AP PsychologyAP Psychology

Intro To PsychologyIntro To Psychology

What is psychology all about?What is psychology all about?

MemoryMemory StressStress TherapyTherapy LoveLove PersuasionPersuasion HypnosisHypnosis PerceptionPerception DeathDeath ConformityConformity CreativityCreativity

LearningLearning PersonalityPersonality AgingAging IntelligenceIntelligence SexualitySexuality Emotion happinessEmotion happiness ……menal illnessmenal illness SensationSensation Biological elementsBiological elements Treatment of disordersTreatment of disorders

PsychologyPsychology

Psych is a science and a profession-Psych is a science and a profession- Uses Scientific collection/observation of dataUses Scientific collection/observation of data In order to answer questions about behavior.In order to answer questions about behavior.

““Scientific Study of behavior and mental Scientific Study of behavior and mental processes.”processes.”

To answer questions about the mind and To answer questions about the mind and behavior.behavior.

Psychologists try to solve problems.Psychologists try to solve problems.

Psychologists Psychologists

Describe (observe)Describe (observe)

Understand Understand BehaviorBehavior• (Causes)(Causes)

PredictPredict• (Forecast)(Forecast)

Control Control

BehaviorBehavior

Is anything you do, eating, sleeping, Is anything you do, eating, sleeping, talking (Psychology endeavors to explain talking (Psychology endeavors to explain behavior, causes, motivations)behavior, causes, motivations)

Overt behavior-Overt behavior- Observable actions & responsesObservable actions & responses

Covert behavior-Covert behavior- Private internal activities (thinking Private internal activities (thinking

remembering)remembering)

Psychologists/ResearchersPsychologists/Researchers

Use Scientific Method- Use Scientific Method- ObservationObservation HypothesesHypotheses Gather evidenceGather evidence Test hypothesesTest hypotheses Publish ResultsPublish Results

Look for cause and effect relationships in Look for cause and effect relationships in for behaviorfor behavior

Approaches to Psychology Approaches to Psychology (AP Outline)(AP Outline)

BiologicalBiological BehavioralBehavioral CognitiveCognitive HumanisticHumanistic PsychodynamicPsychodynamic Socio-culturalSocio-cultural EvolutionaryEvolutionary

History of Psych: Family Album History of Psych: Family Album

1879- 1879- Wilhelm Wundt-Wilhelm Wundt- “ “Father of Father of Psychology”Psychology”

Identified Identified IntrospectionIntrospection (looking inward) as (looking inward) as a way to understand sensation, feelings, a way to understand sensation, feelings, images, personal experiencesimages, personal experiences

Used Used experimentalexperimental self-observationself-observation-- made made psychology a sciencepsychology a science

History of Psych: Family AlbumHistory of Psych: Family Album

1880’s 1880’s Edward Edward TitchenerTitchener Followed up Wundt’s ideas and found Followed up Wundt’s ideas and found

Structuralism-Structuralism- “of the mind” “of the mind” A structure of mental life, “building blocks”A structure of mental life, “building blocks” Identified parts of the mind.Identified parts of the mind. Will later be discreditedWill later be discredited

History of Psych: Family AlbumHistory of Psych: Family Album

1890- 1890- William James-William James- founded founded Functionalism- “of the mind”Functionalism- “of the mind”

Questioned, how the mind helped us Questioned, how the mind helped us survive, adapt- habits, perceptions, survive, adapt- habits, perceptions, emotions, related to survival?emotions, related to survival?

Adapt, consciousness Adapt, consciousness

BehaviorismBehaviorism

The study of observable behaviorThe study of observable behavior 1958- 1958- John B. Watson-John B. Watson- Rejected Rejected

introspectionintrospection Believed in observing behaviorBelieved in observing behavior StimuliStimuli: i.e., environmental aspects: i.e., environmental aspects ResponsesResponses: muscles, glands : muscles, glands

Believed in Believed in Pavlov’sPavlov’s experiments with experiments with dogs- concept of dogs- concept of Classical ConditioningClassical Conditioning to to explain behavior (1849explain behavior (1849

BehaviorismBehaviorism

B. F. Skinner- 1950’s B. F. Skinner- 1950’s Ignored the role of thinking and mental Ignored the role of thinking and mental

processesprocesses Found environmental factorsFound environmental factors Reward = positive reinforcersReward = positive reinforcers Related to learningRelated to learning Found laws of behavior apply to animals Found laws of behavior apply to animals

and humansand humans

““Skinner Box” Skinner Box”

Used experiments to Used experiments to study behavior of ratsstudy behavior of rats

Operant Conditioning-Operant Conditioning- “A behavioral response “A behavioral response has an environmental has an environmental outcome”outcome”

Push a button -----Push a button -----get some food.get some food.

