PSYC550 Biological Bases of Behavior Communication and Movement.

PSYC550Biological Bases of

BehaviorCommunication and Movement

Speech Production and Comprehension: Brain

Mechanisms• cerebrovascualr accident

– A “stroke”; brain damage caused by occlusion or rupture of a blood vessel in the brain.

• aphasia– Difficulty in producing or comprehending speech

not produced by deafness or a simple motor deficit; caused by brain damage.

• Broca’s aphasia– A form of aphasia characterized by agrammatism,

anomia, and extreme difficulty in speech articulation.

Speech Production and Comprehension: Brain

Mechanisms• function word

– A preposition, article, or other word that conveys little of the meaning of a sentence but is important in specifying its grammatical structure.

• content word– A noun, verb, adjective, or adverb that

conveys meaning.

Speech Production and Comprehension: Brain Mechanisms

• circumlocution– A strategy by which people with anomia find

alternative ways to say something when they are unable to think of the most appropriate word.

• prosody– The use of changes in intonation and

emphasis to convey meaning in speech besides that specified by the particular words; an important means of communication of emotions.


• Broca’s area– A region of frontal cortex, located just rostral to the base of

the left primary motor cortex, that is necessary for normal speech production.

• agrammatism– One of the usual symptoms of Broca’s aphasia; a difficulty in

comprehending or properly employing grammatical devices, such as verb endings and word order.

• anomia– Difficulty in finding (remembering) the appropriate word to

describe an object, action, or attribute, one of the symptoms of aphasia.

• apraxia of speech– Impairment in the ability to program movements of the

tongue, lips, and throat required to produce the proper sequence of speech sounds.


• Wernicke’s area– A region of auditory association cortex on

the left temporal lobe of humans, which is important in the comprehension of words and the production of meaningful speech.

• Wernicke’s aphasia– A form of aphasia characterized by poor

speech comprehension and fluent but meaningless speech.


• pure word deafness– The ability to hear, to speak, and (usually) to

read and write without being able to comprehend the meaning of speech; caused by damage to Wernicke’s area or disruption of auditory inputs to this region.

• transcortical sensory aphasia– A speech disorder in which a person has

difficulty comprehending speech and producing meaningful spontaneous speech but can repeat speech; caused by damage to the brain posterior to Wernicke’s area.


• autotopagnosia– Inability to name body parts or to identify body

parts that another person names.

• arcuate fasciculus– A bundle of axons that connects Wernicke’s area

with Broca’s area; damage causes conduction aphasia.

• conduction aphasia– An aphasia characterized by inability to repeat

words that are heard but the ability to speak normally and comprehend the speech of others.

Disorders of Reading and

Writing• pure alexia

– Loss of the ability to read without loss of the ability to write; produced by brain damage.

• whole-word reading– Reading by recognizing a word as a whole;

“sight-reading.”

• phonetic reading– Reading by decoding the phonetic

significance of letter strings; “sound reading.”

The Cambridge Pseudohoax

Accoidrng to a rereasch at Cimbradge University, it dosen't mttaer in waht oedrr

the letters in a wrod are. The olny importnat tihng is taht the fsrit and lsat ltteer be in the

rihgt plcae.

The rset can be a toatl mses and you can slitl raed it wothiut prbolem. Tihs is becuase the huamn mnid deos not raed eevry letter by

iteslf, but the wrod as a whloe.

I was able to read that without great

difficulty

Stro

ngly A

gree

Agre

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Dis

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Stro

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25% 25%25%25%1. Strongly Agree2. Agree3. Disagree4. Strongly

Disagree

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Writing• surface dyslexia

– A reading disorder in which a person can read words phonetically but has difficulty reading irregularly spelled words by the whole-word method.

• phonological dyslexia– A reading disorder in which a person can read familiar

words but has difficulty reading unfamiliar words or pronounceable non-words.

• word-form dyslexia– A disorder in which a person can read a word only after

spelling out the individual letters.• spelling dyslexia

– An alternative name for word-form dyslexia.


Writing• direct dyslexia– A language disorder caused by brain damage in which

the person can read words aloud without understanding them.

• phonological dysgraphia– A writing disorder in which the person cannot sound out

words or write them phonetically.• orthographic dysgraphia

– A writing disorder in which the person can spell regularly spelled words but not irregularly spelled ones.

• developmental dyslexia– A reading difficulty in a person of normal intelligence

and perceptual ability; of genetic origin or caused by prenatal or perinatal factors.

Control of Movement by the

Brain• somatotopic organization– A topographically organized mapping of parts of the body

that are represented in a particular region of the brain.• supplemental motor area (SMA)

– A region of association motor cortex of the dorsal and dorsomedial frontal lobe, rostral to primary motor cortex.

