Psych 372 Environmental Psychology (4 Perception)
Transcript of Psych 372 Environmental Psychology (4 Perception)
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Environmental Perception:Spatial cognition and maps
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Algonquin Park
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What bears do in the woods
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What the heck are we doing out here…..
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How do we find our way?
• Compass (?)
• Landmarks
• Path integration• Scripts (sets of directions)
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Compasses
Lots of evidence for sun or magneticcompasses
-receptors in eyes and nose
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Human compasses?
Human eyes have cryptochromes
Robin Baker
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Landmarks
• These are an important key• We can use a landmark to identify proximity• We can also use a landmark to indicate location, if
we can measure distance and direction accurately
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wasps
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Animal studies of landmarks
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depth cueCartwright & Collett, 1979
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Landmark learning in people• There‟s little doubt that we can make use of
landmarks• Landmarks as anchors• Landmarks can define directions
• Porter library
• CN tower• Eiffel tower
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Path integration• Keeping track of where we are by knowing where
we‟ve been • Inertial guidance missiles do this
• Accuracy degrades with cumulative error
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The inestimable ant
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How do we put all this together intomaps?
• History of the cognitive map• Tolman‟s experiments
• Conducted in a climate of stimulus-response associations
• We “understand” space by putting together long chains of stimulusand response – think of a series of left and right turns for example
• Tolman wanted to test this by looking at novel short-cuts• If you haven‟t been somewhere before, there can‟t be any
associations
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Edward Tolman‟s classic study
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Novel shortcuts
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Biological evidence for maps
• Maps are everywhere in our brains
• Two types of maps
• Allocentric and egocentric maps
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Allo vs ego
• Allocentric vs egocentric direction• Allocentric direction refers to the relative orientations
of objects to one another
• Egocentric direction always puts you in the centre ofthings
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An allocentric map is Earth-based
• Allocentric direction is critical to ourunderstanding of objects• We need to know the relative orientations of features
• Allocentric direction is sometimes used tonavigate• Optometry is north of the Porter library
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An egocentric map is body-centred
• Egocentric direction is critical for control ofmovement• Foveating a target
• Reaching for an object• Throwing a spear
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The two types of maps live in differentplaces in the brain
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Neural basis of allocentric maps
• Allocentric directions are more likely found inthe ventral stream• Temporal cortex contains cells that respond to vistas
(remember the parahippocampal place area)• Hippocampus contains cells that respond to „place‟.
N l b i f i
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Neural basis of egocentric maps
• Egocentric maps are found in the dorsalstream• Egocentric maps can be based on visual topography
• The eye movement map in superior colliculus• Certain areas of parietal cortex contain egocentric
maps used to program eye and limb movements
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The egocentric map in the midbrainThe sensorimotor transform in the superior colliculus
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Thinking of allocentric maps, are theyEuclidean?
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Participants used wormholes to findshortest routes
*Nobody noticed the wormholes!
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Think of an everyday navigation task
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A view of the sun setting in the East from my house
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We use simplifying heuristics to understand our position.
Especially in built settings compass directions might onlymatter when planting gardensIn one study people were questioned at a highway rest stop.
Almost nobody knew their heading direction though everyoneknew where they were going
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Geography QuizWhich City is further north? Seattle or Montreal?
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Seattle: N47.606Montreal: N45.681
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Which is farther west?Los Angeles or Reno?
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Los Angeles: W118.242; Reno: W119.812
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Space syntax approaches are based on network theory
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R h L b t f I i
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Research Laboratory for ImmersiveVirtual Environments
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Where we go, what we look at, and how we feel are all influenced by thesyntax of a space
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Legible London• Street layout is not straightforward
• People will often take a subway when walkingwould be faster
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Kevin Lynch and the Image of theCity
• Paths• Routes people travel
• Edges
• Lines not used for travel – water, cliffs,etc• Districts
• Areas that people identify with character or purpose
• Nodes• Well-known junctions, intersections, squares, etc.
• Landmarks• Easily viewed and recognized elements
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To summarize
• We use a variety of tools to find our way
• We use many different types of maps but thosethat play a role in long-range navigation are
mostly topological rather than Euclidean• We can use a variety of approaches to
understand wayfinding
• Understanding wayfinding leads torecommendations for urban and buildingdesign