20 Pronouns · 2020. 4. 23. · a) Personal Pronouns b) Demonstrative Pronouns c) Interrogative...

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47 Read Joanna is a young girl. Joanna helps her friends with studies. Joanna is good in art too. One day Joanna’s teacher asked Joanna to participate in an art competition. Joanna was thrilled at the opportunity. Joanna practised drawing every day. Finally the day came, and Joanna went for the competition. At the end of the day the winners were announced. Joanna danced for joy on hearing her name. Joanna had won the first prize. In the above passage the word ‘Joanna’is repeated. This word can be replaced in the following manner using other words. Read the following passage to see how it’s done– Joanna is a young girl. Joanna helps her friends with studies. She is good in art too. One day her teacher asked her to participate in an art competition. She was thrilled at the opportunity. She practised drawing every day. Finally the day came, and she went for the competition. At the end of the day the winners were announced. She danced with joy on hearing her name. She had won the first prize. All the highlighted words in Passage 1 are proper nouns. In Passage 2 the proper noun has been replaced by other words like ‘She’ and ‘Her’. These words are called Pronouns. A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun or noun- equivalent. Let’s Learn The use of pronouns helps us to avoid repetition of nouns. Pronoun= Pro (instead of) + noun. The noun for which the pronoun stands is called the antecedent. Example: Dev wants to buy a sofa set. He will go to some shops to enquire about it. (Pronoun–‘he’, antecedent–‘Dev’ ; pronoun–‘it’, antecedent–‘sofa-set’) Let’s learn about the different types of pronouns. Pronouns 20

Transcript of 20 Pronouns · 2020. 4. 23. · a) Personal Pronouns b) Demonstrative Pronouns c) Interrogative...

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Read

Joanna is a young girl. Joanna helps her friends with studies. Joanna is good in art too. One day Joanna’s teacher asked Joanna to participate in an art competition. Joanna was thrilled at the opportunity. Joanna practised drawing every day. Finally the day came, and Joanna went for the competition. At the end of the day the winners were announced. Joanna danced for joy on hearing her name. Joanna had won the first prize.

In the above passage the word ‘Joanna’is repeated.

This word can be replaced in the following manner using other words. Read the following passage to see how it’s done–

Joanna is a young girl. Joanna helps her friends with studies. She is good in art too. One day her teacher asked her to participate in an art competition. She was thrilled at the opportunity. She practised drawing every day. Finally the day came, and she went for the competition. At the end of the day the winners were announced. She danced with joy on hearing her name. She had won the first prize.

All the highlighted words in Passage 1 are proper nouns. In Passage 2 the proper noun has been replaced by other words like ‘She’ and ‘Her’. These words are called Pronouns.

A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun or noun- equivalent.

Let’s Learn

The use of pronouns helps us to avoid repetition of nouns. Pronoun= Pro (instead of) + noun. The noun for which the pronoun stands is called the antecedent.Example:

Dev wants to buy a sofa set. He will go to some shops to enquire about it.

(Pronoun–‘he’, antecedent–‘Dev’ ; pronoun–‘it’, antecedent–‘sofa-set’)

Let’s learn about the different types of pronouns.

Pronouns20

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a) Personal Pronouns b) Demonstrative Pronouns

c) Interrogative Pronouns

d) Possessive Pronouns e) Reflexive Pronouns f) Emphatic Pronouns

g) Relative Pronouns

A. Personal Pronouns y A personal pronoun is used for a specific object, name/person or thing. It changes its

form to indicate gender (he/she) and number (they/it).

y Personal pronouns are of two types:

Subjective – as a subject of a sentence. (They are playing.)

Objective- as object of a verb or preposition. (Amy likes her.)Example:

○ Madhav and Riya were walking down a quiet lane. Madhav heard a sudden sound of quick breathing from behind the bushes.

Let’s replace the nouns with Personal Pronouns.

Example:

○ They (Madhav and Riya) were walking down a quiet lane. He (Madhav) heard a sudden sound of quick breaths from behind the bushes.

y Singular pronouns replace singular nouns. Plural pronouns replace plural nouns.

