Proposal

Proposal May 10

2016

_impact of poverty on stability in somalia Scientific research and library

Mogadisho university

Puntland compus

Student name : abdirahman mohamoud muse

Dep: public administration

Impact of poverty on stability in Somalia

Table of contents

1ABDIRAHMAN MOHAMOUD MUSSE PUBLIC ADMIN MOGADISHO UNIVERSITY

1.0 chapter one ……………………………background of study…………………………2

1.1 background of study ………………………………………………………………………………...2

1.2 problem of statements ………………………………………………………………………………2

1.3 research objectives……………………………………………………………………………………3

1.4reserach question ……………………………………………………………………………………..3

1.5significance of study…………………………………………………………………………………..3

1.6purpose of study………………………………………………………………………………………….4

1.7 conceptual framework ……………………………………………………………………………….5

2.0 Chapter two……………………………literature review

2.1introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………………8

2.2 who are the poor………………………………………………………………………………………..9

2.3 types of poverty………………………………………………………………………………………….11

2.4 characteristics of poverty…………………………………………………………………………….12

2.5 causes of poverty in Somalia ……………………………………………………………………….14

2.6 effects of poverty in Somalia ……………………………………………………………………….18

2.7 theoretical approach of poverty and conflicts………………………………………………20

2.8measurement of poverty ……………………………………………………………………………….21

2.9 how to reduce the poverty in Somalia…………………………………………………………..21


3.0 chapter three …. Research methodology

3.1introduction………………………………………………………………………………23

3.2 research design…………………………………………………………………………23

3.3reseach population and sampling……………………………………………..24

3.3.1 target population ………………………………………………………………….24

3.3.2sample size …………………………………………………………………………….24

3.3.3 sampling techniques ……………………………………………………………..24

3.4 data collection………………………………………………………………………….25

3.4.1. questionnaire ……………………………………………………………………….25

3.5 quality control………………………………………………………………………….26

3.6 data analysis……………………………………………………………………………..26

3.7 assumptions and limitations……………………………………………………..27

3.8 ethical consideration …………………………………………………………………27

Chapter one


1.1 Background of study.

collapse of the Central Government and eruption of the civil war in 1991, Somalia was already one of the poorest countries in Africa, income and human poverty was widespread mainly among the nomadic and rural population. There was a limited social services delivery in the nomadic and rural areas such as health, education and clean drinking water. While the social services that were availability in the urban centers were limited in coverage and quality and their access to the poor was restricted. There were few employment opportunities for the unskilled laborers and under-employment and redundancy was high in the formal sector that was controlled by the Government.

According to millennium development goals progress (2010) Poverty is the deprivation of food, shelter, money and clothing when people can’t satisfy their basic needs. Poverty can be understood simply as a lack of money or more broadly in terms of barriers to everyday human life.

Poverty is general scarcity, dearth, or the state of one who lacks a certain amount of material possessions or money. It is a multifaceted concept, which includes social, economic, and political elements. Poverty may be defined as either absolute or relative. Absolute poverty or destitution refers to the lack of means necessary to meet basic needs such as food, clothing and shelter. Relative poverty takes into consideration individual social and economic status compared to the rest of society.

Families who live in poverty have a hard time getting enough food to eat .the loss jobs an the area led to increased poverty the poverty rise in the percent of people who live in poverty in a geographic area

After the industrial revolution, mass production in factories made production goods increasingly less expensive and more accessible. Of more importance is the modernization of agriculture, such as fertilizers, to provide enough yield to feed the population. Responding to basic needs can be restricted by constraints on government's ability to deliver services, such as corruption, tax avoidance, debt and loan conditionality’s and by the brain drain of health care and educational professionals. Strategies of increasing income to make basic needs more affordable typically include welfare, economic freedoms and providing financial services.


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_freedom

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_drain

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditionality

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developing_countries'_debt

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_avoidance

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertilizer

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_agriculture

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_production

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_poverty

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dearth

Poverty reduction is a major goal and issue for many international organizations such as the United Nations and the World Bank. The World Bank forecasts that 702.1 million people were living in extreme poverty in 2015, down from 1.75 billion in 1990. Of these, about 347.1 million people lived in Sub-Saharan Africa (35.2% of the population) and 231.3 million lived in South Asia (13.5% of the population). Between 1990 and 2015, the percentage of the world's population living in extreme poverty fell from 37.1% to 9.6%, falling below 10% for the first time. Nevertheless, given the current economic model, built on GDP, it would take 100 years to bring the world's poorest up to the previous poverty line of $1.25 a day. Extreme poverty is a global challenge; it is observed in all parts of the world, including developed economies. UNICEF estimates half the world's children (or 1.1 billion) live in poverty. It has been argued by some academics that the neoliberal policies promoted by global financial institutions such as the IMF and the World Bank are actually exacerbating both inequality and poverty.

