1.Ch. 17 Therapy and Change

2. Psychotherapy Any treatment used by therapists to help troubledindividuals overcome their problems.1. Verbal Interaction2. Development of Supportive/Trusting Relationship3. Analysis of problems by therapist, including strategies to solve the problems 3. The Nature of Psychotherapy Medical Model Read Quote from One Nation Under Therapy Mental Illness = Less Social Stigma, but also lesstaking responsibility/personal efforts to overcomeproblems Agree or Disagree? 4. Main Kinds of Therapy Psychoanalysis Humanistic Cognitive Behavioral BiologicalActivity Leopold is struggling in school. He has problems relating to his peers and completing homework because he really doesnt care. While not overtly misbehaving in class, he often just ignores the instructor, spending much time in class day dreaming.In groups, use each approach to try to treat Leopold. Identify his potentialproblem. What solution(s) would you suggest? What other things can youdeduce from this scenario about potential problems? 5. Eclectic Approach Pulling in many types, using the one that works bestStrengths?Weaknesses? 6. What makes a good therapist? Psychological Healthy Empathy warmth/understanding Experience dealing with people/understandingcomplexities of individuals and situations 7. Group Therapies Most often grouped by issues Patients work together with the aid of a leader toresolve interpersonal problems Put people who are struggling with similar problemstogether. Includes family therapy, self-help groups Benefits? Concerns? 8. Does Psychotherapy Work? 1994 Consumer Reports Self Reported Survey(Since not random, cant be generalized, just see trends)1. Therapy did help feel better, minimize/eliminate symptoms, especially if lasts 6+ months2. Improvements greatest when from psychologists, psychiatrists, and social workers3. Longer therapy lasted = greater improvements4. Type of therapy generally didnt matter 9. Section 2 Psychoanalysis/Humanistic 10. What is Psychoanalysis? Therapy aimed at making patients aware of theirunconscious motives so that they can gain control oftheir behavior. Overcome repression recognize and confront hiddenimpulses and feelings Lead to abreaction release of energy/tensions =growth 11. Resistance Reluctance of a patient either to reveal painful feelingsor to examine long standing behavior patterns 12. Dream Analysis Interpret content of dreams reveal motives Manifest content actual dream content Latent content hidden/symbolic meanings 13. Transference Patient feels similar feels for therapists as a differentsignificant other in their life 14. Freudian Approach 15. Humanistic Therapy Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers key guys Focus on value, dignity, and worth of each person;holds that healthy living is the result of realizing onesfull potential (self-actualizing) 16. Client-Centered Therapy Client and therapist are partners in therapy Client encouraged to discuss whatever concerns them 17. Nondirective Therapy Free flow of images/ideas, no particular direction Client completely in charge Therapist listens, encourages conversation, doesnt giveopinions 18. Active Listening Empathetic listening, listener acknowledges, restates,clarifies a persons thoughts/concerns without arguingor judging Used in relationships also 19. Section 3 Cognitive/Behavior Therapies 20. Cognitive Therapies Changing emotions/behaviors by modifying thoughts Assumes that faulty cognitions are the cause ofdistorted behaviors, attitudes and emotionsDisconfirmation evidence challenge clients thinkingReconceptualization work towards new belief systemsInsight work toward understanding/deriving new orrevised beliefs 21. Rational-Emotive Therapy Ellis (1973) people behave in delibrate/rational waysbased on assumptions about life. Therefore, problems arise from false assumptions So, the goal is to change those assumptions Techniques - Role Playing, Modeling, Persuasion ABCs Activating, Belief, Consequences 22. Becks Cognitive Therapy Focus on illogical thought process, disprove thoughts 3 Types of Illogical Thoughts1. Overgeneralization2. Polarized Thinking3. Selective Attention 23. Bipolar and Psychotherapy 24. Behavior Therapies Focus on behavior, not thinking Assumption Disturbed people learn bad behavior,any behavior can be unlearned, often throughconditioning Reasons for behavior unimportant 25. Counter-conditioning 3 Steps1. Anxiety hierarchy list things, least to most anxious2. Learn deep muscle relaxation3. Imagine/experience each step with gradual intensityUseful in treating phobias 26. Systematic DesensitizationHelp patient overcome irrational fears/anxieties Imagine fear while relaxing Gradually imagine/experience increase in stress Cant feel anxious while relaxing at the same time 27. Aversive Conditioning Linking unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior inan attempt to eliminate the behavior Shot for alcoholics, feel sick Aversive = bad 28. Contingency Management Undesirable behavior is not reinforced, desirablebehavior is reinforced Reward contingent on new behavior 29. Cognitive-behavior Therapy Try to change behavior and thinking Place emphasis on changing clients interpretation ofsituation 30. Section 4 Biological Approaches 31. Drug Therapy Most commonly used biological approach, andapproach to psychological problems overall 32. Antipsychotic Drugs Used to treat schizophrenia Reduces agitation, delusions, hallucinations by blockingactivity of dopamine in the brain Drugs are tranquilizers 33. Antidepressant drugs Treat major depression Affects neurotransmittersnoradrenalin and serotonin Some of the most widelyprescribed drugs in the USA 34. Lithium Carbonate Naturally occuring salt element(other drugs are synthetics) Used to treat Bipolar disorder Helps reduce mood swings 35. Anti-anxiety Drugs Used to treat Anxiety disorders; slow nervous system Depressives Valium, Xanax Side Effects Drowsiness, Dependence 36. Electroconvulsive Therapy Shock Treatment Sent through brain Treat severe depression, acute mania, schizophrenia Not sure how it works Theory Induced seizures prime the brain, knockloose some transmitters 37. Psychosurgery Drastic procedures, last resort More common in past Destroy part of brain to relieve symptoms Example Severed corpus callosum to relieve seizures 38. Prefrontal Lobotomy A section of the frontal lobe is destroyed Help control emotions Side effects difficulty planning, apathy, lack creativity