;
51(8
):129
7-31
9.
[2]
Levy
A, K
oppl
in K
, Gef
en A
. J T
issu
e Vi
abili
ty. 2
014;
23(1
):13-
23.
[3]
Levy
A, F
rank
MB,
Gef
en A
. J T
issu
e Vi
abili
ty. 2
015;
24(1
):1-1
1.
KS2
/2
Publikace EPUAP 2015.qxp_katalog velký 22.08.15 13:35 Stránka 22
-
KEY SESSIONS PRESENTATIONS
23
WO
UN
D H
EALI
NG
AN
D A
NG
IOG
ENES
ISLi
esbe
t Ger
is1
1 Bi
omec
hani
cs R
esea
rch
Uni
t, U
nive
rsity
of L
iège
, Bel
gium
Biom
echa
nics
Sec
tion,
KU
Leuv
en, B
elgi
umPr
omet
heus
, div
isio
n fo
r Ske
leta
l Tis
sue
Engi
neer
ing,
KU
Leuv
en, B
elgi
um
Intr
oduc
tion
: W
ound
hea
ling
is a
wel
l-org
anis
ed n
atur
al re
pair
proc
esse
s in
itiat
ed b
y tr
aum
a. T
his
repa
ir pr
oces
s co
vers
man
ytim
e an
d le
ngth
sca
le, r
angi
ng fr
om th
e su
bcel
lula
r lev
el u
p to
the
orga
n an
d ev
en s
yste
ms
leve
l. Pr
ogre
ss h
asbe
en m
ade
in d
escr
ibin
g an
d un
ders
tand
ing
wou
nd h
ealin
g at
eac
h of
thes
e di
ffere
nt le
vels
but
muc
h re
mai
ns to
be fo
und
out a
t the
diff
eren
t lev
els a
nd m
ost c
erta
inly
at t
he in
tera
ctio
n be
twee
n th
e di
ffere
nt le
vels
. D
urin
g th
ela
st d
ecad
es, m
any
mat
hem
atic
al m
odel
s ha
ve b
een
esta
blis
hed
to in
vest
igat
e as
pect
s of
the
repa
ir pr
oces
s in
anu
mer
ical
way
(in
silic
o), i
n ad
ditio
n to
ong
oing
exp
erim
enta
l wor
k.
Clin
ical
rele
vanc
e:
In re
cent
day
s, th
e fo
cus
of th
e m
athe
mat
ical
mod
els
has
shift
ed fr
om s
imul
atio
n of
the
heal
ing
proc
ess
tow
ards
sim
ulat
ion
of th
e im
paire
d he
alin
g pr
oces
s an
d th
e in
sili
co d
esig
n of
trea
tmen
t str
ateg
ies.
Dis
cuss
ions
: In
this
talk
I w
ill d
iscu
ss a
num
ber o
f exa
mpl
es o
f suc
h st
udie
s inv
olvi
ng c
ompu
tatio
nal m
odel
s. S
peci
al a
tten
tion
will
be
paid
to th
e pr
oces
s of a
ngio
gene
sis,
its im
port
ance
for w
ound
hea
ling
and
less
ons t
hat c
an b
e le
arne
d fr
omst
udyi
ng it
s ro
le in
oth
er re
gene
rativ
e an
d di
seas
e pr
oces
ses.
Refe
renc
es:
Ger
is L
., Sc
huga
rt R
., Va
n O
oste
rwyc
k H
. In
silic
o de
sign
of t
reat
men
t str
ateg
ies i
n w
ound
hea
ling
and
bone
frac
ture
heal
ing.
Phi
l. Tr
ans.
R. S
oc. A
(201
0) 3
68, 2
683–
2706
. doi
:10.
1098
/rst
a.20
10.0
056
KS2
/4BI
OM
ECH
AN
ICA
L M
OD
ELLI
NG
TO
PRE
VEN
T IS
CHIA
L A
ND
FOO
T PR
ESSU
RE U
LCER
SYo
han
Paya
n1
1 U
niv.
Gre
nobl
e Al
pes,
TIM
C-IM
AG, F
-380
00 G
reno
ble,
Fra
nce;
CN
RS, T
IMC-
IMAG
, F-3
8000
Gre
nobl
e, F
ranc
eYo
han.
Paya
n@im
ag.fr
Intr
oduc
tion
: M
easu
ring
surf
ace
pres
sure
s ca
n he
lp in
ale
rtin
g us
ers
agai
nst s
kin
inju
ries
(Pip
kin
and
Sprig
le, 2
008)
, but
thes
em
easu
rem
ents
can
not p
redi
ct d
ange
rous
inte
rnal
tiss
ue s
trai
ns (L
inde
r-G
anz
et a
l., 2
008)
resp
onsi
ble
for m
ost o
fth
e de
ep p
ress
ure
ulce
rs.