1.2. Problem of statement.

When I see the situation of Somali people , particularly the poverty ones its great concern , and vulnerable to participate the conflict for the lack of food and medical aid, its possible theirs relationship between poverty and stability .

When you see the poverty people that life the environment that surrounded us , sometimes you find cases that will you carry including teenagers that participate the conflict and instability .

Fore example . a boy who has five years old when Somali government collapsed now he is 25 years old, most probably he got a kids and he didn’t have tools of life he don’t afford to buy foods in his kids for the lack of money( poverty) that guy he most vulnerable to participate the conflicts and instability that Somali’s have .

Society's values are all messed up we have to learn that the most important thing is each other greed and selfishness has put our world in shambles. There has to be the willingness to help others to solve poverty. I believe if you work hard and make your own living and you want to live extravagantly fine but to have million dollar rooms or 500,000 cars when veterans and children are starving to death


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMF

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoliberal

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNICEF

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GDP

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Monitoring_Report_(World_Bank)



https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty#Poverty_reduction

and homeless people freeze in the night is cynical the world is messed up. I’m no saint but I try to contribute how and when I can a little bit goes a far way

That’s why to do this research, to at least know the effect of poverty on stability in Somalia .

1.3. Research objectives.

_ to determine the effect of poverty in Somali stability .

_ to identify the causes of poverty in Somalia .

_to explain the relationship between poverty and instability.

_to analyze the ways to reduce the poverty in Somalia .

1.4. Research question .

_ what are the causes of poverty in Somalia .

_ what is the relationship between poverty and instability in Somalia .

_what are the ways to reduce the poverty in Somalia .

_ can Somalis reduce the poverty .

1.5. significance of study .

Its great time for me to sidelight the important because its effects everyone whether its directly or indirectly .

Those people who are effected directly are those people who are facing the problems themselves or have family members or friends that are living in poverty .


On the other hand those who are effected indirectly are those who have to pay taxes to help those who are living in poverty .

This study provided the root causes of poverty and how poverty and stability effected each other .

This study finding the ways and procedures that reduce poverty .

1.6 purpose of the study.

For the purposes of this study a multidimensional definition of poverty was adopted extending beyond

income poverty to include human and social capital, food security and assets, in order to capture the variety of evidence available in the literature .

Similarly a broad definition of stability was adopted, with the term used inclusively to incorporate a range of outcomes including stabilization, social inclusion, social cohesion ,state legitimacy and peace , at any level for the local to national while it

The main purpose of researcher is to provided empirical and reliable research that benefit the readers and others to know the relationship between poverty and stability in Somalia .

1.7 conceptual framework .


I.V D.V

Chapter two


POVERTY

_ BASIC NEEDS

_SHALTER

_ SAFETY

_MEDICAL CARE

STABILITY

_ ECONOMIC STABILITY.

_POLITICAL STABILITY .

_SOCIAL STABILITY .

EXTRANEOU.V

_ VIOLENCE .

_CONFLICT .

_GREIVENCES .

_PROTEST .

_CONFUSION .

Literature review

2.1 .Introduction .

United Nations Definition of Poverty “Fundamentally, poverty is a denial of choices and opportunities, a violation of human dignity. It means lack of basic capacity to participate effectively in society. It means not having enough to feed and clothe a family, not having a school or clinic to go to, not having the land on which to grow one’s food or a job to earn one’s living, not having access to credit. It means insecurity, powerlessness and exclusion of individuals, households and communities. It means susceptibility to violence, and it often implies living on marginal or fragile environments, without access to clean water or sanitation.”—United Nations, 2010Using this definition of poverty, come up with a list of the kinds of information you could look at to find out whether a country’s people suffer from poverty. For example, it would be helpful to know the average income of people in a country because money is one way to measure poverty and wealth

Poverty in Somalia has become a prominent and continuing affair. People in Somalia, have acclimatized to the consequences of poverty. according to world bank 2012 report Approximately, 43% of Somalia’s population live below the poverty line. Poverty in Somalia is more pronounced in the rural areas than in the urban regions.Two specific regions of Somalia; Somaliland, located in the north west and Puntland, located in the north east, experience more stability with regard to socio economic conditions. Stability in the two areas may be attributed to the fact that, Somaliland and Puntland have independent governing bodies.

On the contrary, the southern part of Somalia, is comparatively poorer and suffers from unstable economic conditions.


