Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 10 Chapter...

Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 10

Chapter 10: Motivation and Emotion


Defining Motivation, and a Model

• Dynamics of behavior; the ways in which actions are initiated, sustained, directed, and terminated


A Model of Motivation

• Model of how motivated activities work– Need: Internal deficiency; causes drive– Drive: Energized motivational state (e.g.,

hunger, thirst; activates a response)– Response: Action or series of actions

designed to attain a goal– Goal: Target of motivated behavior


Types of Motives

• Incentive Value: Goal’s appeal beyond its ability to fill a need

• Primary Motive: Innate (inborn) motives based on biological needs that must be met to survive

• Stimulus Motive: Needs for stimulation and information; appear to be innate, but not necessary for survival

• Secondary Motive: Based on learned needs, drives, and goals


Figure 10.1


Hunger: Big Mac Attack?

• Homeostasis: Body equilibrium; balance

• Hypothalamus: Brain structure; regulates many aspects of motivation and emotion, including hunger, thirst, and sexual behavior

• Feeding System: Area in the hypothalamus that, when stimulated, initiates eating

• Satiety System: Area in the hypothalamus that terminates eating


Figure 10.3


Figure 10.4


More on Eating Behavior (Hungry Yet?)

• Neuropeptide Y (NPY): Substance in the brain that initiates eating

• Glucagon-like Peptide 1 (GLP-1): Substance in brain that terminates eating

• Set Point: Proportion of body fat that is maintained by changes in hunger and eating; point where weight stays the same when you make no effort to gain or lose weight


The Final Word on Eating Behavior

• Leptin: Substance released by fat cells that inhibits eating

• External Eating Cues: External stimuli that tend to encourage hunger or elicit eating; these cues may cause you to eat even if you are stuffed (like Homer Simpson, who eats whatever he sees!) – Signs and signals linked with food


Figure 10.6


Figure 10.7


Behavioral Dieting

• Weight reduction based on changing exercise and eating habits and not on temporary self-starvation

• Some keys– Start with a complete physical– Exercise– Be committed to weight loss


Behavioral Dieting (cont.)

• Observe yourself, keep an eating diary, and keep a chart of daily progress

• Eat based on hunger, not on taste or learned habits that tell you to always clean your plate

• Avoid snacks

• Learn to weaken personal eating cues


Taste

• Taste Aversion: Active dislike for a particular food – VERY difficult to overcome


Eating Disorders: Anorexia Nervosa

• Active self-starvation or sustained loss of appetite that seems to have psychological origins– Control issues seem to be involved– Very difficult to effectively treat– Overwhelmingly affects adolescent females


Anorexia Nervosa


Eating Disorders: Bulimia Nervosa

• Excessive eating (binging) usually followed by self-induced vomiting and/or taking laxatives– Difficult to treat– Prozac approved by FDA to treat bulimia

nervosa– Overwhelmingly affects females


Causes of Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa

• Anorectics and bulimics have exaggerated fears of becoming fat; they think they are fat when the opposite is true!

• Bulimics are obsessed with food and weight; anorectics with perfect control

• Anorectics will often be put on a “weight-gain” diet to restore weight


Thirst

• Extracellular Thirst: When water is lost from fluids surrounding the cells of your body– Best satisfied by drinking slightly salty

liquid

• Intracellular Thirst: When fluid is drawn out of cells because of increased concentration of salts and minerals outside the cell – Best satisfied by drinking water


Pain Avoidance

• An episodic drive:– Distinct episodes when bodily damage

takes place or is about to occur


Sex Drive

• Estrus: Changes in animals that create a desire for sex; females in heat

• Estrogen: A female sex hormone

• Androgens: Male sex hormones


Stimulus Drives

• Reflect needs for information, exploration, manipulation, and sensory input

• Assumes that people prefer to maintain ideal, or comfortable, level of arousal

• Arousal: Activation of the body and nervous system

• Sensation Seeking: Trait of people who prefer high levels of stimulation (e.g., the contestants on “Fear Factor”)


Yerkes-Dodson Law

• If a task is simple, it is best for arousal to be high; if it is complex, lower levels of arousal provide for the best performance