Met
hods
: To
qua
ntita
tivel
y es
timat
e th
e in
tern
al st
rain
s fro
m th
e in
terf
ace
pres
sure
s whi
le ta
king
into
acc
ount
the
anat
omic
alva
riabi
lity,
it is
nee
ded
(i) to
bui
ld a
pat
ient
-spe
cific
bio
mec
hani
cal m
odel
of t
he so
ft ti
ssue
s/bo
ny p
rom
inen
ce a
nd(ii
) to
use
this
num
eric
al m
odel
to c
ompu
te th
e in
tern
al s
trai
ns (E
lsne
r and
Gef
en, 2
008
; Loe
rakk
er e
t al.,
201
1 ;
Lubo
z et
al.,
201
4 &
201
5).
Resu
lts:
D
urin
g th
is in
vite
d le
ctur
e, I
will
rev
iew
the
mos
t re
cent
sim
ulat
ions
pro
vide
d by
our
gro
up a
s co
ncer
ns t
hees
timat
ions
of i
nter
nal s
trai
ns fo
r pat
ient
-spe
cific
ana
tom
ies
of th
e fo
ot, t
he h
eel/c
alf a
nd th
e bu
ttoc
ks.
Dis
cuss
ions
: W
e ha
ve p
ropo
sed
to lo
ok a
t wha
t we
call
“clu
ster
s” o
f max
imal
str
ains
, i.e
. vol
umes
of c
once
ntra
ted
high
str
ains
.Su
ch c
lust
ers
shou
ld h
elp
us to
iden
tify
whe
re a
re lo
caliz
ed th
e ris
ks fo
r pre
ssur
e ul
cers
.
Clin
ical
rele
vanc
e:
The
clin
ical
rele
vanc
e is
obv
ious
: unl
ess u
sabl
ebi
omar
kers
are
dis
cove
red
in t
he fu
ture
, we
have
no
ot
her
choi
ce
than
us
ing
abi
omec
hani
cal
mod
el t
o es
timat
e in
tern
alst
rain
s w
ith
the
corr
espo
ndin
g ris
ks
for
pres
sure
ulc
ers.
Figu
re 1
: Fin
ite E
lem
ent m
odel
of t
he b
utto
cks
(top)
with
the
estim
atio
n of
the
inte
rnal
stra
ins
(ε) c
lust
ers
(dow
n), f
rom
Lub
oz e
t al.,
201
4
Refe
renc
es:
Elsn
er, J
.J., a
nd G
efen
, A.,
2008
. Is o
besi
ty a
risk
fact
or fo
r dee
p tis
sue
inju
ry in
pat
ient
s with
spin
al co
rd in
jury
? Jou
rnal
of B
iom
echa
nics
,41
:332
2–33
31.
Lind
er-G
anz,
E.,
Shab
shin
, N.,
Itzch
ak, Y
., Yi
zhar
,Z.
, Sie
v-N
er, I
., an
d G
efen
, A.,
2008
. Str
ains
and
stre
sses
in su
b-de
rmal
tiss
ues o
f the
but
tock
sar
e gr
eate
r in
para
pleg
ics t
han
in h
ealth
ydu
ring
sitt
ing.
Jour
nal o
f Bio
mec
hani
cs, 4
1:56
7–58
0.Lo
erak
ker,
S., M
ande
rs, E
., St
rijke
rs, G
.J., N
icol
ay, K
., Ba
aije
ns, F
.P.T.
, Bad
er, D
.L.,
Oom
ens,
C.W
.J., 2
011.
The
effe
cts o
fde
form
atio
n, is
chae
mia
and
repe
rfus
ion
on th
e de
velo
pmen
t of m
uscl
e da
mag
e du
ring
prol
onge
d lo
adin
g. Jo
urna
l of
Appl
ied
Phys
iolo
gy, 1
11(4
): 11
68-1
177.
Lubo
z V.,
Petr
izel
li M
., Bu
cki M
., D
iot B
., Vu
iller
me
N. &
Pay
an Y
., 20
14. B
iom
echa
nica
l Mod
elin
g to
Pre
vent
Isch
ial
Pres
sure
Ulc
ers.
