MAIN INDIVIDUALS

OF AP PSYCHPart 2

Developmental Psychology

58) Eleanor Gibson

-Developed the visual cliff test to test depth perception in infants-Depth Perception partially innate

59) Jean Piaget

-Stages of Cognitive Development (Biological Maturation)-Sensorimotor Stage, Preoperational Stage, Concrete Operational, Formal Operational

60) Lev Vygotsky

-Social factors are most critical to the development process- absorption of knowledge from environmental context- Zone of Proximal Development (Observed vs Latent Levels of Capacity)

61) Erik Erikson

- Social Development Theory Resolution of Specific Developmental Tasks in one’s life span

62) Lawrence Kohlberg

-Stages of Moral Development (Pre-conventional, Conventional, Post-conventional)

63) Carol Gilligan

-Development of caring relationships as central to moral progress

64) Mary Ainsworth

-Developer of the Attachment Theory (Strange Situation Study)

65) Diana Baumrind

- Research of parenting styles (Authoritarian, Permissive, Authoritative)

66) Jerome Kagan

- Theory of Emotion ( how temperament effects one’s behavior and personality)

67) Harry Harlow

- Conducted experiments on rhesus monkeys that demonstrated the importance of care-giving and companionship in social and cognitive development

68) Konrad Lorenz

- Researched the principle of imprinting

Personality

69) Abraham Maslow

- Humanistic Approach- Concept of Self-Actualization, the

need for individuals to reach full potential

70) Karen Horney

-Theory of Personality based upon the need for security ( Feeling of being alone in an unfamiliar world is a central theme in childhood)

71) Carl Jung

-Theory that the mind comprises pairs of opposing forces ( Persona vs. Shadow)

72) Alfred Adler

-Failure to overcome adversity as a child may result in the development if an inferiority complex (Ex. Birth order)

73) Julian Rotter

-Proposed that the extent to which people believe that their success or failures are due to their own efforts plays a major role in personality (locus of control)

74) Gordon Allport

-Identified three types of personality traits (Cardinal, Central and Secondary)

75) Raymond Cattell

-Expanded the trait theory concept of personality to include 16 various traits

76) Paul Costa/Robert McCrae

- Developed the NEO PI-R that measured the Five Factor Model of Personality

77) Hans Eysenck

- Theory of personality that compares two factors (extroversion and neuroticism) which

is the roots of four basic types of personality

78) Walter Mischle

-Examined the processes and mental mechanisms that enable a young child to forego immediate gratification and to wait instead for a larger desired but delayed reward (Marshmallow Experiment)

79) Robert Rosenthal

- Conducted research on the role of self-fulfilling

prophecies in everyday life

Testing and Individual Differences

80) Charles Spearman

-General intelligence is the basis for all other intelligence

81) Robert Sternberg

-Intelligence has three main components (Analytical, Practical, Creative Intelligence)

82) Lewis Thurstone

- Multiple Intelligence Theory

83) Howard Gardner

- Verbal and Mathematical types of Intelligence

84) Daniel Goleman

- Emotional Intelligence Theory

85) Fritz Peris

-Gestalt Therapy Form of Treatment(Act out psychological conflicts)

86) Alfred Binet

-Intelligence scale serves as the basis for modern intelligence tests (motivation and other factor play a role)

87) Francis Galton

-Pioneer in eugenics (bio-social movement), coined the phrase "nature versus nurture"

88) William Stern

-The inventor of the concept of the intelligence quotient, or IQ

89) Louis Terman

-Inventor of the Stanford-Binet IQ test

90) David Wechsler

-Developed well-known intelligence scales that emphasized that factors other than intellectual ability are involved in intelligent behavior

Treatment of Abnormal Behavior

91) Carl Rogers

- Humanistic Approach- Role of Unconditional Positive

Regard, need for positive self-concept as critical factors for attaining self-actualization

92) Albert Ellis

- Rational-Emotive Therapy(Cognitive Therapy)

93) Aaron Beck

-The Father of Cognitive Therapy

94) Mary Cover Jones

-The Mother of Behavior Therapy, developed a technique known as desensitization, used to cure phobias

95) Martin Seligman

-Theory of learned helplessness

96) Joseph Wolpe

- Theory of systematic desensitization

Social Psychology

97) Stanley Milgram

- Conducted “unethical “ experimentations in the 1970s that led to the creation of ethics standards by the APA

98) Kurt Lewin

- Proposed conflict theory in which individuals

resolved varying scenarios in order to resolveconflict (Approach/Approach, Approach/Avoidance, Multiple Approach/Avoidance

99) Leon Festinger

- Cognitive Dissonance Theory(People tend to alter their attitude to fit their behavior)

100) Phil Zimbardo

- Experiments in dehumanization- “Prison” experiment

101) Solomon Asch

-Conformity experiments demonstrated the power of social influences on behavior

102) John Darly

-Looking at why people do not always intervene (i.e. offer aid) at the scene of an emergency (pluralistic ignorance and diffusion of responsibility)

103) Irving Janis

-Theory of "groupthink" which described the systematic errors made by groups when making collective decisions

104) Robert Zazonc

- Developer of the Mere Exposure Effect theory