The southern part of Somalia, where conflict and confusions reign supreme, is subjected to food shortage. Somalia economy suffers from lack of proper infrastructure.

Rural poverty in Somalia

Somalia is among the five least developed of 170 countries listed in the 2012 Human Development Index. It faces several obstacles, including long-term civil conflict, the lack of a fully functioning government, and natural disasters. More than 70 per cent of the population is under the age of 30. Almost 20 per cent of children do not survive past their fifth birthday. According to 2012world food program report About 40 per cent of the population lives in extreme poverty; in rural areas exceeds 50 per cent. In 2012, 62 per cent of the population was rural. Overall, where there is less instability – such as in the northern regions of Somaliland and Punt land – the rural poverty and food security situation is less critical. In much of the country, insecurity and lack of functional infrastructure have exacerbated already low crop yields. Poor access to irrigation is another contributing factor. In central and southern Somalia, irrigation is restricted to the relatively fertile areas around the Shebelle River, where the main crops are maize, rice, sesame, cowpeas, bananas, papayas, lemons, grapefruit and mangoes. Currently, only 20 to 30 per cent of land that was irrigable prior to the civil war can be irrigated. Livestock is essential to the economy and is the chief source of food and foreign exchange income. Over 60 per cent of the population depends on livestock for food and income. The 2011 drought led to the worst famine in 60 years. Worst affected were the Shebelle, Bay and Bakool regions. Despite the official end of the famine, 2.1 million people remain food-insecure and 236,000 children malnourished, 70 per cent of them in southern Somalia. Source: IFAD report


2.2 who are the poor .

The poor are identified by herders according to different criteria:

According to WFP The poor are seen as people who have a limited herd size and composition, inadequate for self-sufficiency. This depends on the number of body owned, i.e., yaks, cows and horses, due to their productivity in dairy products. Sheep are given lesser productive value, although goats providing cashmere are valuable. Such households are extremely vulnerable to risk, e.g., dozed, and hence rapid decline into poverty. They need support from others to survive and lack cash income to acquire basic needs, such as flour, clothes, etc. They may also lack sufficient labor, e.g., in a female-headed household. Their security depends largely on the type of support system they are part of. For example, a female-headed household with 50 sheep and 5 milking cows was considered poor by others (in wealth ranking exercise) because of the lack of labor. Although the woman part of a supportive kin khot ail who shared labor tasks, she also categorized herself as poor because she felt that her animals were insufficient for subsistence. Lack of labor, however, was not felt to be a major problem since it could be provided through knot ail relations.

According to UNHCR The poorest amongst the poor are identified as those who are lazy and hopeless, and unable to help themselves. They have very few animals, lack the interest and skills necessary for herding. It was mentioned that they may be from poor families or kin groups, such that their poverty and sense of dependency is inherited. A significant feature is large households with many dependent children. These poorest people may also include the elderly who lack animals and kinship support.

However, criteria for the very poor also includes people who are largely found in the sum centre. These are people with skills and education but due to difficult circumstances are unable to find employment or sources of income. They may be people who have migrated to the sum from another area without animals, or those who lost a job in transition.

The main criteria identified for households to be comfortable or rich were sufficient number of animals, estimated at around 20 body and above, and herd


diversification with high numbers of mostly cows/yaks. Good herding skills, hard working, sufficient labor and available cash for necessary purchases were also seen as essential.

2.3 types of poverty .

1. extreme poverty .

Extreme poverty is defined as the proportion of population living on less than $1 US per day measured at purchasing power parity (PPP) for international comparisons and aggregation. According to socio economic survey 2002 The proportion of population living in extreme poverty is estimated as 43.2 percent for Somalia. The extreme poverty in urban areas is 23.5 percent and in rural and nomadic areas 53.4 percent. In absolute terms, the population living in extreme poverty is estimated as 2.94 million, consisting of 0.54 million in urban and 2.4 million in rural and nomadic areas

General poverty estimates based on the number of people living on $2 per day are 73.4 percent for Somalia, consisting of 60.7 percent for urban and 79.9 percent for rural and nomadic areas. According to this measure, 5 million people in Somalia live in poverty, 1.4 million in urban and 3.6 million in rural and nomadic areas. The average annual per capita income (adjusted for purchasing power parity) of the population below extreme poverty line is estimated as $210. National specific poverty estimates will be attempted while analyzing the expenditure module.

It is the extreme kind of poverty involving the chronic lack of basic food, clean water, health and housing. People in absolute poverty tend to struggle to live and experience a lot of child deaths from preventable diseases like malaria, cholera and water-contamination related diseases. This type is usually long term in nature, and often handed to them by generations before them. This kind of poverty is usually not common in the developed world.


