Project HOPE Office Module Slides 1-24-13

8/13/2019 Project HOPE Office Module Slides 1-24-13

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Introducing Project H.O.P.E.Project HOPE is a special program to assist owners,managers, tenants and occupants of the 61 high-

rise buildings in the city of Sandy Springs, Georgia.

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Sandy Springs Fire Rescue

PH Basic Level T-t-T Office Module


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H.O.P.E. is an acronym that stands for:

High-rise

OccupancyPlanning

Exercise

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Project HOPEwas developed by the


Fire Marshals Office

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Fire Chief/Fire Marshal:Jack McElfish

Deputy Fire Marshal: Jeff Scarbrough



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Portions of Project HOPEhave been

developed with the assistance of the

Sandy Springs Police Department

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Police ChiefTerry Sult

Captain Bart Humble, Special Operations



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Project HOPE - Terminal Objectives

Safety Director Guidelines

Train-the-Trainer for Floor Wardens

After lecture and discussion the individual student will have information

to review, update and produce an Emergency Action Plan regarding

high-rise buildings. Each student will be given sufficient information to

conduct train the trainer activities for there individual employees and

tenants.

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Project HOPE - Enabling Objectives

After the lecture and discussion the student will be able to recognize

the factors needed to produce a working Emergency Action Plan (EAP),

an Emergency Evacuation Plan (EEP) and a Fire Safety Plan (FSP).

After lecture and discussion the student will be able to know and

understand the proper procedures for understanding the methodologyused in developing a EAP using the following; Purpose and Scope,

Building Vulnerabilities/ Risk Assessment, Security Measures proper

Evacuation Planning

After lecture and discussion the student will be able to review, update

and develop Plans for the following; Emergencies Due to Human

Activities and Emergencies Due to Natural Disasters.

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Project HOPE - Basic Level Train-the-Trainer Course

This coursewill teach you:

What the fire and life safety requirements are for high-risebuilding owners, management and occupants

About the applicable state fire safety laws, rules,regulations and local requirements

The importance of required documentation

How to conduct a train-the-trainer high-rise program as amanager and instructor in your building or organization

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This course will prepare you:

How to teach others (staff and tenants) this material withinyour building or organization.

SSFR will provide handouts and PowerPoint presentations toassist you in your teaching efforts. (These will be deliveredto you following this course.)

We will provide evaluation tests and sample certificates you

can use to certify people in your building or organization.

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This course is to establish a basic level of familiarity andunderstanding with the subject matter, the fundamentals ofhigh-rise all-hazards - with an emphasis on fire and lifesafety.

Several aspects of this program have more advancedcomponents.

Well be developing additional training modules andadvanced training in specialized areas in the future.

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Project HOPE - Purpose & Scope

This guide is intended primarily to assist members ofthe BuildingManagement Team (BMT).

The BMT consists of building owners, propertymanagers, chief engineers, security directors andother management staff who are responsible foremergency management within a specific high-risebuilding or complex of high-rise buildings.

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Both natural and human-caused risks are addressedin the guide using an all-hazards approach.

Preparation is the key to an effective response

to any emergency.

Planning, awareness training and periodic

exercises introduced prior to an emergency

are essential to improving building supervisoryand occupant responses.

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This guide stresses the necessity of establishing aplanning process to prepare for an all-hazardsapproach to emergencies and a Building Emergency

Team (BET) to make potentially life-saving decisionsin an emergency.

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Project HOPE - Background

What is an emergency?

There are many types of "emergencies," including:

Fire

Hazardous materials incident

Flood or flash flood

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Severe weather (hurricane, tornado, winter storm)

Medical emergency

Criminal activity

Suspicious package

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Local Government Interaction

Sandy Springs Elected Officials and SeniorManagement Staff are responsible for ensuring

emergency management plans and programs existwithin the Sandy Springs City Limits.

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What services do local first responders provide?

Fire safety plans that are required by Fire Code arerecommended to be reviewed by the Chief Fire Official or

their designee.Creating and revising an Emergency Action Plan (EAP) forbuildings is not performed by the City of Sandy Springs. Wewill advise and consult, but do not do the actual work.

It is the responsibility of the building owner and/or manager

to create, prepare and revise the EAP for their particularbuilding. This may be performed in-house or outsourced to aconsulting firm.

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What is emergency management?

Emergency management is the process of preparing for,responding to and recovering from any unplanned events that

could have a negative effect on people or your organization.