Jour
nal o
f Bio
mec
hani
cs, V
ol. 4
7, p
p. 2
231-
2236
.Lu
boz V
., Pe
rrie
r A.,
Buck
i M.,
Dio
t B.,
Cann
ard
F., V
uille
rme
N. &
Pay
an Y
., 20
15. I
nflue
nce
of th
e ca
lcan
eus s
hape
on
the
risk
of p
oste
rior h
eel u
lcer
usi
ng 3
D p
atie
nt-s
peci
fic b
iom
echa
nica
l mod
elin
g. A
nnal
s of B
iom
edic
al E
ngin
eerin
g, V
ol.
43(2
), pp
. 325
-335
.Pi
pkin
, L.,
and
Sprig
le, S
., 20
08. E
ffect
of m
odel
des
ign,
cus
hion
cons
truc
tion,
and
inte
rfac
e pr
essu
re m
ats o
n in
terf
ace
pres
sure
and
imm
ersi
on. J
ourn
al o
f Reh
abili
tatio
n Re
sear
ch &
Dev
elop
men
t, 45
:875
–882
.
KS2
/3
Publikace EPUAP 2015.qxp_katalog velký 22.08.15 13:35 Stránka 23
-
KEY SESSIONS PRESENTATIONS
24
TACK
LIN
G B
IOFI
LMS
AN
D IN
FEC
TED
PRE
SSU
RE U
LCER
TREA
TMEN
TRo
n Le
gers
tee1
1Pe
@r R
evie
w
Intr
oduc
tion
: Th
e de
velo
pmen
t of a
pre
ssur
e ul
cer i
s con
tiguo
us b
y na
ture
(i.e
. the
mus
cle
beco
mes
dam
aged
and
nec
rotic
and
if th
e tis
sue
is n
ot re
lieve
d fr
om p
ress
ure,
the
next
adj
acen
t tis
sue
will
be
dam
aged
and
bec
ome
necr
otic
and
so
on) S
imila
rly, t
he fo
rmat
ion
of m
icro
bial
bio
film
s on
any
(moi
st) b
iolo
gica
l sub
stra
te is
a (b
io-)l
ogic
al c
onse
quen
ceof
wha
t oc
curr
ed p
revi
ousl
y1. B
acte
ria fi
nd t
heir
way
to
dam
aged
tis
sue
beca
use
they
“sen
se” t
he s
ubst
ance
spr
oduc
ed b
y da
mag
ed t
issu
e. M
any
mic
robi
al s
peci
es a
re e
quip
ped
with
pili
, fim
bria
e an
d/or
flag
ella
. The
sest
ruct
ures
are
use
d to
com
mun
icat
e am
ongs
t and
bet
wee
n sp
ecie
s or
mov
e th
e ba
cter
ia to
pla
ces
of in
tere
st. I
fth
e ci
rcum
stan
ces a
re su
itabl
e, se
vera
l spe
cies
, pre
sent
in a
wou
nd, c
an “t
eam
up”
and
mak
e lif
e m
ore
com
fort
able
for t
hem
selv
es, b
ut le
ss s
o fo
r the
hos
t2,3
. The
mic
robi
al a
ctiv
ities
in a
bio
film
rese
mbl
es th
at o
f a m
ulti-
cellu
lar
orga
nism
. A te
rm o
nce
men
tione
d: “s
lime
city
”4 s
eem
s qu
ite a
pt.