2. obsolete poverty .

Absolute poverty can mean living on the threshold of the poverty line is the minimum level of income deemed necessary to achieve a standard of living in a given country. There are different degrees of poverty depending on how developed or underdeveloped the country. Or living on the bread line or be out of work.

already in 1776 Adam Smith thought that the minimum publicly perceived acceptable level of “necessaries” even for“ the poorest creditable person” must have tended to vary and change

At the World Summit on Social Development in Copenhagen 1995, the international community adopted and endorsed a multidimensional definition of poverty

Absolute poverty could be determined by income, for example if some people can have a place to live and afford a couch and could be considered living within the poverty line. They may not be as poor as somebody who is homeless and living around in the street. There are places that come under the list of what's called a poverty stricken area. There are different degrees of poverty.

To me abject or absolute poverty means just enough to exist or live day by day or from one day to the next. Like when you don't have enough to get by on and don't know where your next meal is coming from.

The World Bank“ absolute” poverty level is based on minimum incomes needed for basic necessities in a number of low income developing countries. It is equivalent to 1.25 USD7day


3. relative poverty .This kind is usually in relation to other members and families in the society. For example, a family can be considered poor if it cannot afford vacations, or cannot buy presents for children at EAID , or cannot send its young to the university. Even though they have access to government support for food, water, medicine and free housing, they are considered poor because the rest of the community have access to superior services and amenities

4. Situational Poverty (Transitory).

People or families can be poor because of some adversities like earthquakes, floods or a serious illness. Sometimes, people can help themselves out of this situation quickly if they are given a bit of assistance, as the cause of their situations was just one unfortunate event.

2.4 characteristics of poverty .

Based on the findings the researcher identified the following differentiation and characteristics of community groups in terms of poverty.

Group 1: Very poor(a) Very poor with hardly any potentialsoften living in sum centers and only able to survive when fed by relatives, live below self-sufficiency, very few or none animals, without herding management skills or other skills for alternative income strategies, frequently drinkers, strong dependency thinking, categorized by locals as hopeless and lazy (5-10%).

(b) Very poor with limited potentials.living in rural areas or in sum centre’s, below self sufficiency, very few or no animals, large family size, no or only very weak kinship relations within the region, with insufficient herding management skills and without education or skills to follow alternative income strategies, but with motivation and energy to start new life (5-10%).


(c) Very poor with good potentials.living mainly in sum centers, rarely in rural area, without or with only weak kinship relations, immigrants who lost their employment elsewhere, live far below self sufficiency, very few or none animals, without good herding management skills but equipped with other skills for alternative income strategies, however without starting capital, highly motivated upon arrival, increasing frustration (3-5%).

The difference between the three above Group 1 types lies rather in education and motivation than in current wealth.

Group 2: highly vulnerable or poorliving at the edge of self sufficiency, mainly in pastoral areas, minimum requirements in terms of animals necessary to survive physically (slightly below 20 bod) dependant on gathering and hunting activities for subsistence, lack of cash to buy flour and other basic things thus forcing them to exchange live animals, and by doing so reducing their production basis. Sufficient herding skills, however no or only weak kinship relations; big families or young/old but fairly independent operating households. Smallest economic crises can send them beyond self sufficiency. Very important group for restocking. (10-20%)Group 3: vulnerableliving in pastoral areas or sum centers, minimum in terms of animals or income necessary to have a secure living, dependant on gathering and hunting to have additional cash income. Sufficient skills, however weak kinship relations; large families; limited skills for alternative income generation. Target group for restocking. (15-25%)

Source FOA report .


2.5 .causes of poverty in Somalia

According to puntland disaster management framework ( JUNE 2011).Somalia is prone to disastrous events of both natural and anthropogenic origin which have caused losses of livelihoods and property that pushed many Somali’s into poverty. The economic impact of disasters usually consists of direct damage e.g. infrastructure, livestock, environment and indirect damage e.g. loss of revenues, unemployment and market destabilization. It is therefore increasingly becoming a major developmental issue of urgent concern for the government, development partners and local communities. Somalia is vulnerable to disaster risks from a range of natural hazards including cyclones/ storms, droughts, epidemics, floods, pest attacks, desertification, and tsunami. Human induced hazards that threaten the country include transport accidents, urban fires, civil conflicts and internal displacements of communities due to multiple factors. High priority hazards in terms of their frequency and scale of impact are: droughts, floods, civil conflict and transport accidents that have caused widespread damages and losses in the past. A number of factors lay behind vulnerabilities of Somali society to hazards. These include risky construction practices, poor livestock management practices, underdeveloped road infrastructure, fragile natural environment and poverty. The increasing human and animal population, environmental degradation resulting from poorly managed water development schemes and excessive tree cutting, climate change and variability are major dynamic pressures that aggravate vulnerabilities of Somali society. A reactive emergency response approach has remained the predominant way of dealing with disasters in Somalia till now. The awareness and coordination of policy makers, media, civil society, NGOs, UN agencies and other stakeholders remains low about disaster risk management. The country still lacks operational disaster management policy, legal and appropriate institutional arrangements, strategies and program to minimize risks and vulnerabilities. The Somalia poverty Preparedness and Management Framework have been formulated to guide the work of entire system in the area of disaster riskmanagement. It has been developed through consultations withstakeholders and beneficiaries.