Emergency management is both a public and privateresponsibility. It is not a one-time event but should be aconstant and on-going process.

Planning is the critical first step, followed by training, drills andregular tests of building safety features and equipment.

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Examples of effective emergency planning:

Helps save lives and reduces the risk of injuries

Helps reduce damage to the building and/or equipment

thus allowing the tenants/occupancies to recover faster

Assists in compliance with health and safety relatedregulatory requirements

Helps validate that the organization conducted duediligence and may reduce exposure to civil or criminalliability in the event of an incident or emergency

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What are the key steps in establishing an EmergencyAction Plan?

Step 1 -- Establish a Building Emergency Team (BET)

Step 2 -- Analyze Risks and Response Capabilities

Step 3 -- Develop the Planin-house or outsource

Step 4 -- Provide Training to Floor Wardens and

Exercise the PlanStep 5 -- Test, Evaluate and Modify the Plan

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Project HOPE - Building Vulnerability Assessment

There are five (5) factors that affect the vulnerability of abuilding to certain types of emergencies:

Geographic Location

Immediate Environment Property Type

Tenant Mix or Resident Profile

Size and Construction

An important part of a property managers responsibility in

developing an EAP is to be aware of the different types of

potential threats that may exist.

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Geographic Location

Certain geographic portions of the country are moreprone to certain types of emergencies, particularly

those relating to natural disasters.

Severe weather and tornadoes occur seasonally andproperty managers must evaluate the probability ofthese types of events occurring and the impact of

these on their facilities and operations.

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Immediate Environment

The neighborhood or community where your property issituated will influence the type of emergencies it may

face. Buildings located in urban areas face unique risksthat are less likely to be found in rural areas.

High-rise buildings located in close proximity to majortransportation routes would be vulnerable or at risk if a

major accident were to occur with a hazardous materialsrelease, fire or explosion.

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Property Type

The purpose for which the building is used has adirect bearing on the type of risks inherent to it.

Residential towers, office towers, hospitals, theaters,and shopping malls all require their own uniqueEAPs to address their particular situations and needs

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Size and Construction

The size of the building with respect to height andarea often determines the complexity of the EAP.

Whether the building is sprinkled or not willinfluence the EAP, for example, by making it more orless viable to remain in the building (sheltering-in-place or using an area of refuge) in the event of a fire.

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Security Measures

Preventing unauthorized entry of persons is one step inreducing the risk of illegal acts. Features can includefencing, locked doors, electro-magnetic locking devices,video surveillance equipment, check points and trainedon-site security personnel to name a few.Security measures must never interfere with buildingfeatures designed to facilitate escape.

Similarly, once a building has been evacuated, security

procedures must be in place to control the re-entry ofbuilding occupants, so that security can be maintained.

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Security components that can be improved, utilizedor adopted -

Access Control / Knox Boxes

Intrusion detection Lighting

Monitoring and surveillance (guards and cameras)

Vehicular traffic and parking control

Perimeter control

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Project HOPE - Developing the Emergency Action Plan

How do I plan for an emergency?An EAP is best developed by gaining the input of the variousstakeholders, analyzing risks and response capabilities,drafting and reviewing the plan, and implementing and

refining the plan based on feedback.

Sandy Springs Fire Rescue uses the Enterprise Approachwhich includes involving all the stakeholders on the front-endof plan development.

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Step 1Establish a Building Emergency Team (BET)

The property manager (Safety Director) or an appointeddesignee should take the responsibility for organizing aBuilding Emergency Team (BET).

Circumstances may require specialized input from facility andprocess managers, building designers and other qualifiedindividuals. In single tenant buildings, it would be beneficialto obtain input from:

Senior Management

Operations Management

Engineering, Security,Maintenance

and Custodial staff

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Step 2Analyze Risks and Response Capabilities

This step entails gathering and analyzing information. The risksand hazards must be identified as well as the responsecapabilities that are available:

Review existing emergency plans

Fire safety plan (including current building/site

plans that clearly labels all tenant spaces)

Health and safety program

Security procedures

Hazardous materials containment plans

Risk management plans

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Identify internal and external resources and capabilitiesthat could be utilized in an emergency:

Personnel

Equipment

Building emergency features

Facilities

Organizational capabilities

Internal backup systems



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Identify external resources, public and private,that wouldbe required during an emergency including emergencyprotocols for contacts.