Cognitive BehaviorismCognitive Behaviorism

Includes thinkingIncludes thinking

Example:Example:

+ conditioning+ conditioning

ExpectationsExpectations pleasurepleasure

Behavior ModificationBehavior Modification

Uses conditioning principlesUses conditioning principles Concept says, problems are the product of Concept says, problems are the product of

learned habitslearned habits Learned habits can be un-learned byLearned habits can be un-learned by

behavioral methods.behavioral methods. Stimulus and responseStimulus and response

Gestalt PsychologyGestalt Psychology= = Max WertheimerMax Wertheimer

Said it was a “mistake to analyze psychological Said it was a “mistake to analyze psychological events into pieces.”events into pieces.”

““the whole pattern or form” – Germanthe whole pattern or form” – German Approach to psychology where the whole of Approach to psychology where the whole of

psychology is used to understand behavior.psychology is used to understand behavior.

Uses thinking, learning, problem solving, social Uses thinking, learning, problem solving, social behavior, and perception to understand behaviorbehavior, and perception to understand behavior

““The whole is greater than the sum of its parts.”The whole is greater than the sum of its parts.”

Neo-FreudiansNeo-Freudians

Psychoanalytical- exploring the Psychoanalytical- exploring the unconscious causes of behaviorunconscious causes of behavior

AdlerAdler HorneyHorney JungJung RankRank EriksonErikson

Humanistic PsychologyHumanistic Psychology

Tries to understand subjective human Tries to understand subjective human experienceexperience Problems, ideals and potentialsProblems, ideals and potentials

Carl Roger and Abraham MaslowCarl Roger and Abraham Maslow Stress free will= choiceStress free will= choice

Not deterministicNot deterministic Environment does impact behavior but people can Environment does impact behavior but people can

improveimprove Attainment of needs are the basis of healthy Attainment of needs are the basis of healthy

psychpsych

HumanisticHumanistic

Each of Each of us is us is motivated motivated by needs. by needs.

Needs for- Needs for- love, self love, self esteem, esteem, belonging, belonging,

Eclectic PsychologyEclectic Psychology

PsychodynamicPsychodynamic BehavioristicBehavioristic HumanisticHumanistic CognitiveCognitive Bio-psychologicalBio-psychological

Psycho-Dynamic PsychologyPsycho-Dynamic Psychology

Cultural Issues in PsychologyCultural Issues in Psychology

Psychology is dependent on culturePsychology is dependent on culture Cultural Relativity:Cultural Relativity: Behavior that is Behavior that is

acceptable in one culture may be acceptable in one culture may be abnormal in another. abnormal in another.

Social Norms- impact the view of Social Norms- impact the view of behavior.behavior. Rules that define acceptable behaviorRules that define acceptable behavior

Cognitive PsychologyCognitive Psychology

Study- Problems SolvingStudy- Problems Solving Thinking processesThinking processes Know and whyKnow and why ConsciousnessConsciousness Mental ProcessesMental Processes PerceptionsPerceptions MemoryMemory

Scientific MethodScientific Method

Making observationsMaking observations Defining a problemDefining a problem Proposing a hypothesisProposing a hypothesis Gathering evidence/testing the hypothesisGathering evidence/testing the hypothesis

Naturalistic Observation, Survey, ExperimentsNaturalistic Observation, Survey, Experiments Publishing resultsPublishing results Theory buildingTheory building

Research Methods in Psychology Research Methods in Psychology (AP Outline)(AP Outline)

ExperientialExperiential Correlational Correlational Experimental Experimental Statistics Statistics Ethics in ResearchEthics in Research

Observer EffectObserver Effect

Observer Effect:Observer Effect: Problem when subjects Problem when subjects are aware of the observation, behavior are aware of the observation, behavior may be influenced.may be influenced.