Poverty in Somalia, can be attributed to a number of factors. The prominent ones being absence of an active central government, civil disputes, natural calamities like floods and droughts. Poverty in Somalia has increased manifold since 1990.Somalia, witnessed many inhibiting factors like downfall of the government, outbreak of the civil war, which further aggravated the problem of poverty in Somalia

I just combined few main important points that causes poverty in Somalia

A. Lack of knowledge and good skills B. The lack of employment elsewhere and immigration of people without

assets into the sum was also seen as a cause of poverty in the area.C. The risk of natural disasters, such as dzud, was seen to be a threat to all

herders and could cause people to become poor.D. The lack of a livestock insurance system was also regarded as a cause of

poverty by some people.

2.6 effects of poverty in Somalia.

According to UN Malnutrition prevails throughout Somalia. Majority of women in Somalia are uneducated. Somalia lacks enough family planning and health awareness programs. Maternal mortality rates are among the highest in Somalia. Studies reveal that pregnancy and childbirth are two factors, due to which as many as 45 women die every day in Somalia.

Poverty in Somalia is far flung. People are dying due to hunger and illness is steeply on the rise. The comparatively stronger section of the population have dominated the less privileged and confiscated their agricultural lands. Illness and famine are reigning supreme in Somalia. For this reason, many people of Somali have shifted their base and moved away to adjoining nations.

Quick Facts of Somalia

GDP (purchasing power parity) $5.896 billion (2010 est.)

$5.75 billion (2009 est.)

$5.607 billion (2008 est.)

note: data are in 2010 US dollars


GDP (official exchange rate) $2.372 billion (2010 est.)

GDP – real growth rate 2.6% (2010 est.)

2.6% (2012 est.)

2.6% (2008 est.)

GDP – per capita (PPP) $600 (2010 est.)

$600 (2009 est.)

$600 (2008 est.)

GDP – composition, by end use household consumption: 72.6%

government consumption: 8.7%

investment in fixed capital: 20%

investment in inventories: 0.1%

exports of goods and services: 0.3%

imports of goods and services: -1.7%

(2009 est.)

GDP – composition by sector agriculture: 59.3%

industry: 7.2%

services: 33.5% (2012 est.)

Labor force 3.447 million (2007)

Labor force – by occupation agriculture: 71%

industry and services: 29% (1975)

Exports $515.8 million (2012 est.)

$594.3 million (2011 est.)

Debt – external $3.05 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

$2.942 billion (31 December 2010 est.)

Source: World Bank

. Let’s looks at the five biggest effects of poverty in order to understand the severity of the problem:


http://borgenproject.org/how-poverty-effects-society-children-and-violence/

1. Malnutrition.The most common effect of poverty is malnutrition.

This is especially seen in children of poor families. People living in poverty rarely have access to highly nutritious foods. Even if they have access to these foods, it is unlikely that they are able to purchase them. The healthiest foods are usually the most expensive; therefore, a family on a very small budget is much more likely to purchase food that is less nutritious, simply because that is all they can afford.

Sometimes people in poverty are malnourished simply because they do not eat enough of anything. For some people around the world, quality food is a luxury. A total of 14.3 percent of people in developing countries face hunger and about 25 percent of Sub-Saharan Africa is considered malnourished. Poor nutrition causes 45 percent of deaths in children under the age of 5. Malnutrition can also lead to many other health issues as well.2. Health.One of the most severe effects of poverty is the health effects that are almost always present.This includes things from diseases to life expectancy to medicine. Diseases are very common in people living in poverty because they lack the resources to maintain a healthy living environment. They are almost always lacking in nutritious foods, which decreases their bodies’ ability to fight off diseases. Sanitation conditions are usually very low, increasing the chance of contracting a disease. Sometimes these diseases can be minor, but other times they can be life-threatening. In general, people living in poverty cannot afford appropriate medicines to treat these illnesses.Life expectancy and child mortality are greatly affected by poverty. Statistics show that life expectancy in poor nations is up to 30 years below that of wealthy nations, like the United States. Child mortality is shockingly high in poor countries; 13.5 percent of children die before the age of 5 in poor countries. This number is the average for poor countries, however some African nations have a child mortality rate of 20 percent.


