Chapter 3 - The Biological Bases of Behavior
Transcript of Chapter 3 - The Biological Bases of Behavior
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Chapter 3: The Biological Bases of Behavior
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Communication in the Nervous System
• Hardware:– Glia – structural support and insulation– Neurons – communication– Soma – cell body– Dendrites – receive– Axon – transmit away
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Neuron and Neural Impulse
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Figure 3.1 Structure of the neuron
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Neural Communication:Insulation and Information Transfer
• Myelin sheath – speeds up transmission• Terminal Button – end of axon; secretes
neurotransmitters• Neurotransmitters – chemical messengers• Synapse – point at which neurons
interconnect
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The Neural Impulse:Electrochemical Beginnings
• Hodgkin & Huxley (1952) - giant squid– Fluids inside and outside neuron – Electrically charged particles (ions)– Neuron at rest – negative charge on inside
compared to outside– -70 millivolts – resting potential
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The Neural Impulse: The Action Potential
• Stimulation causes cell membrane to open briefly
• Positively charged sodium ions flow in• Shift in electrical charge travels along neuron• The Action Potential • All – or – none law
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The Synapse: Chemicals as Signal Couriers
• Synaptic cleft: space between nuerons
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Figure 3.3 The synapse
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When a Neurotransmitter Binds:The Postsynaptic Potential
• Positive voltage shift – excitatory PSP: • Negative voltage shift – inhibitory PSP
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Figure 3.4 Overview of synaptic transmission
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Signals: From Postsynaptic Potentialsto Neural Networks
• One neuron, signals from thousands of other neurons
• Requires integration of signals– PSPs add up, balance out– Balance between IPSPs and EPSPs
• Neural networks– Patterns of neural activity– Interconnected neurons that fire together
or sequentially
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Signals: From Postsynaptic Potentialsto Neural Networks
• Synaptic connections– Elimination and creation: we have more
synapses than we need and we eliminate those we don’t need.
– Synaptic pruning: gradual elimination of less active synapses
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Figure 3.5 Synaptic pruning
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Neurotransmitters
• Specific neurotransmitters work at specific synapses– Lock and key mechanism
• Agonist – mimics neurotransmitter action• Antagonist – opposes action of a
neurotransmitter• 15 – 20 neurotransmitters known at present• Interactions between neurotransmitter circuits
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Table 3.1 Common Neurotransmitters and Some of their Functions
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Organization of the Nervous System
• Central nervous system (CNS): the brain and spinal cord
• Peripheral nervous system: all other nerves– Somatic nervous system– Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
• Sympathetic: fight or flight• Parasympathetic: conserves energy
resources
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Figure 3.6 Organization of the human nervous system
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Figure 3.7 The central and peripheral nervous systems
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Figure 3.8 The autonomic nervous system (ANS)
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Studying the Brain: Research Methods
• Electroencephalography (EEG) • Damage studies/lesioning • Electrical stimulation (ESB)• Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)• Brain imaging –
– computerized tomography – positron emission tomography – magnetic resonance imaging
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Brain Regions and Functions
• Hindbrain – vital functions – medulla, pons, and cerebellum
• Midbrain – sensory functions – dopaminergic projections, reticular activating system
• Forebrain – emotion, complex thought – thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system, cerebrum, cerebral cortex
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The Cerebrum:Two Hemispheres, Four Lobes
• Cerebral Hemispheres – two specialized halves connected by the corpus collosum– Left hemisphere – verbal processing:
language, speech, reading, writing– Right hemisphere – nonverbal
processing: spatial, musical, visual recognition
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The Cerebrum:Two Hemispheres, Four Lobes
• Four Lobes:– Occipital – vision– Parietal - somatosensory– Temporal - auditory– Frontal – movement, executive control
systems
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Right Brain/Left Brain
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Figure 3.16 Structures and areas in the human brain
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Figure 3.18 The cerebral hemispheres and the corpus callosum
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Figure 3.19 The cerebral cortex in humans
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Figure 3.20 The primary motor cortex
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Figure 3.21 Language processing in the brain
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Genes and Behavior:The Field of Behavioral Genetics
• Behavioral genetics = the study of the influence of genetic factors on behavioral traits
• Chromosomes – strands of DNA carrying genetic information– Human cells contain 46 chromosomes in
pairs (sex-cells – 23 single)– Each chromosome – thousands of genes,
also in pairs• Dominant, recessive• Homozygous, heterozygous• Genotype/Phenotype and Polygenic
Inheritance
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Figure 3.25 Genetic material
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Research Methods in Behavioral Genetics
• Family studies – does it run in the family?• Twin studies – compare resemblance of
identical (monozygotic) and fraternal (dizygotic) twins on a trait
• Adoption studies – examine resemblance between adopted children and their biological and adoptive parents
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Figure 3.27 Genetic relatedness
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Figure 3.28 Family studies of risk for schizophrenic disorders
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Figure 3.30 Twin studies of intelligence and personality
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Modern Approaches to theNature vs. Nurture Debate
• Molecular Genetics = the study of the biochemical bases of genetic inheritance– Genetic mapping – locating specific genes -
The Human Genome Project• Behavioral Genetics
– The interactionist model– Richard Rose (1995) – “We inherit
dispositions, not destinies.”
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Evolutionary Psychology:Behavior in Terms of Adaptive Significance
• Based on Darwin’s ideas of natural selection– Reproductive success key
• Adaptations – behavioral as well as physical– Fight-or-flight response– Taste preferences– Parental investment and mating