Person Singular Plural Subjective Objective Subjective Objective

First I me we usSecond you you you youThird Masculine he him they them

Feminine she her they themNeuter it I they them

B. Demonstrative PronounA demonstrative pronoun is used to point out the object/objects to which the speaker refers.

Example:

When the person/animal /thing is…

Singular Plural

nearby This is a tired camel. These are tired camels.far away That is a pot full of curd. Those are pots full of curd.

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Difference between Demonstrative Pronouns and Demonstrative Adjectives

A demonstrative pronoun replaces a noun.

Example:

y This is the book I was looking for.

y That is my T-shirt.

A demonstrative adjective qualifies a noun and answers the question ‘which’

Example:

y I was looking for this book.

y That T-shirt is mine.

C. Interrogative PronounsAn interrogative pronoun is used to ask a question. It is usually used at the beginning of a sentence. What, who, whom, whose, which are interrogative pronouns.

y ‘What’ is used for things.

Example:

○ What are you going to buy? (a book, a phone, etc.)

y ‘Who/whom/whose’ is used for people.

Example:

○ Who has spilt the coffee? (he /she /Rohan )

○ Whom did you invite? (neighbours, friends )

○ Whose is this? (his, theirs, Kavita’s )

y ‘Which’ is used for both people and things.

Example:

○ Which of the siblings came to your house? (people- brother/sister)

○ Which is your pair of shoes? (things- heels, canvas, sports shoes etc.)

Difference between Interrogative Pronouns and Interrogative Adjectives

An interrogative pronoun replaces a noun.

Example:

a) Which is your phone?

b) Which is the train that goes to Delhi?

An interrogative adjective qualifies a noun.

Example:

a) Which phone is yours?

b) Which train goes to Delhi?

D. Possessive PronounA possessive pronoun shows possession, i.e. belongingness. It indicates that something belongs to someone.

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Example:

○ This villa is theirs. ○ That shop is ours.

○ Those clothes are hers.

○ These papers are yours.

Personal Pronoun Possessive Pronoun

Person subject object

First person(person speaking)

I me mine

we us ours

Second person(person spoken to)

you you yours

Third person(person spoken about)

he him his

she her hers

it it its

they them theirs

Difference between Possessive Pronouns and Possessive Adjectives

A possessive pronoun replaces a noun.

Example:

○ The green water-bottle is mine. ○ The football is ours.

○ That mansion in the woods is hers.

A possessive adjective qualifies a noun. and answers the question ‘Which’.

Example:

○ That is my green water-bottle.

○ This is our football. ○ That is her mansion in the woods.

E. Reflexive Pronoun

When the subject and the object of the verb refer to the same person, a reflexive pronoun is used for the object. Here, the action of the subject reflects/goes back to the doer (antecedent).

Example:

○ She taught herself to read and write.

The subject ‘She’ and the object ‘herself’ refer to the same person.

○ The acrobat fell and hurt himself.The subject ‘the acrobat’ and the object ‘himself’ refer to the same person.

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Person NumberSingular Plural

Reflexive ReflexiveFirst I myself we/our ourselves

Second you yourself you yourselves Third he himself they themselves

she herselfit itself

F. Emphatic PronounWhen a pronoun is used to put emphasis on a particular noun or pronoun (antecedent), it is called an emphatic pronoun.

Example:

○ I myself am travelling tomorrow.

○ You yourself should try and go for a walk.

○ We ourselves made this rangoli. Difference between Reflexive Pronouns and Emphatic pronouns.

y An emphatic pronoun can be removed from the sentence without affecting its core meaning. A reflexive pronoun is necessary. The sentence wouldn’t make complete sense on removing the reflexive pronoun.

y Don’t touch that wire. You will hurt yourself.

(‘yourself ‘is a reflexive pronoun, because deleting the word will make the sentence incomplete)

y I will give myself a week to complete the assignment.

( ‘myself’ is a reflexive pronoun, because deleting the word will make the sentence incomplete)

Example:

y I painted the picture myself.

Example:

y I myself painted the picture.Here, ‘myself’ is a emphatic pronoun, because deleting the word will not change the meaning of the sentence.

y He ate the food himself. y He himself ate the food. Here, ‘himself ‘is a emphatic pronoun, because deleting the word will not change the meaning of the sentence.

A reflexive or an emphatic pronoun is formed by the addition of the suffix ‘-self’ (singular) or ‘-selves’ (plural) to pronouns such as my, you, her, him, it, them and our.