CERT (Community Emergency Response Team)

Hazardous materials response clean-up organizations Transportation services

Professional Engineers and Architects

Contractors

Suppliers of emergency equipment



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Step 3Develop the Plan (In-House)

Building Emergency Team (BET)outlines the following keycomponents:

a protocol for who will be in charge notification and communications procedures

life safety elements

property protection



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Incident Emergency ResponseIdentifies the procedures outlining how the facility andoccupants will respond in various emergency situations. Thispart of the plan should also address procedures for dealingwith emergencies during peak usage periods and also after

hours at off-peak hours. Plan for 24/7/365 coverage. Emergency notification requirements

Identify primary and alternate entrances for respondingunits

Where and whom will they meet? Who will be in charge during the emergency?

How will the plan be communicated to buildingoccupants?



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CommunicationsAt some point during or after an emergency ordisaster it will be necessary to communicate withvarious groups:

Emergency response organizations Employees

Media

Government regulatory agencies

Employee groups Insurance representatives



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Following are some guidelinesfor dealing with the media:

Do not allow anyone other than the

designated spokesperson to release information

Do not play favorites. Give all media access to the same

information

Try to have consideration for their deadlines

Be factual, dont speculate

Do not cover-up or try to mislead the media



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Step 4Exercise the Plan and Floor Warden Training

Exercising the plan will involve training, practice exercises andevaluation.

In single tenant facilities, the plan should become part of thecorporate policies and be managed effectively.

Note:Some tenants may have internal EAPs developed bytheir Headquarters office which may be from other states.



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Identify applicable federal, state and localregulations and statutes:

Occupational health and safety regulations

Georgia Fire Safety Law Title 25 Official Code of Georgia

(Appendix D)

State Adopted Rules and Regulations 120-3-3 of the

Georgia State Fire Marshals Office ( IFC 2006) (Appendix D)

Environmental regulations



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How is the Emergency Action Plan shared with thebuilding occupants?

Offering periodic information and awareness

presentations (in-house and external sources)

Floor warden training (see Appendix A)

Providing direct training and instruction to individuals

who are assigned special tasks (Floor Wardens)

Producing and distributing demonstration orinstructional videos



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Step 5Test, Evaluate and Modify the Plan

The EAP and EEPs are dynamic and should be reviewed

thoroughly (at least annually) and modified as needed

particularly -

after each emergency;

after each training drill or exercise.



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Review and update the plan whenever . . . personnel or their responsibilities change;

tenants change;

layout or design changes of the facility impact on

the plan or procedures; and

policies or procedures change.



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Conducting Drills and Exercises

Fire drills are required to be conducted in high-rise buildings

no less than once a year as required by the Fire Code (see

Appendix D). It is also recommended to periodically assess

other types of emergency procedures similarly through

exercises or drills. Be creative.



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To determine if the objectives for the exercise ordrill are achieved:

Does the tenant management support the plan andparticipate appropriately in the exercise/drill

scenarios?Are problem areas and resource shortfalls identifiedand addressed adequately?

Does the plan reflect lessons learned from previous

drills and actual events?



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Do individuals with specific duties specified by the procedureunderstand their responsibilities?

Are they willing to perform their assigned activities?

Can they perform their assigned activities?

Are new personnel with specific responsibilities adequatelytrained?

Have the risks and hazards changed in the facility?

Have the key contacts changed? (names, titles, telephone

numbers)



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Do building occupants know where their primary andsecondary exits are situated in the event their normal

escape route is contaminated or blocked?

Is the existing method of communication adequate forrelaying information and instructions to key personnel

and building occupants during an emergency?

If not, should other methods of communication be pre-

planned? (i.e., by private telephones, cell phones, pagers,

or some other means.)



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Each drill or exercise must be evaluated anddocumented with recommendations forimprovements by designated individuals whothoroughly understand the facilitys emergencyprocedures and expected response by designatedindividuals and occupants.



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Project HOPE - Emergencies Due to Human Activity

Emergencies arising from human activity include situationsinstigated by an intentional criminal act, carelessness, humanerror, accidents or situations resulting from other large-scaleincidents.

This section covers the procedures that should be developedto address a major emergency due to human activity.

It provides the necessary steps that should be taken by thosewho are directly responsible for building emergency

preparedness (the Building Management Team) as well asinformation that will be useful to building occupants.