http://borgenproject.org/child-mortality-end-2035-usaids-help/

http://borgenproject.org/new-brazilian-superfoods-fight-hunger/

http://www.borgenmagazine.com/malnutrition-latin-america/

3. EducationEducation is largely affected by poverty.

Many people living in poverty are unable to attend school from a very early age. Families may not be able to afford the necessary clothing or school supplies. Others may not have a way for their children to get to school. Whatever the reason, there is a clear correlation between families living in poverty and their lack of education. Without the ability to attend school, many people go through life illiterate.

The literacy rates in countries with high poverty levels indicate that these two are linked. Low literacy rates can affect society in various ways including the labor force and politics. Obtaining a basic education could bring 171 million people out of poverty. A bad cycle is created; poverty prevents people from gaining a good education, and not obtaining an education prevents people from escaping poverty.

4. EconomyAmong the effects of poverty includes its impact on the economy of the country.

Mainly, the number of people living in poverty influences employment rates heavily. Without an education, people are unlikely to find a paying job. Unemployment hinders a country from developing into a strong economic system. A high unemployment rate can impede a country from progressing in all aspects.

The labor force suffers when a large part of the citizens cannot contribute to economic development. For example, the Somalia economy has not been able to grow at a high rate for many years because of the high number of people living in poverty. About higher percent of the population in India lives in poverty and their economy can only improve when this percentage decreases.


5. Society

Poverty also has social effects.

Many people living in poverty are homeless, which puts them on the streets. There also seems to be a connection between poverty and crime. When people are unemployed and homeless, social unrest may take over and lead to increases in crime. When people have nothing and no money to buy necessities, they may be forced to turn to theft in order to survive. Homelessness and high crime rates impact of a country’s people and can create many problems within a society.

It is clear that poverty has far-reaching effects on all people. By improving global poverty, economies could prosper, health could improve and countries can develop

into strong global presences. All countries will benefit when decreasing global poverty becomes a priority in the world.

– Hannah ClevelandSources: Economy Watc

2.7 .Theoretical Approaches to Poverty and Conflict in Somalia.

Poverty is a multidimensional problem that goes beyond economics to include among other things, social, political, and cultural issues. Scholars have been trying to develop a theoretical approach to poverty and conflict for a long time. Some like

John Burton (1997), Violence Experienced: The Source of Conflict Violence and Crime and Their Prevention; Manchester University Press: New York.

Laune Nathan (2003), Crisis Resolution and Conflict Management in Africa; Centre for Conflict Resolution, University of Cape Town: South Africa.

Richard Sand brook (1982) The Politics of Basic Needs, Heinemann: London.

AND

Ted Gurr (1970) Why Men Rebel: Princeton.


http://www.economywatch.com/unemployment/poverty.html

agree that poverty as a result of lack of human needs lead to reactions that result in conflict.

The human needs theory championed by Burton (ibid) argues that there are conflict and instability in developing countries because people are denied not only their biological needs, but also psychological needs that relate to growth and development.

The overriding importance of this theory is that it understands that needs, particularly basic needs (such as food, water, shelter and health) unlike interest cannot be traded, suppressed, or bargained for; thus any attempt to do this, leads to conflict.According to Aristotle (in Okanya , 1996: 3), Political Thoughts, an Unpublished

Mimeo.

social strife and revolutions are not brought out by the conspiratorial or malignant nature of man, rather revolutions are derived from poverty and distributive injustice.

Therefore, when the poor are in the majority and have no prospect

of ameliorating their condition, they are bound to be restless and seek restitution through violence. No government can hold stability and peace when it is created on a sea of poverty (Ibid)Therefore, people in most cases react negatively to such situation, in order to show their grievances and discontent, particularly when the government is corrupt. Conflicts are therefore often caused by an attempt to clam our for these basic needs by violent means. Somalia , as a volatile mix of poverty and conflict has continued to be poorly developed. Thus, as long as absolute poverty (which is rooted on political corruption) remains in Somalia , conflict is inevitable. The argument of this study is that poverty, conflict and underdevelopment in Somalia are traceable to political corruption. Hence the question,


how can Somalia develop politically (particularly by eliminating political corruption) in order to effectively alleviate absolute poverty; in effect manage conflict in Africa to avoid further human losses? Is development possible in Africa, as the continent is embroiled in conflicts?