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Person NumberSingular Plural

reflexive/emphatic reflexive/emphaticFirst I myself we/our ourselves

Second you yourself you yourselves Third he himself they themselves

she herselfit itself

G. Relative PronounsPronouns that link a phrase or a clause in a sentence are called relative pronouns. They relate the phrases or clauses to the nouns (antecedents) that come before them.

The words ‘who, which, that, whom, whose and what’ are Relative Pronouns.

Example:

○ I know a girl who stood first in the class.

who- relative pronoun, the girl– antecedent

○ This is the dog whose leg was broken.

whose- relative pronoun, the dog- antecedent

Difference between interrogative pronouns and relative pronouns.

The words ‘who, which, whom, whose and what’ are used as interrogative pronouns to ask questions. The same words, when used as relative pronouns link a noun to the rest of the sentence.

Interrogative Pronoun

○ Which is your book?

○ Whom are you complaining about?

Relative Pronoun

○ The book which you mentioned is lying on the table.

○ The person whom you are complaining about is my cousin.

Let’s Exercise

1. Underline the pronoun and state its kind.

a) This is Radhika’s house.

b) They were looking out of the window.

c) What is the name of your teacher?

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d) That black Ferrari is ours.

e) She cleaned the windows herself.

f) This is the game that my father had brought.

2. Choose the correct demonstrative pronoun.

a) These/ That are the machines to be taken to the storeroom.

b) That/These is the village we are looking for.

c) This/Those are the books to be arranged on the shelf.

d) This/These shelf belongs to Mr Sharma.

3. Fill in the blanks with the correct pronouns. Use the hints given in the brackets.

a) (Gita and I) called out to (Arjun and Aman) across the garden but (Arjun and Aman) couldn’t hear (Gita and I) over the noise of the rock-band performing there.

b) Suresh gave Rina a flute; now the flute is . (Rina’s)

c) Samad and Amit were neighbours. (Samad and Amit) went to the same school.

d) Garv opened the refrigerator. (Garv) took out some food from (the refrigerator).

e) If these bags are to be checked and sealed, what are (other bags kept far away)?

4. Use a reflexive or emphatic pronoun to complete each sentence correctly. Identify the type.

a) After the race, Vinod praised for winning it.

b) Mother spoke to the teacher.

c) He injured while riding a pony.

d) She went to dry the clothes.

e) We made the paper bags for the exhibition this year.

5. Rearrange the following word clusters to make meaningful sentences.

a) was found/the soldier/in the ditch/who was missing

b) is my uncle/the soldier/who helped him

c) whose duty/riya was/the camp/was at/in the battlefield/the nurse

d) the nurses’/to recover soon/it was/my uncle/care which helped

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6. There is one error in each line. Write the error and its correction as shown in the example. One has been done for you.

Sentence Error CorrectionAs soon as I came, he asked, Whose have you been? e.g. Whose WhereWhich have you come late today? (a)What did you meet on the way here to the college? (b)Whose has accompanied you here? (c)Which will you be leaving again? (d)

At a Glance

Pronouns used in the place of nouns to avoid

repetition.

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Read

Ananya is a girl. She lives in a house near the meadow. The house has a roof and windows.In the morning Ananya opens the windows and gazes at the birds, twittering happily in the garden.She admires the flowers that are glistening with dewdrops.

In the above paragraph the words in red are nouns.

Now, let’s add a few words to the nouns that will tell us more about the highlighted nouns.

Ananya is a nine-year-old girl. She lives in a beautiful and big house near the lush green meadow. Her house has a red roof and three windows. In the morning little Ananya opens the huge windows and gazes at the colourful birds, twittering happily in the spacious garden. She admires the tiny, pink flowers that are glistening with round dewdrops.

The words highlighted in purple that are added before the noun tells us more about the noun.

‘beautiful and big’ describes the house; ‘little’ tells more about Ananya.

Let’s Learn

y An adjective qualifies/describes or tells us more about the noun or pronoun.

y Adjectives do not change their form with gender or number of the noun.

Kinds of Adjectives

A. Adjective of Quality

y An adjective of quality answers the question ‘what kind’ about a noun or a pronoun. It indicates a particular quality. They are qualifiers of the noun/pronoun.