Met
hods
: In
vite
d le
ctur
e is
a p
rese
ntat
ion
of c
urre
nt k
now
ledg
e in
the
topi
c of
bio
film
s an
d in
fect
ion
in p
ress
ure
ulce
rs
Dis
cuss
ions
: If
the
patie
nt h
as th
e rig
ht to
NO
T de
velo
p a
pres
sure
ulc
er, t
hen
a pr
essu
re u
lcer
has
the
right
to N
OT
beco
me
infe
cted
, and
an
infe
cted
pre
ssur
e ul
cer h
as th
e rig
ht to
NO
T be
com
e co
mpl
icat
ed b
y bi
ofilm
form
atio
nCl
inic
al re
leva
nce:
Alth
ough
not
read
ily v
isib
le, b
iofil
ms
can
play
an
impo
rtan
t rol
e in
kee
ping
the
pres
sure
ulc
erfr
om h
ealin
g
Refe
renc
es:
1W
ilson
, 200
5, M
icro
bial
Inha
bita
nts o
f Hum
ans -
thei
r eco
logy
and
role
in h
ealth
and
dis
ease
, Ca
mbr
idge
Uni
vers
ity P
ress
,2
Perc
ival
, S.L
. & C
uttin
g, K
.F., 2
010,
Mic
robi
olog
y of
wou
nds,
CRC
Pres
s, Bo
ca R
aton
, Fl
3Co
oper
, R.A
., Bj
arns
holt,
T. &
Alh
ede,
M.,
2014
, Bio
film
s in
wou
nds:
a re
view
of p
rese
nt k
now
ledg
e, Jo
urna
l of
wou
nd ca
re, 2
3(11
), pp
. 570
, 572
-4, 5
76-8
0 pa
ssim
4
Cogh
lan
A 19
96, S
lime
City
: Chi
c, u
rban
e, so
phis
ticat
ed a
nd so
met
imes
dea
dly-
such
are
the
inha
bita
nts o
f the
wor
ld's
wei
rdes
t met
ropo
lis, N
ew S
cien
tist,
pp. 3
2-6”
KS3
/1TH
E A
SSO
CIAT
ION
BET
WEE
N M
ICRO
CLIM
ATE
AN
DPR
ESSU
RE U
LCER
DEV
ELO
PMEN
TJa
n Ko
ttne
r1
1Ch
arité
-Uni
vers
itäts
med
izin
Ber
lin, G
erm
any
Intr
oduc
tion
:M
icro
clim
ate
can
be d
efine
d as
a c
limat
e in
a lo
cal r
egio
n th
at d
iffer
s fr
om th
e cl
imat
e in
the
surr
ound
ing
regi
on.
In t
he c
onte
xt o
f sk
in a
nd t
issu
e in
tegr
ity,
the
clim
ate
clos
e to
the
ski
n su
rfac
e is
rel
evan
t. Th
e de
finin
gch
arac
teris
tics
are
tem
pera
ture
, hum
idity
and
airfl
ow.
Met
hods
: Th
e fa
ctor
s sk
in t
empe
ratu
re, h
umid
ity a
nd a
ir flo
w a
re c
hara
cter
ized
and
the
rel
evan
ce f
or p
ress
ure
ulce
rde
velo
pmen
t is
expl
aine
d.
Resu
lts:
D
urin
g an
d af
ter l
oadi
ng sk
in te
mpe
ratu
re in
crea
ses d
ue to
(par
tly) o
cclu
sion
and
cha
nges
in b
lood
flow
. Inc
reas
edte
mpe
ratu
re s
eem
s to
redu
ce th
e co
hesi
ve s
tren
gths
of t
he s
trat
um c
orne
um, o
f the
der
mo-
epid
erm
al ju
nctio
nan
d ot
her c
utan
eous
str
uctu
res.
Incr
ease
d sk
in s
urfa
ce h
umid
ity a
nd p
rolo
nged
con
tact
to ‘f
ree’
wat
er (w
etne
ss)
wea
kens
the
stra
tum
cor
neum
, inc
reas
es th
e ep
ider
mal
abs
orpt
ion
of p
ossi
ble
irrita
nts a
nd in
crea
ses t
he c
oeffi
cien
tof
fric
tion.
Bes
ides
ele
vate
d sh
ear s
tres
ses d
urin
g lo
adin
g in
dee
per t
issu
es, e
pide
rmal
bar
rier i
mpa
irmen
ts in
crea
seth
e ris
k fo
r infl
amm
atio
n an
d su
bseq
uent
ero
sion
s.
Dis
cuss
ions
: Th
ere
are
clea
r ass
ocia
tions
bet
wee
n th
e m
icro
clim
ate
prop
ertie
s tem
pera
ture
, hum
idity
, and
airfl
ow a
nd p
ress
ure
ulce
r ris
k. W
hen
cons
ider
ing
the
skin
are
a, d
urat
ion
and
inte
nsity
of l
oadi
ng a
nd o
ther
fact
ors
(e.g
. age
, dis
ease
)th
ese
asso
ciat
ions
are
com
plex
. Mic
rocl
imat
e pr
oper
ties
do n
ot a
ffect
the
skin
onl
y, b
ut a
lso
deep
er ti
ssue
s (e
.g.
heat
tran
sfer
).
Clin
ical
rele
vanc
e:
It is
reco
mm
ende
d to
kee
p th
e sk
in d
ry, a
void
loca
l war
min
g an
d oc
clus
ive
cond
ition
s. O
n th
e ot
her h
and,
ski
nbe
ing
too
dry
(xer
osis
cut
is) o
r too
coo
l is a
lso
at in
crea
sed
risk
to b
reak
-dow
n. T
hus,
an o
ptim
al b
alan
ce is
nee
ded
betw
een
both
ext
rem
es. A
ppro
pria
te s
kin