PSYCHOLOGY

Katherine P. Minter • William J. Elmhorst

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

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Links to Learning Objectives

29.1 What is the psychodynamic theory of

personality?

29.2 How do behaviorists and social cognitive

theorists explain personality?

29.3 How do humanistic psychologists explain

personality?

29.4 What are historical and current views of the trait

perspective?

30.1 What techniques do researchers use to measure

personality? Are these techniques reliable and

valid?

Theories of Personality

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Uniqueand

stableways

peoplethink,

feel,and

behave ersonality

29.1 What is the psychodynamic theory of personality?

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Theories of Personality

TemperamentCharacter

Value judgments of

morality and ethics

Enduring

characteristics each

person is born with

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Psychodynamic

Behavioral

Humanistic

Trait

Four Main Perspectives

The Man and the Couch: Sigmund Freud and the Psychodynamic Perspective

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Freud and Psychoanalysis

• Founder, psychoanalytic movement

• Cultural background

– Victorian era

• Sexual repression, sex for procreation, mistresses satisfied men’s “uncontrollable” sexual desires

Sigmund Freud

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Freud’s Conception of the Personality

ID

Superego

EgoConscious: Contact with outside world

Preconscious: Material just beneath the surface of awareness

Unconscious: Difficult to retrieve material; well below the surface of awareness

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The three parts of the personality are the id,

ego, and superego:

The id works on the pleasure principle

The ego works on the reality principle.

The superego is the moral center of personality,

containing the conscience, and is the source of

moral anxiety.

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Psychological defense mechanisms:

Unconscious distortions of a person’s perception of

reality that reduce stress and anxiety

The Psychological Defense Mechanisms

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Defense Mechanisms in Movie Clips

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Stages of Personality Development

• Fixation: Unresolved

psychosexual stage conflict

– “Stuck” in stage of

development

• Psychosexual stages:

– Five stages of personality

– Tied to sexual development

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Stages of Personality Development

First stage, first year

Mouth = erogenous zone

Weaning is primary conflict

Age 6 to puberty

Sexual feelings repressed, same-sex

play, social skills

3 to 6 years

Superego develops

Sexual feelings

Oedipus complex

1 to 3 years

Ego develops

Toilet training conflict

Expulsive vs. retentive personalities

Puberty

Sexual feelings consciously expressed

LATENCY STAGE

ANAL STAGE

GENITAL STAGE

ORAL STAGE

PHALLIC STAGE

FREUD’S PSYCHOSEXUAL

STAGES

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Freud’s Psychosexual Stages

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Summary of Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory of

Personal Development

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Neo-Freudians

The Neo-Freudians

Developed competing psychoanalysis theories

• Jung: Personal and collective unconscious, archetypes

• Adler: Inferiority and compensation, birth-order theory

• Horney: Basic anxiety and neurotic personalities

• Erikson: Social relationships across the lifespan

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Modern Psychoanalytic Theory

Current research has found support for:

• Defense mechanisms

• Concept of an unconscious mind that can

influence conscious behavior

Other concepts cannot be scientifically

researched.

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Healthy and Unhealthy Defense Mechanisms

The Behaviorist and Social Cognitive View of Personality

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The Behaviorist and Social Cognitive

View of Personality

Behaviorists define personality

as a set of learned responses

or habits.

Social cognitive theorists

emphasize the importance

of others’ behaviors and

one’s own expectations.

29.2 How do behaviorists and social cognitive theories explain personality?

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Bandura’s Reciprocal Determinism

and Self-Efficacy

Reciprocal Determinism: Environment, characteristics

of the person, and behavior

itself all interact

Self-efficacy:Perception of one’s

competence in a certain

circumstance

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Rotter’s Social Learning Theory: Expectancies

Personality is set

of potential

responses to

various situations,

including:

• Locus of control

• Sense of

expectancy

The Third Force: Humanism and Personality

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Humanistic view:

Focuses on traits that

make people uniquely

human

• Reaction against

negativity of

psychoanalysis and

behavioral determinism

29.3 How do humanistic psychologists explain personality?

The Third Force: Humanism and Personality

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Carl Rogers and Self-Concept

Striving to fulfill

innate capabilities

Image of oneself that

develops from

interactions with

significant people in

one’s life

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Carl Rogers and Self-Concept

Real self: One’s perception of actual characteristics, traits, and abilities

Ideal self: What one should or would like to be

IDEALSELF

REALSELF

Match = Harmony

IDEALSELF

REALSELF

Mismatch = Anxiety

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Unconditional

positive regard:

Positive

regard that is

given without

conditions or

strings

attached

Carl Rogers and Self-Concept

Conditional

positive regard:

Positive regard

that is given only

when the person

is doing what the

providers of

positive regard

wish

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Personality Theories

Trait Theories: Who Are You?

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r a i t

Consistent,

enduring way of

thinking, feeling,

or behaving

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Trait Theories of Personality

29.4 What are historical and current views of the trait perspective?

Allport: Listed 200 traits and believed traits were part of nervous system

Cattell: Reduced number of traits to between 16 and 23 with computer method called factor analysis

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Click here to watch classic footage of Gordon Allport

discussing personality traits on mypsychlab.com.