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Medical Emergencies

Your Emergency Action Plan should incorporate medical and

first aid (FA) procedures that include:

Emergency contact phone numbers

Names and phone numbers of occupants with accredited

training in lifesaving techniques (FA, CPR, CERT, etc.)

Managers of buildings with large occupant loads may wishto consider providing FA/CPR training, automatic external

defibrillators (AEDs), in addition to basic first aid supplies



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Elevator Malfunctions

In the event of occupants becoming

trapped in an elevator the BMT should:

Never attempt to evacuate occupants stranded in the elevator. Call 911 and the elevator service company. Only qualified

personnel should be permitted to correct elevator malfunctions,

or remove stranded occupants, as this is highly specialized and

extremely hazardous work.

Maintain communications with trapped occupants untilfirst responders arrive and occupants are safely evacuated.



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Elevator Malfunctions (continued)

Assure those trapped that they are safe and that help is

on the wayobtain their names and cell phone

numbers as a back-up in case the elevator emergency

phone fails

Caution them not to panic and to remain calm

Do not to try to force the elevator doors open

Once the occupants have been safely removed, arrangefor a thorough investigation of the cause of the

malfunction promptly after the incident.



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Natural Gas Leaks

Natural gas is colorless, odorless and highly flammable

For safety, an odorizer called Mercaptan is added to make it

noticeable

The Mercaptan gives natural gas an odor of hydrogen sulfide

(like rotten eggs) to aid in its detection



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Natural Gas Leaks (continued)

In the event of a natural gas leak:

Notify Security and/or the BMT immediately

Call 911 (from a phone located well away from the odor

and/or the source of the leak, if known)

Evacuate the building if the leak or odor is inside

Instruct occupants to absolutelynot smoke nor use anyelectrical devices, including cell phones



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Suspicious Packages / Devices

Personnel that work in Mail Rooms and

others who accept and handle deliveries

made by couriers and others should receive training on how toidentify and handle suspicious packages.

The extent of this training would correspond to the degree of

risk related to the occupancy of the high-rise building. (e.g. a

commercial building containing foreign consulates orcorporate headquarters would be at higher risk than small

businesses or a residential building.)


S d S F R


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Suspicious Packages / Devices (continued)

The following information should be shared with

occupants to assist them in identifying and

responding to suspicious envelopes and packages.

What are the characteristics of a suspicious package?


S d S F R


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Excessive, inadequate or missing postage

Handwritten or poorly typed addresses

Incorrect titles or no name

Misspelling of common words

Oily stains, discoloration or odor

No return address

Excessive weight


S d S F R


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Lopsided or uneven envelope

Protruding wires or aluminum foil

Excessive security material like masking tape, string, etc.

Visual distractions

Strange noises or odors

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?PH Basic Level T-t-T Office Module

S d S i Fi R


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Restrictive markings such as:

Personal, Confidential, or To Be Opened By

Postmark city/state does not match the return address

Foreign mail from politically unstable or hostile countries

Unprofessional wrapping

Threatening markings on exterior of package

Inappropriate air mail or special delivery stickers


S d S i Fi R


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What should occupants do if they find

a suspicious package/device?

Do notdisturb, shake or bump it Do notopen, smell, examine, touch or taste it

Treat it as suspect and move a safe distance away

Warn others in the immediate area of the situation

Move to a safe area away from the package and report it to

Security or the BET and call 911the first responders will

handle it and can advise you on further actions If necessary, initiate evacuation procedures


S d S i Fi R


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FireFire is a high risk to life safety in high-rise

buildings, but a low frequency occurrence.

In order to minimize the risk and impact of fire,the Rules and Regulations of the Georgia State

Fire Marshals office, Section 120-3-3, outlines

requirements for owners and managers of

certain types of buildings and occupancies to

develop and implement a Fire Safety Plan.

(See Appendix D of Guidebook)



S d S i Fi R


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Fire (continued)

A Fire Safety Plan is typically a section of your EAP and

contains the emergency procedures to be used in case of fire

including: 1st 2nd

Notifying the fire department

Pull the fire alarm + Provisions for access for fire fighting

Instructing occupants on procedures to be followed when

the fire alarm activates (horn / strobe)

Evacuating endangered occupants

Confining, controlling and extinguishing the fire



S d S i Fi R


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Fire (continued)

the appointment, organization and training of designated

supervisory staff to carry out fire safety duties

the instruction of supervisory staff and other occupants sothat they are aware of their responsibilities for fire safety

the holding of fire drills using the Emergency Evacuation

Plan guidelines



S d S i Fi R


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Fire (continued)

the control of fire hazards in the building (prevention)

the maintenance of building facilities provided for the safety

of occupants

the provision of alternative measures for the safety of

occupants during any shutdown of fire protection

equipment and systems or part thereof

instructions, including schematic diagrams, describing the

type, location and operation of building fire emergency

systems





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Physical Threats

Criminals may use firearms, knives, arson, vehicles and other

low tech devices to introduce physical threats.