Ask ‘What kind’ to the noun.

Adjectives21

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Example:

kind stale tall

impressive splendid

B. Adjective of Quantity

y An adjective of quantity answers the question ‘how much’. It indicates the quantity of the noun. Adjective of Quantity states an approximate amount rather than the exact number. It is used with uncountable nouns.

y They are also called quantifiers.

Ask ‘how much’ to the noun.

Example:

○ There was little salt left in the jar.

○ Rehan carried enough paper for the craft activity.

○ I don’t have much time.

C. Adjective of Number

y An adjective of number answers the question ‘how many’ or ‘what order’ about the noun.

y Adjectives of number are used with countable nouns.

y Cardinal and Ordinal numbers used to describe the amount of countable nouns are called adjectives of number.

Adjective of Numbers can be classified into…

y Definite numeral adjectives:

Cardinal- one, two, three, hundred, etc.

Ordinal- first, second, third, hundredth, etc.

y Indefinite numeral adjectives: some, few, many, all, no, several, any, most, more, none, too many, certain, etc.

y Distributive numeral adjectives: each, every, neither, either, etc.

Ask ‘how many’ to the noun.

Example:

○ Shivam stood first at the drawing competition in class.

○ Father cut the cake into ten pieces.

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y Though adjectives of quantity and indefinite numeral adjective seem similar they answer different questions.

Adjective of quantity Indefinite Numeral Adjective

Ask – How Much? Ask– How Many?

Example: Example: ○ I have enough water in the bottle. ○ There aren’t enough books for everyone..

○ He has not eaten any food. ○ Are there any chikoo trees in your garden?

D. Possessive AdjectiveA possessive adjective expresses possession of a noun by someone or something. It answers the question ‘whose’ about the noun.

Ask ‘whose’ to the noun.

Singular Examples Plural Examplesmy My dog greets me

joyfully when I return from school.

our Our dog greets us joyfully when we

return from school.your Your mother has

just gone to the market.

your Your mother have just gone to the

market.his He took his book to

sketch by the river.their They took their book

to sketch by the river.her Beenal injured her

ankle during the kabaddi match.

their The girls injured their ankles during the kabaddi match.

its The dog buried its bone in the garden.

their The dogs buried their bones in the garden.

y Possessive Adjectives and Possessive Pronouns

Though possessive adjectives and pronouns seem similar there are differences with respect to usage and position.

Possessive Adjective Possessive PronounsTakes a noun after it Does not take a noun after it.Example: Example:

○ This is his car. ○ This car is his. ○ My house is down the lane. ○ The house down the lane is mine.

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E. Demonstrative AdjectiveA demonstrative adjective answers the question ‘which’. It is used to point out specific persons or things.

Ask ‘which’ to the noun.

Example:

For singular nouns-

○ I purchased this pencil-box from that shop.

For plural nouns-

○ These umbrellas will be kept in those stalls.

For nouns (things/persons) near the speaker

○ This piece of cheese has been eaten by these mice in the trap.

For nouns (things/persons) far from the speaker

○ Call that watchman who is carrying those boxes.

F. Interrogative Adjective

An interrogative adjective asks for information about the noun.

Forms a ‘Wh’ question with the noun.

Example:

○ What tune is the guitarist playing?

○ Whose box is this?

○ Which flowers do you like?

Let’s Exercise

1. Underline the adjectives and state their kind.

a) The reckless driver drove his car rashly down the cobbled street.

b) The fourth counter is for senior citizens. They need not wait in this long queue.

c) Many children participated in the debate competition.

d) This rose bush was planted by her grandmother.

e) Whose toys are those?

f) Please take that book from his hand.

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2. Solve the crossword with the opposites of the following adjectives.

Across Down2. polite 1. traditional

5. ashamed 3. nervous

9. complicated 4. sensible

10. calm 6. tasty

11. passive 7. upset

12. innocent 8. safe

13. awake 10. dead

1

2

3 4

5 6

7

8 9

10

11

12

13

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3. There is one error in each sentence against which blanks have been given. Write the incorrect word and the correction in the blank. Underline the error that you have noted. One has been done for you as an example.