Figure 10.9


How to Cope with Test Anxiety

• Preparation

• Relaxation

• Rehearsal

• Restructuring thoughts


Learned Motives

• Social Motives: Acquired by growing up in a particular society or culture

• Need for Achievement (nAch): Desire to meet or exceed some internal standard of excellence

• Need for Power: Desire to have impact or control over others


Abraham Maslow

• Hierarchy of Human Needs: Maslow’s ordering of needs based on presumed strength or potency; some needs are more powerful than others and thus will influence your behavior to a greater degree


Maslow’s Human Needs

• Basic Needs: First four levels of needs in Maslow’s hierarchy– Lower needs tend to be more potent

(“prepotent”) than higher needs

• Growth Needs: Higher-level needs associated with self-actualization

• Meta-Needs: Needs associated with impulses for self-actualization


Figure 10.10


Types of Motivation

• Intrinsic Motivation: Motivation coming from within, not from external rewards; based on personal enjoyment of a task or activity

• Extrinsic Motivation: Based on obvious external rewards, obligations, or similar factors


Emotions

• State characterized by physiological arousal and changes in facial expressions, gestures, posture, and subjective feelings

• Adaptive Behaviors: Actions that aid our attempts to survive and adjust to changing conditions

• Physiological Changes (In emotions): Include heart rate, blood pressure, perspiration, and other involuntary responses


More Terms to Know

• Adrenaline: Hormone produced by adrenal glands that arouses the body

• Emotional Expressions: Outward signs of what a person is feeling

• Emotional Feelings: A person’s private emotional experience


Primary Emotions and Mood

• Eight primary emotions (Plutchik, 2001)– Fear– Surprise– Sadness– Disgust


Primary Emotions and Mood Concluded

– Anger– Anticipation– Joy– Trust

• Mood: Low-intensity, long-lasting emotional state


Figure 10.11


Figure 10.12


Brain and Emotion

• Autonomic Nervous System (ANS): Neural system that connects brain with internal organs and glands

• Sympathetic Branch: Part of ANS that activates body for emergency action

• Parasympathetic Branch: Part of ANS that quiets body and conserves energy– Parasympathetic Rebound: Overreaction to

intense emotion


Figure 10.13


Lie Detectors

• Polygraph: Device that records changes in heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, and galvanic skin response (GSR); lie detector

• GSR: Measures sweating


Types of Polygraph Questions

• Irrelevant Questions: Neutral, emotional questions in a polygraph test

• Relevant Questions: Questions to which only someone guilty should react

• Control Questions: Questions that almost always provoke anxiety in a polygraph (e.g., “Have you ever taken any office supplies?”)


Body Language (Kinesics)

• Study of communication through body movement, posture, gestures, and facial expressions

• Emotional Tone: Underlying emotional state

• Facial Blends: Mix of two or more basic expressions


Three Types of Facial Expressions

• Pleasantness-Unpleasantness: Degree to which a person is experiencing pleasure or displeasure

• Attention-Rejection: Degree of attention given to a person or object

• Activation: Degree of arousal a person is experiencing


Figure 10.15


Theories of Emotion

• James-Lange Theory: Emotional feelings follow bodily arousal and come from awareness of such arousal

• Cannon-Bard Theory: The thalamus (in brain) causes emotional feelings and bodily arousal to occur simultaneously


Schachter’s Cognitive Theory

• Emotions occur when physical arousal is labeled or interpreted on the basis of experience and situational cues


Attribution

• Attribution: Mental process of assigning causes to events; attributing arousal to a certain source

• Facial Feedback Hypothesis: Sensations from facial expressions and becoming aware of them is what leads to the emotion someone feels


Figure 10.17


A Modern View of Emotion

• Emotional Appraisal: Evaluating personal meaning of a stimulus or situation

• Emotional Intelligence: Emotional competence, including empathy, self-control, self-awareness, and other skills


Critical Emotional Intelligence Skills

• Self-awareness

• Empathy

• Managing emotions

• Understanding emotions


More Critical Emotional Skills

• Using emotions

• Emotional flexibility


Figure 10.19

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