2.8 measurement of poverty .

In terms of poverty measurement each country has its own social , economical, and developmental characters that effect indicators of poverty that effect the indicators of poverty they adopt .

How ever there are certain indicators that have been more universally accepted ( barker 1997) defines the poverty line the amount of money people spend to maintain their standard of living

There four reasons to measure poverty :1. To keep poor people on the agenda .2. To be able to identify poor people and so to be able to target appropriate

intervention .3. To monitor and evaluate projects and policy intervention geared .4. To evaluate the effectiveness of institutions whose goal to help poor people.

2.9. how to reduce the poverty in Somalia .

Poverty is passed from one generation to the next. So there’s some tools that reduce poverty in Somalia . These tools include:

1. Quality education

provides children with the knowledge and life skills they need to realize their full potential, and is essential to creating change in a child’s life. Plan helps by training teachers, building new schools and breaking down barriers that prevent many children – and girls in particular – from attending school.

2. Access to health care


https://plancanada.ca/what-we-do


is essential. This instrument helps communities build health clinics, train health care workers and invest in equipment and medicine, so children can grow up healthy and strong.

3. Water and sanitation

are also essential for every child’s survival. Each year, helps communities build school latrines, community water points and helps to establish organizations to ensure the continued management and maintenance of water points.

4. Economic security;

This tool is to overcome poverty by helping communities around the world gain the economic security they need to thrive. This factor is training people living in poverty to acquire the skills and knowledge they need to secure a livelihood, and support their families.

5. Employment generation .

Creation of jobs and new opportunities helps to reduce a poverty and also increase the national income and income per capital in Somalia

6. Provide basic needs

This factor is so important factor because if poor societies gets basic need I believe theirs hope to reduce poverty in Somalia .

Conclusions




There are important insights to be drawn from the data about poor people’s definitions and understanding of poverty and their strategies for managing the portfolio of the scarce and often contested assets available to them. Poverty consists of multiple, interlocking dimensions.

Poverty definitions give prominence to problems with securing food and difficulties finding safe and predictable sources of livelihood.

What is striking however is the extent to which dependency, lack of power and voice emerge as core elements of poor people’s definitions of poverty.

Powerlessness and voicelessness also underlie discussions of a heightened sense of vulnerability and the inability of poor people to protect themselves from shocks. Poor people speak extensively about assets and much less about income.

These findings have implications for how we measure poverty.

One of the challenges is to track and measure changes in power and voice together with other measures of poverty, such as estimates of expenditure and consumption, and access to education and health.


Chapter three

Methodology

3.1 introduction .

Research methodology is the systematic way to solve the research problems it may be understood as a science of studying how research is done scientifically .

This chapter presents the methodology and procedures used In the study which include research design, research population ,sampling data collection , validity , reliability , data analysis and presentations .

3.2 research design .

The research design refers to overall plan or strategy for conducting the research .

This study will be conducted through correlation research design it is appropriate for gathering data from various sources including documentary reading , questionnaires and interviews .


3.3 research population and sampling :

3.3.1. target population .

The target population of this study is the poverty people in Somalia . The study population includes rural area , IDP’S and urban population in Somalia who have suffering the hunger .

3.3.2. sample size .

It’s often impossible to study whole the target population because the study population is unlimited while the time and cost are limited therefore ,

The researcher will purposively select a sample of 30 out of the target population the sample size that has been selected , provide enough and adequate information so it represented the population of the study .

3.3.3. sampling technique .

This study will use purposive sampling technique to identify the sampling technique is where the researcher decides who to include in information .


It is preferred because it select therefore typical cases and therefore saves time and money .

3.4 data collection .

Both primary and secondary data will used in the course of conducting this study

The method will use questionnaire this selection of this tool has been guided by the by nature of data to be collected the time available as well as the objectives of the study .

The overall aim of the study is to describe how stability can reduce the poverty In Somalia .

3.4.1 questionnaires.

A questionnaires is a group of written or printing questions used to gather information form the respondents who provide answers to the question .

The questionnaires were sent to all specifically selected respondents .

In this study questionnaires is designed to gather both quantitative and qualitative data .

In this study most of necessary data were obtained by the researcher thorught answers of the questionnaires distributed to the specified above mentioned study respondents .


3.5 quality control

To control quality the research was attempt to attain hight validity and reliability co-efficient .

This study will conducted to reach the real information through the population . the results that returned in the questionnaires are related to the research objectives an people that forward this information in avoid the bias .

