Protein Synthesis: DNA CONTAINS THE GENETIC INFORMATION TO PRODUCE PROTEINS BUT MUST FIRST BE...
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Transcript of Protein Synthesis: DNA CONTAINS THE GENETIC INFORMATION TO PRODUCE PROTEINS BUT MUST FIRST BE...
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Protein Synthesis:
DNA CONTAINS THE GENETIC INFORMATION TO PRODUCE PROTEINS BUT MUST FIRST BE CONVERTED TO RND TO
DO SO.
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Why do cells need DNA?
DNA contains the information cells need to function and live.
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Why do cells need to replicate (copy) their DNA?
To make new cells
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How do cells replicate their DNA?
unwound by an enzyme.
1. The DNA double helix is
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adds complementary nucleotides.
2. Another enzyme moves down the 2 original DNA strands and
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3. Two separate DNA molecules are formed, each withone new strand and one old strand.
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Replication Mistakes6 billion base pairs per cell.All are replicated in a few hours.
Mistake happens one per billion
nucleotides.
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Mistakes = MutationsMutations are changes in the base
sequence of the DNA molecules.This can have serious affects on
genes and the functions of cells.Cancer is caused by mutations in
DNA.
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MutagensPhysical of chemical factor
that increases the frequency of mutations.
Examples: UV rays, X-rays, smoking
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3 Types of Mutations
Insertion: Adding nucleotide
Deletion Deleting nucleotide
Substitution Switch nucleotide
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Protein Synthesis
Transcription
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DNA vs. RNASingle
strandedRibose
sugarUracilAnywhere
Double stranded
Deoxyribose sugar
Thymine Nucleus
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3 Types of RNAMessenger RNA (mRNA): Carries
information from DNA to ribosome for________________.
Transfer RNA (tRNA): Transport _________________.
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA): makes up the _____________.
protein synthesis
amino acids
ribosomes
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TRANSCRIPTION
PROCESS OF MAKING RNA FROM DNA
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Steps of Transcription1. An _________ attaches to a
section of DNA, separating the two strands.
2. The enzyme moves down the DNA, building a strand of RNA that is ______________ to the DNA.
3. The enzyme reads a _____ code and the new strand of RNA is completed and moves into the _______________.
enzyme
complementarySTOP
cytoplasm
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Protein Synthesis
Translation process of making proteins from RNA
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The genetic codeThe base sequence is read in groups
of _____ ___________ __________. Each 3-nucleotide sequence is called
a ______. Each codon encodes for a specific
______ _____or a ______or ______signal.
three adjacentnucleotides
codon
amino acidstart stop
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Amino Acid
Anti-codon
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Steps of Translation
1. mRNA attaches to a _________. Amino acids floating in the cytoplasm are transported to the ribosome by _______.
2. The first tRNA binds to the ______ codon: AUG.
ribosome
tRNA
start
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3. Another tRNA binds to the next codon and carries the appropriate amino acid. A _______ ______ forms between the two amino acids.
4. The first tRNA leaves and the ribsome moves across the next _______.
peptide bond
codon
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5. Another tRNA binds to the codon and attaches the corresponding amino acid. The ____________ chain continues to grow.
6. Finally, the ribosome reads the ______ ______, and the polypeptide falls off the ribosome.
http://www.wellesley.edu/Chemistry/chem227/nucleicfunction/translation/prtsynth.mov
polypeptide
STOP codon
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Amino acid
tRNA
ribosome
mRNA
polypeptide
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The final step of protein synthesis:
The polypeptide made at the end of translation, folds into the proper ________, becoming a functional ________. shape
protein
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The central dogma of biology
DNA RNA protein