Example:Example: People being observed for study People being observed for study habits when they know they are being habits when they know they are being observed will tend to do more (thus observed will tend to do more (thus changing their behavior, which will skew changing their behavior, which will skew the study)the study)

Observation BiasObservation Bias

Problem when researchers consciously or Problem when researchers consciously or inadvertently influence the collection of inadvertently influence the collection of data or observations.data or observations.

Example: Researcher is trying to proove Example: Researcher is trying to proove their theory by shaping the collection of their theory by shaping the collection of data.data.

AnthropomorphicAnthropomorphic Error or fallacy Error or fallacy

Error in identifying human attributes to Error in identifying human attributes to animalsanimals

Example: identifying thoughts, feelings to Example: identifying thoughts, feelings to behavior of animalsbehavior of animals

Correlational StudiesCorrelational Studies

Studies that try to isolate behavior Studies that try to isolate behavior causation and the relationship between causation and the relationship between variablesvariables

Finds the degree of relationship between Finds the degree of relationship between two variables or traits.two variables or traits.

Results of data are expressed or reported Results of data are expressed or reported in a in a Coefficient of CorrelationCoefficient of Correlation

Coefficient of CorrelationCoefficient of Correlation

Data that determines association of at Data that determines association of at least two variablesleast two variables

Expressed:Expressed:If 0 = then association is nonexistent or weakIf 0 = then association is nonexistent or weak

If +1.00 = Perfect Positive Correlation= Increase If +1.00 = Perfect Positive Correlation= Increase in one trait correlates to in one trait correlates to increase in other.increase in other.

If -1.00 = Perfect Negative = increase in trait If -1.00 = Perfect Negative = increase in trait and decrease in the other traitand decrease in the other trait

Experimental PsychologyExperimental Psychology

Used to answer the why questions in Used to answer the why questions in psychpsych

Experiments are formal trials to confirm or Experiments are formal trials to confirm or disconfirm hypothesisdisconfirm hypothesis

Typical ExperimentTypical Experiment

2 groups of subjects2 groups of subjects Experimental Group-Experimental Group- exposed to the exposed to the

independent variable*independent variable* that is being analyazed. that is being analyazed. AKA the cause of the behavior. AKA the cause of the behavior.

Control Group: Control Group: exposed to all the conditions exposed to all the conditions except the except the independent variable.independent variable.• Provides a reference for comparison, isolates the Provides a reference for comparison, isolates the

impact of independent variable (the item being impact of independent variable (the item being investigated)investigated)

*Variable= is any condition that can change and might effect the outcome of the experiment.

3 Types of Experiment Variables3 Types of Experiment Variables

Independent VariablesIndependent Variables Suspected cause of behaviorSuspected cause of behavior Conditions altered by experimenterConditions altered by experimenter

Dependent VariablesDependent Variables Measures the results of experimentMeasures the results of experiment Reveals the effects of Independent variable on Reveals the effects of Independent variable on

behaviorbehavior

Extraneous VariableExtraneous Variable Outside variableOutside variable – the researcher try to exclude from – the researcher try to exclude from

considerationconsideration

How can results of a study be How can results of a study be evaluated?evaluated?

Experiments that are labeled Experiments that are labeled “Statistically “Statistically significant” significant” are studies that are reliable, are studies that are reliable, because the independent variable will because the independent variable will rarely occur by chance.rarely occur by chance.

Replicating Results indicate reliability of Replicating Results indicate reliability of studies.studies.

Meta-AnalysisMeta-Analysis

Multiple studies are combined to Multiple studies are combined to determine overall trendsdetermine overall trends

Placebo EffectPlacebo Effect

Drug studies may be influenced by Drug studies may be influenced by suggestionsuggestion

The act of taking a pill or injection may The act of taking a pill or injection may influence behavior= influence behavior= psychosomatic psychosomatic reaction.reaction.

Expectation may be a factorExpectation may be a factor To control the Placebo effect-To control the Placebo effect- single blind single blind

and and double blinddouble blind experiments could be experiments could be used.used.