• premotor cortex– A region of motor cortex of the lateral frontal lobe, rostral

to the primary motor cortex.• mirror neurons

– Neurons located in the ventral premotor cortex and inferior parietal lobule that respond when the individual makes a particular movement or sees another individual making that movement.

Planum Temporale• Planum temporale seems

larger on the right than left• Triangular area in the

Sylvian Fissure smack in the middle of Wernecke’s area

• Important in music and language

• Usually larger on left than right– If MUCH larger on left –

perfect pitch– If larger on right - dyslexia

• Cells that ought not be there seem to have migrated in that area during development (16-24 weeks gestation)

QUICK! Everyone Push in this code:

323411. Last2. Second3. First and Third4. Fourth

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How did you do that?


Brain• apraxia– Difficulty in carrying out purposeful

movements, in the absence of paralysis or muscular weakness.

• callosal apraxia– An apraxia of the left hand caused by

damage to the anterior corpus callosum.

• sympathetic apraxia– A movement disorder of the left hand

caused by damage to the left frontal lobe; similar to callosal apraxia.


Brain• left parietal apraxia– An apraxia caused by damage to the left

parietal lobe; characterized by difficulty in producing sequences of movements by verbal request or in imitation of movements made by someone else.

• constructional apraxia– Difficulty in drawing pictures or diagrams

or in making geometrical constructions of elements such as building blocks or sticks; caused by damage to the right parietal lobe.


Brain• caudate nucleus

– A telencephalic nucleus, one of the input nuclei of the basal ganglia; involved with the control of voluntary movement.

• putamen– A telencephalic nucleus; one of the input nuclei of

the basal ganglia; involved with the control of voluntary movement.

• globus pallidus– A telencephalic nucleus; the primary output

nucleus of the basal ganglia; involved with the control of voluntary movement.


Brain• ventral anterior nucleus (of thalamus)

– A thalamic nucleus that receives projections from the basal ganglia and sends projections to the motor cortex.

• ventrolateral nucleus (of thalamus)– A thalamic nucleus that receives

projections from the basal ganglia and sends projections to the motor cortex.

Control of Movement by the Brain

• direct pathway (in basal ganglia)– The pathway that includes the caudate nucleus and

putamen, the external division of the globus pallidus, the subthalamic nucleus, the internal division of the globus pallidus, and the ventral anterior/ventrolateral thalamic nuclei; has an inhibitory effect on movement.

• indirect pathway (in basal ganglia)– The pathway that includes the caudate nucleus and

putamen, the internal division of the globus pallidus, and the ventral anterior/ventrolateral thalamic nuclei; has an excitatory effect on movement.

• Huntington’s disease– A fatal inherited disorder that causes degeneration of the

caudate nucleus and putamen; characterized by uncontrollable jerking movements, writhing movements, and dementia.


Brain• flocculonodular lobe– A region of the cerebellum; involved in control of

postural reflexes.• vermis

– The portion of the cerebellum located at the midline; receives somatosensory information and helps to control the vestibulospinal and reticulospinal tracts through its connections with the fastigial nucleus.

• fastigial nucleus– A deep cerebellar nucleus; involved in the control of

movement by the reticulospinal and vestibulospinal tracts.

• interposed nucleus– A set of deep cerebellar nuclei; involved in the control

of the rubropinal system.

Control of Movement by the Brain

• pontine nucleus– A large nucleus in the pons that serves as an

important source of input to the cerebellum.

• dentate nucleus– A deep cerebellar nucleus; involved in the

control of rapid, skilled movements by the corticospinal and rubrospinal systems.

• mesencephalic locomotor region– A region of the reticular formation of the

midbrain whose stimulation causes alternating movements of the limbs normally seen during locomotion.

A person in your office can read, write, understand what you say, but

cannot repeat what you say. What’s going on?

He

is in

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He

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...

He

has p

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e...

He

transc

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a...

25% 25%25%25%1. He is in the wrong office

2. He has conduction aphasia

3. He has pure word deafness

4. He transcortical aphasic echolalia 1010

Degeneration of the caudate nucleus and putamen is seen in:

Lef

t par

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Const

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apra

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Huntin

gton’s

dis

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Ext

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amid

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isto

...

25% 25%25%25%

1010

1. Left parietal apraxia

2. Construcitonal apraxia

3. Huntington’s disease

4. Extrapyramidal distortion

PSYC550 Biological Bases of Behavior Communication and Movement.

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Transcript of PSYC550 Biological Bases of Behavior Communication and Movement.