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Trait Theories of Personality

Source traits:

More basic traits forming core of personality• Example:

Introversion is source trait in which people withdraw

Surface traits:

Can be seen by other people in the outward actions of a person

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Cattell’s Self-Report Inventory

Source: Cattell (1973)

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The Big Five

Conscientiousness

Extraversion

Agreeableness

Neuroticism

Openness

1

2

3

4

5

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The Big 5 Personality Traits

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The Big Five

Assessment of Personality

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Eclectic Assessment

Who Uses Which Method?

30.1 What techniques do researchers use to measure personality? Are these

techniques reliable and valid?

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Who Uses Which Method?

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Interviews

Interview:

Professional asks questions of client, structured or unstructured

Halo effect:

Allowing client’s positive traits to influence assessment of client

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Projective Tests

• Projection: Projecting one’s

unacceptable thoughts or

impulses onto others

• Projective tests: Ambiguous

visual stimuli presented to

client who responds with

whatever comes to mind

– Rorschach inkblot test: 10

inkblots as ambiguous stimuli

– Thematic Apperception Test

(TAT): 20 pictures of people in

ambiguous situations

• Subjectivity problems with

projective tests

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Behavioral Assessments

Direct observation: Professional observes client; clinical or natural settings

• Rating scale: Numeric value assigned to specific behavior

• Frequency count: Frequency of behaviors is counted

Problems:

• Observer effects/bias

• Lack of control

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Personality Inventories

NEO-PI:

Based on the five-

factor model

Myers-Briggs

Type Indicator:

Based on Jung’s

theory of

personality types

MMPI-2:

Designed to detect

abnormal

personality

Personality inventory: Questionnaire with

standard list of questions

• Response format: Yes, no, can’t decide, etc.

• Include validity scales to prevent cheating,

but such measures are not perfect

Applying Psychology to Everyday Life: The Biological Basis of the Big Five

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The Biological Basis of the Big Five

• Personality neuroscience is

a growing area of research.

• Brain structure differences

associated with some

aspects of the Big Five

dimensions of personality

have been identified using

structural MRI.

Acknowledgements

Cicc 3e Slide # Image Description Image Source

chapter template AAJRFMQ0\Young man text messaging, studio shot Reggie Casagrande / Digital Vision / Getty Images

chapter template AAJRFMX0\Studio portrait of woman in checkered dress Margo Silver / Riser / Getty Images

chapter template AAJRFNE0\Woman thinking Hill Creek Pictures / UpperCut Images / Getty Images

chapter template AAIHKVU0\Different door keys on key ring. Emilio Simion/PhotoDisc/Getty Images

chapter template AAIHKVV0\Stack of chairs falling over. Riko Pictures/Digital Vision/Getty Images, Inc.

chapter template AAIHKVW0\Tangled folding ruler, closep-up. ColorBlind Images/Iconica/Getty Images, Inc.

4 joy ©istockphoto.com/Marianna Bettini

8 iceberg ©istockphoto.com/Paul Kline Photography

9 waves ©istockphoto.com/ Jamie Farrant

9 iceberg (psychodynamic) ©istockphoto.com/Paul Kline Photography

10 refusing to face something ©istockphoto.com/bibikoff

10 covering ears ©istockphoto.com/Yougen

11 Table 13.1 Ciccarelli, Psychology, 3/e, p. 498

12 hand with cigarette ©istockphoto.com/RusN

14 Table 13.2 Ciccarelli, Psychology, 3/e, p. 501

15 iceberg (psychodynamic) ©istockphoto.com/Paul Kline Photography

16 iceberg (psychodynamic) ©istockphoto.com/Paul Kline Photography

18 children holding A papers ©istockphoto.com/iofoto

18 DNA ©istockphoto.com/HooRoo Graphics

19 meditation in busy street ©istockphoto.com/Chris Schmidt

19 Figure 13.2 Ciccarelli, Psychology, 3/e, p. 506

20 hand holding trophy ©istockphoto.com/PLAINVIEW

22 top of the mountain ©istockphoto.com/Vernon Wiley

23 top of the mountain ©istockphoto.com/Vernon Wiley

24 Based on Figure 13.3 Ciccarelli, Psychology, 3/e, p. 508

25 rose (humanism) ©istockphoto.com/Piotr Skubisz

27 apples & oranges (traits) ©istockphoto.com/Alexey Bushtruk

28 apples & oranges (traits) ©istockphoto.com/Alexey Bushtruk

29 laptop ©istockphoto.com/CostinT

29 spring for multimedia template istockphoto©Pei Ling Hoo

31 apples & oranges (traits) ©istockphoto.com/Alexey Bushtruk

31 Figure 13.4 Ciccarelli, Psychology, 3/e, p. 511

32 5 paint cans ©istockphoto.com/Amanda Rohde

33 apples & oranges (traits) ©istockphoto.com/Alexey Bushtruk

33 Table 13.3 Ciccarelli, Psychology, 3/e, p. 511

37 interview ©istockphoto.com/peepo

28 Rorschach test ©istockphoto.com/Erik van Hannen

39 woman observing & taking notes ©istockphoto.com/Claudio Arnese

42s brain ©istockphoto.com/Stephen Kirklys

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