Error Correction

On a hot summer’s day a group of tenth friends e.g tenth ten

went camping. They lit a fire with most logs of (a)

wood. One of them took a sharpest knife and cut (b)

vegetables to prepare many soup. At a distance (c)

they heard the melodiously song of a bird. (d)

At a Glance

Adjectives- An adjective qualifies/describes or tells us more about the noun or pronoun.

Adjectives of Quality-These words tell what kind of the noun. E.g. bold, smart, delicious, crazy, etc.

Adjectives of Quantity-These words tell how much of the noun. E.g. little, some, more, many, enough,etc.

Adjectives of Number-These words tell how many of the noun. E.g. one, fiftieth, tenth, some, little, more,etc.

Demonstrative Adjectives- These words tell which of the noun. They point out to the noun. E.g. this, that, these, those, etc.

Interrogative Adjectives- These ask a question. E.g. Which, Who, Where, Whom,

Possessive Adjectives- They express possession. E.g. his, hers, yours, ours, theirs, etc.,

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Formation of Adjectives

Add an appropriate prefix or suffix to the word.

How do I form Adjectives?

A prefix like ‘dis’, ‘im’, ‘un’, ‘ir’, or ’non’ when added before certain words will make adjectives which have opposite or negative meanings.

Example:

Prefix Word formed

un- fortunate-unfortunate,comfortable- uncomfortable, just- unjust

im-/in-/ir-/il- patient-impatient, convenient-inconvenient,

replaceable-irreplaceable, legal-illegal

non- non-fiction, non-political, non-neutral

dis- disloyal, dissimilar, dishonest

Adjectives are formed by adding suffixes to nouns, verbs and other adjectives as well. We need to follow a few rules while doing so.

Example:

Suffix Rule used Word Adjective formed

-y -Add -y as a suffix -If ending has an ‘e’, remove it

-hair -imagine -gloss

-hairy -imaginary -glossy

-al -Add -al as a suffix -If ending has an e, remove it and add -al or -ial or -ual

-magic -nature -intention -concept

-magical -natural -intentional -conceptual

-ly -Add -ly as a suffix -earth -kind

-earthly -kindly

-ic -Add -ic as a suffix -If ending in -y, remove it

-artist -energy

-artistic -energetic

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Suffix Rule used Word Adjective formed

-ful -Add -ful as a suffix -If ending in -ty, replace by with i

-beauty -dread -play -grace -bounty

-beautiful -dreadful -playful -graceful -bountiful

-ory -Add -ory as a suffix -If ending has an ‘e’, remove it

-introduction -advise -anticipate -compensate

-introductory -advisory -anticipatory -compensatory

-ous

Add -ous as a suffix -If ending in -y, remove it -If ending has an ‘e’, remove it -Sometimes, words ending with -cle are replaced by -cul

-glamour -fame -mystery -miracle

-fable

-glamourous -famous -mysterious -miraculous

-fabulous

-ish Add -ish as a suffix -child -brown -book

-childish -brownish -bookish

-ive -Add -ive as a suffix -If ending in -ion, remove it -If ending in -e, remove

-description -impulse

descriptive -impulsive

-en -Add -en as a suffix -wood -silk

-wooden -silken

-some -Add -some as a suffix -trouble -dark -whole

troublesome -darksome -wholesome

-less -Add -less as a suffix -child -brain -shame

childless -brainless -shameless

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Participial Adjectives

Read

a) Vani’s talking parrot imitates mother to perfection.

b) The bored boy began to fidget with the things kept on the table.

c) Growing children need good food to grow strong and healthy.

The words in red are examples of the present/past participle form of the verb, but are used as adjectives. Such adjectives ending with –ed or-ing are known as

Participial Adjectives, because they have the same endings as verb participles.

Example:

○ recycled paper, sunken eyes, broken tile, tiring work, etc.

Let’s Exercise

1. Form adjectives from the given words

a. music-______________

d. history- ______________

g. education-_____________

b. awe- ______________

e. co-operate-____________

h. courage-_______________

c. laugh- ______________

f. dirt-____________

2. Frame adjectives that are opposite in meaning by adding any of the following prefixes- im, dis, un, ir, non, in, il.

a. desirable

b. pardonable

c. edible

d. moral

e. possible

f. legible

g. obedient

h. polite

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3. Rewrite the sentence by changing the underlined word into its adjective form. Make other changes where required. The first one has been done for you.

a) Neha talks a lot. Neha is a talkative girl.

b) Mice can cause trouble.

c) Living near factories can harm your health.

d) She gets paid every month at work.

