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2. TRANSFORMER

A transformeris a static electrical device that transfers energy

by inductive coupling between its winding circuits. A varying current in

theprimary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the

transformer's core and thus a varying magnetic flux through

thesecondarywinding.

3. BRIDGE RECTIFIER

A bridge rectifier makes use of four diodes in a bridge arrangement to

achieve full-wave rectification. This is a widely used configuration, both

with individual diodes wired as shown and with single component

bridges where the diode bridge is wired internally

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The main advantage of this bridge circuit is that it does not require a

special centre tapped transformer, thereby reducing its size and cost. The

single secondary winding is connected to one side of the diode bridge

network and the load to the other side.

4. CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR

A crystal oscillatoris

an electronic oscillator circuit that

uses the mechanical resonance of

a vibrating crystal of piezoelectric

material to create an electrical

signal with a veryprecise frequency.

In 8051 we use a crystal oscillator of 11.059 Mhz frequency which

gets divided equally and gives the exact baud rate.

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6.LED

7. RESISTORS AND CAPACTORS

A Diode is an electrical component

that only lets power go in one direction.Its the electrical equivalent of a one

way sign; a gate that only opens in

one direction.

Light Emitting: On the atomic level,

the one way process produces a

photon. Depending on the material and

geometry of the diode, the light

produced can be bright-white or nearlyany color.

Capacitor of value 22pf is used across crystal

oscillator in order to maintain its atableoperation and other capacitor of .1uf is used for

reset device.

Resistors of value 600 ohm are connected in

series with LEDs.

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LED INTERFACING WITH 8051