Single Blind and Double Blind Single Blind and Double Blind

Single Blind- participants do not know if Single Blind- participants do not know if they are receiving a placebo or the drugthey are receiving a placebo or the drug

Double Blind- Neither the subject or the Double Blind- Neither the subject or the patient know who has the drug or placebopatient know who has the drug or placebo

Clinical StudiesClinical Studies

Single Subject – personSingle Subject – person In-depth study of all aspects of a In-depth study of all aspects of a

single subject (not an single subject (not an experiment)experiment)

Example of Phineas Gage- Example of Phineas Gage- http://http://www.damninteresting.com/?pwww.damninteresting.com/?p=231=231

When Dr. John Martyn Harlow arrived, Phineas was conscious and had a regular heartbeat, and both of his pupils When Dr. John Martyn Harlow arrived, Phineas was conscious and had a regular heartbeat, and both of his pupils reacted to light normally. He was reported to be "in full possession of his reason, and free from pain." He was reacted to light normally. He was reported to be "in full possession of his reason, and free from pain." He was under the care of Dr. Harlow for ten weeks, at which point he was sent home to Lebanon, New Hampshire. But under the care of Dr. Harlow for ten weeks, at which point he was sent home to Lebanon, New Hampshire. But while he was recovering, the doctor noted some changes in the man's demeanor and personality. People who while he was recovering, the doctor noted some changes in the man's demeanor and personality. People who had known him before the accident described him as hard-working, responsible, and popular with his workers, but had known him before the accident described him as hard-working, responsible, and popular with his workers, but after the traumatic injury, Phineas Gage was not the same man.after the traumatic injury, Phineas Gage was not the same man.

In regards to his patient, Dr. Harlow wrote:In regards to his patient, Dr. Harlow wrote:

Gage was fitful, irreverent, indulging at times in the Gage was fitful, irreverent, indulging at times in the grossest profanity (which was not previously his custom), grossest profanity (which was not previously his custom), manifesting but little deference for his fellows, impatient manifesting but little deference for his fellows, impatient of restraint or advice when it conflicts with his desires, at of restraint or advice when it conflicts with his desires, at times pertinaciously obstinate, yet capricious and times pertinaciously obstinate, yet capricious and vacillating, devising many plans of future operations, vacillating, devising many plans of future operations, which are no sooner arranged than they are abandoned which are no sooner arranged than they are abandoned in turn for others appearing more feasible. A child in his in turn for others appearing more feasible. A child in his intellectual capacity and manifestations, he has the intellectual capacity and manifestations, he has the animal passions of a strong man. Previous to his injury, animal passions of a strong man. Previous to his injury, although untrained in the schools, he possessed a well-although untrained in the schools, he possessed a well-balanced mind, and was looked upon by those who knew balanced mind, and was looked upon by those who knew him as a shrewd, smart businessman, very energetic him as a shrewd, smart businessman, very energetic and persistent in executing all his plans of operation. In and persistent in executing all his plans of operation. In this regard his mind was radically changedthis regard his mind was radically changed, so decidedly that , so decidedly that his friends and acquaintances said he was 'no longer Gage'.his friends and acquaintances said he was 'no longer Gage'.

Survey MethodsSurvey Methods

PollingPolling psychological questions psychological questions Problem of wording- questions mus be clear and Problem of wording- questions mus be clear and

appropriateappropriate Pre-testingPre-testing- questions may help insure good - questions may help insure good

questionsquestions Sampling- representative sample-Sampling- representative sample- a small group a small group

represents the larger populationrepresents the larger population Courtesy bias or Social desirability-Courtesy bias or Social desirability- people don’t people don’t

respond truthfully when talking about some respond truthfully when talking about some sensitive questions.sensitive questions.

Race and Gender bias-Race and Gender bias- can skew results can skew results

Ethics in PsychologyEthics in Psychology Do not harmDo not harm Describe risks to subjectsDescribe risks to subjects Voluntary participationVoluntary participation Minimize discomfortMinimize discomfort Maintain confidentialityMaintain confidentiality No invasion of privacyNo invasion of privacy Use deception only when necessaryUse deception only when necessary Debrief on eventsDebrief on events Provide results and interpretationsProvide results and interpretations Treat participants with dignity and respectTreat participants with dignity and respect