3.6 data analysis

The data will edited and presented in frequency counts , tables and graphs .

Both qualitative and quantities data were edited and coded before analysis was done .

The data was summarized in a form of tables and graphs suitable for presentation of finding .

Microsoft word computer softwarewas used in the analysis of the data the researcher devoted much time for interpreting and analyzing frequency tables and percentages of the finding in simplified manner and understandable to all .

3.7 assumption and limitation

The researcher faces a lot of limitation during the conducting of the research .the major limitation that the researcher faces was limited time , lack of internet access , lack of reference books , limited information about the topic and poor language .


3.8 ethical consideration .

In this study the rerearcher first sought permission from lecturer of th course before collecting the data .

The respondents were given adequate information on the aims of the study , the procedure that would be followed ,the possible advantages for the participants the credibility of the research , and the way in which the result was used .

This enables participents to make an informed decision on whether that wantd to participate to make in the research or not .

In this research participents confidentialities was not compromised , as their names would not used in the collection of data . not private or secret information would be divulged the right of confidentiality of the participents would be respected . the research findings would therefore be presented anonymously .


APPENDIX 1

REFERANCE

1. millennium development goals progress (2010) report

2. United Nations and the World Bank ( 2015) report

3. UNICEF report

4. United Nations Definition of Poverty

5. World bank 2012 report

6. 2012world food program report

7. : IFAD report 2011

8. socio economic survey 2002

9. 1776 Adam Smith poverty definition

10. World Summit on Social Development in Copenhagen 1995

11. Latest FOA report

12. puntland disaster management framework ( JUNE 2011).

13. According to UN


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNICEF

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations

14.Hannah Cleveland Sources: Economy Watc

15. John Burton (1997), Violence Experienced: The Source of Conflict Violence and Crime and Their Prevention; Manchester University Press: New York.

16. Laune Nathan (2003), Crisis Resolution and Conflict Management in Africa; Centre for Conflict Resolution, University of Cape Town: South Africa

17. Richard Sand brook (1982) The Politics of Basic Needs, Heinemann: London.

18. Ted Gurr (1970) Why Men Rebel: Princeton

19. According to Aristotle (in Okanya , 1996: 3), Political Thoughts, an Unpublished Mimeo

20. ( barker 1997)


http://www.economywatch.com/unemployment/poverty.html

Questionnaire on

Impact of poverty on stability in Somalia

Section A :

1.Age

20-25( ) 26-30 ( ) 31-35 ( ) 36-40 ( )

2.Gender

Male ( ) female ( )

3.Marital status

Single ( ) married ( )

4.Level of education

Diploma ( ) bachelor degree ( ) master degree( ) secondary ( )

5.Occupation

Students ( ) employee ( ) private business ( )

SECTION B .

1. Collapsed of Somali government the Somali’s confront unprecedented poverty rate

A) Agree b) disagree c) neutral d) strong agree e) strong disagree2. Nomadic population is higher vulnerable than rural population in terms of

poverty .a) Agree b) disagree c) neutral d) strong agree e) strong disagre

3. Employment opportunities is reduced poverty rate in Somalia A) Agree b) disagree c) neutral d) strong agree e) strong disagre

4. Poverty may be cause death and general scarcity a) Agree b) disagree c) neutral d) strong agree e) strong disagree


5. Families who live in poverty have a hard time of getting enough food and eat .

a) Agree b) disagree c) neutral d) strong agree e ) strong disagree

Section c .

1.Poverty reduction is major goal and issue for many international organization .

a) Agree b) disagree c) neutral d) strong agree e) strong disagree

2.Poverty is lack of basic capacity to participate effectively in societies


3.In 2011 drought faced in Somalia led death of Somalia people and children malnourished

a) Agree b) disagree c) neutral d)strong agree e) strong disagree

4.Poor people are those who have a limited herd size and inadequate for self-sufficiency .


5.According to UNHCR the poorest amongst the poor are identified are those who are lazy and hopeless


Section D.

1.extreme poverty is proportion of population living on less than one dollar per day

a) agree b) disagree c) neutral d) strong agree e ) strong disagree

2. courses of Somalia poverty include lack of knowledge and good skills

a) agree b) disagree c) neutral d) strong agree e) strong disagree


3. major effect of poverty in Somalia is health and economy

a) agree b) disagree c) neutral d) strong agree e) strong disagree

4. poverty in Somalia can reduce economic security and employment generation

a) agree b) disagree c) neutral d) strong agree e) strong disgaree

5. poverty can cause instability and conflicts in society .

A) agree b) disagree c) neutral d) strong agree e) strong disagree


Proposal

Education

Transcript of Proposal