WHAT DO THESE WORDS HAVE IN COMMON?

WhichHe

ThisFormerThem

UsOnesThose

Himselfsuch

PRONOUNS A pronoun takes the place of a noun or

nouns. Pronouns can be singular or plural, and

they can be masculine, feminine or neuter.

They can be in the nominative or the objective case.

The pronouns that are used most frequently are called personal pronouns.

EXAMPLE

Art is only a substitute while the beauty of life is still deficient. It will disappear in proportion as life gains in equilibrium.

•Piet Mondrian

PRONOUNS An antecedent is the noun or nouns to

which a pronoun refers. A pronoun should agree with its

antecedent in number, person, and sometimes gender.

There are many different kinds of pronouns, the important thing is to learn to recognize their antecedents, which can occur before or after the pronoun in the text.

A pronoun’s antecedent can be one word or a complete sentence or idea.

EXAMPLE

Even before he began it, Picasso knew that the Demoiselles d’Avignon was no ordinary work. The sources on which he drew to create this remarkable work have been frequently discussed and analysed.

EXAMPLE

Even before he began it, Picasso knew that the Demoiselles d’Avignon was no ordinary work. The sources on which he drew to create this remarkable work have been frequently discussed and analysed.

It was in 1919 when Walter Gropious opened the Bauhaus in Weimar. This was to become the school that pioneered the teaching and practice of modern industrial and architectural design. The painter who dominated the school during its first four years was Johannes Itten, whose students varied considerably in abilities and inclinations. Thus, Itten discovered what became the basic or foundation course, which was designed to familiarize the student with the character of the materials he handled and the potentialities of his own art.

I / YOU / HE / SHE / IT / WE / YOU / THEY

Taylor diagnosed the three main problems of industrial psychology. He tried to prove his point by comparing results.

ME / YOU / HIM / HER / IT / US / YOU / THEM

When a child sells roses at the street and you buy them, you are participating in the underground economy.

THIS / THAT / THESE / THOSE

Underground economy is also known as the informal market. This is one of the many terms it has received.

People produce goods and services. This originates markets.

People produce goods and services. This originates markets.

ONE / ONES

The collapse of an economy is the result of many factors. One is that the conversion of profit to internal savings is not automatic.

The collapse of an economy is the result of many factors. One is that the conversion of profit to internal savings is not automatic.

SUCH (+ NOUN)

Our era is distinguished by much discussion on patriotism, social welfare, law, and order. Some people believe that such talk is only a mask to hide private indifference to public issues.

Our era is distinguished by much discussion on patriotism, social welfare, law, and order. Some people believe that such talk is only a mask to hide private indifference to public issues.

SO

The treasurer is worried about the present economic situation. He thinks the rate of inflation will rise. I think so, too.

The treasurer is worried about the present economic situation. He thinks the rate of inflation will rise. I think so, too.

THE FORMER / THE LATTER

Industrious, useful human beings may be divided into two classes: people for whom work is work and pleasure is pleasure and people for whom work and pleasure are one. The former are the majority.

Industrious, useful human beings may be divided into two classes: people for whom work is work and pleasure is pleasure and people for whom work and pleasure are one. The former are the majority.

Political authority and education are common sources of social status. The latter, however, is usually easy to achieve.

Political authority and education are common sources of social status. The latter, however, is usually easy to achieve.

THERE

Engels returned from England a changed man, what he witnessed there led him to write his book on the condition of the English working class, as seen from a socialist perspective.

Engels returned from England a changed man, what he witnessed there led him to write his book on the condition of the English working class, as seen from a socialist perspective.

For more information see the grammar book: Unit 10 “The Use of Antecedents”

pp 155 - 163

1. The simplest Keynisian theory of the business cycle called the multiplier accelerator theory provides only a brief outline of reality but it is an excellent analytical framework for other realistic theories.

2. The Western philosophies most influential in 20th century China have been pragmatism and materialism. The former, illustrated in the writings of Hu Shi, conceived of ideas as instruments to cope with actual situations and emphasized results.

3. Market forces are capable of regulating the economy, however experience tells us that this is not true.

4. Although in recent years people frequent cinemas less and less, film making is still a major industry. There are a number of reasons for this.

Although many economists agree with Keynesian theories, they are too simple to explain many of the complexities of today’s economies.

6. States interested in stimulating economic growth compete for jobs and new businesses in a variety of ways. They provide tax incentives and special funds to lure foreign or domestic companies to move to their state.

7. Keynes not only explained the possibility of depressions and inflation but also laid down possible solutions for these problems within the private enterprise system.

8. In the world of business executives, images of status and achievement pedominate. These, however, are so uniform that it is often difficult to evaluate any act that does not conform to an absolute standard.

9. In spite of the increased risk associated with socially undesirable activities, prohibition of these makes them highly lucrative and profitable. It is debatable whether the legalization of some products and their distribution would make them disappear or diminish.

10. In what may be his most famous contribution, Thorstein Veblen challenged the assumptions built into the laws of supply and demand.

11. The practice of employing children to work in factories proved profitable and popular from the outset of the Industrial Revolution in the late 1700s. This was highly critized by state governments in the 19th and early 20th century and actions were initiated to abolish it.

12. Most of the work involved with credit card operations is now handled by comoputers. Charges for the use of credit cards are sometimes paid directly by the cardholder, and sometimes borne by the reail establishments that accept them. In the latter case, the cost is absorbed into the price of the merchandise.