4. Rearrange the following word clusters to make meaningful sentences.

a) my school / a four / was organized / by / day trip

b) turned out / bus journey / to be exciting / the lengthy

c) the place / sunny morning / we reached / a bright / on

d) had planned / of us / adventurous activities / for all / the teachers.

Degrees of Comparison

Read

This is Suman’s house. She is ten years old. Today, her aunt and cousin are visiting her family. Her aunt is older than her father. Of course, her grandfather is the oldest person in the family!

Her cousin Raman is younger than Suman. Rohit, her little brother, is the youngest member of the family. Grandmother says that when Suman’s father was young, he was very naughty.

Observe the words in red. We are comparing the ages of the members of Suman’s family. We use comparative and superlative degrees of the adjectives to compare.

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Positive

old

young

Comparative

older

younger

Superlative

oldest

youngest

y The simplest form of the adjective is called the positive degree.

y When two persons or things are compared, we use the comparative degree.

y When more than two persons or things are compared we use the superlative degree.

We use the following rules to form the three degrees of comparison.

Positive degree

bold

great

Comparative degree

bolder

greater

Superlative degree

boldest

greatest

y Add ‘r’ and ‘st’ to an adjective in the positive degree that ends in ‘e’

Positive degree

brave

safe

Comparative degree

braver

safer

Superlative degree

bravest

safest

y Remove the final ‘y’ if the positive degree has a consonant before the ‘y’ and add ‘ier’ and ‘iest’ to it.

Positive degree

happy

lazy

Comparative degree

happier

lazier

Superlative degree

happiest

laziest

y Double the final consonant and add ‘er’ and ‘est’ if the positive degree ends in a consonant with a vowel before it.

Positive degree

thin

dim

Comparative degree

thinner

dimmer

Superlative degree

thinnest

dimmest

y Use ‘more’ and ‘most’ if the adjective in the positive degree has three or syllables. This also applies to some adjectives with two syllables.

Positive degree

learned

intelligent

Comparative degree

more learned

more intelligent

Superlative degree

most learned

most intelligent

y Some adjectives may not use the above rules to form the comparatives and superlatives.

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Positive degreegood

bad

old

far

many

well

Comparative degreebetter

worse

older

further

more

better

Superlative degreebest

worst

oldest

furthest

most

best

y Some adjectives cannot be compared as they only have a positive degree.

Example:

perfect wrong straight final

y Some Latin words like ‘junior, senior, inferior, minor’ do not have positive or superlative degrees. They are only used in comparative degrees. Such adjectives have ‘to’ instead of ‘than’ after them in a sentence.

Example:

○ These grapes are of inferior quality compared to those.

○ Ranveer is senior to me in experience.

Let’s Exercise

1. Complete the given table with correct degree of the adjectives.

Positive Comparative Superlativea) intelligentb) most valuablec) lesserd) remarkablee) gentler

2. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the adjective.

a) This monsoon is than the previous monsoon. (bad)

b) David is boy in the class. (intelligent)

c) Her painting is than yours. (colourful)

d) The Eiffel Tower is than the Qutub Minar. (tall)

e) Have you heard news? (late)

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3. Change the degree of the adjectives in the following sentences without changing the meaning of the sentence.

a) Very few cities in the world are as busy as Mumbai.

Comparative –

Superlative-

b) Ashoka was one of the most powerful emperors.

Positive-

Comparative-

c) No other peak is as high as Mount Everest.

Comparative-

Superlative-

d) Gold is a costly metal.

Comparative-

Superlative-

4. There is one error in each line against which a blank has been given. Write the incorrect word and the correction in your answer. Underline the spotted error. One has been done for you.

Error Correction

Cities like Mumbai and Delhi have fewest things in common.

e.g fewest few

Delhi is worser than Mumbai in terms of pollution (a)

Nevertheless, the roads in Delhi are smoothest. (b)

Delhi has most historical monuments. (c)

Mumbai boasts of beautifuller beaches while Delhi has none.

(d)