Security measures and physical barriers should be consideredas a means of deterring or minimizing the impact of these

threats and occurrences.




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Physical Threats (continued)

Security personnel, receptionists, complaint department

personnel or other employees that are in a position where

they may have to deal with violent or potentially violent

people should be provided training on conflict resolution and

workplace violence.

Please contact the Sandy Springs Police Department for more

information regarding this type of training.




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Physical Threats (continued)

Some people use fire as a means of terror. Arson involves the

criminal use of fire to cause damage to property.

Arsonists may use various types of accelerants, like flammableliquids, to increase fire growth and fire spread. Common and

ordinary combustible materials such as wastepaper, cardboard,

etc. are also ready fuels for arsonists.

Therefore, good housekeeping and security are effective atreducing these fire risks.




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Hazardous Materials (Haz-Mat) Accidents

A hazardous materials accident can occur anywhere, anytime.

Hazardous materials are used everywhere and are transportedon our roadways daily; so any area is considered vulnerable toa haz-mat type accident or incident.

What should the BMT do if a hazardous materials accidentoccurs near their building?


Small amountversus large

amount?



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Hazardous Materials (Haz-Mat) Accidents (continued)

Try to stay upstream, uphill and upwind of any haz-mat

incident with clear access to an evacuation route.

If assisting victims do not try to care for them until thesubstance has been identified by the authorities and they

indicate it is safe to help.


Is the scene

safe???



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What measures should be taken to shelter in

place?

Sheltering in place is the procedure of moving people to a safe

area of the building. Such safe areas are often called oridentified by signs stating: Area of Refuge.




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This section covers the procedures that shouldbe taken in the event of a major emergencydue to natural disasters. It provides thenecessary steps that need to be taken by thosewho are directly responsible for building

emergency preparedness as well as by thebuilding occupants.

Many types of circumstances besides fire mayrequire a building or portions of a building to

be evacuated. Some of these circumstancesare discussed in the following subsections ofthis guide.

Project HOPE - Emergencies Due to Natural Disasters


Westin Hotel in Atlanta

sustained damage from

a tornado in March 2008



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Severe StormsThunderstorms, tornadoes, hail, blizzards, ice storms, high

winds and heavy rain can develop quickly and hit hard, posing

a threat to life and property.

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Severe Storms (continued)How can the BMT and their staff prepare for a severe storm?

Management should be aware that electrical power might beunavailable for an extended period of time. Therefore, backup

generators and adequate fuel supplies may be very helpful inmaintaining essential building services (e.g., computers,heating, lights, etc. ).

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Got backup

power?



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Floods

Where flooding is a potential risk, the BMT may wish to

consider the following:

Providing pumps, generators, sandbags, etc., for temporary

flood relief.

Providing permanent breakwaters and dikes where the

flood potential is high.

Evaluate the potential impact on ground level and

underground tanks

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Major Electrical Power Failures

Any one of the occurrences described previously can cause orcontribute to a major electrical power failure.

Backup generators and adequate fuel supplies may be veryhelpful in maintaining essential building services (e.g., lighting,heating).

When there is a potential for a power failure occurringsimultaneously with the building evacuation, building

occupants should avoid using the elevators as a means toleave the building.

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Major Electrical Power Failures (continued)

To be on the safe side, during a major power failure high-rise

occupants should be instructed to proceed to evacuate the

building using the primary and secondary exits that would

normally be used to evacuate the building during a fire drill orfire.

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Do NOT use

CANDLES OROPEN FLAMEDEVICES!



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Project HOPE -

Basic Level Train-the-Trainer CourseMetro cities across the nation have developed high-rise safety programs regarding mandated exercisesand Emergency Action Plans (EAPs).

Definition: High-rise Buildingshall mean a buildingmore than 75 feet in height, or seven (7) stories ormore in height. Building height shall be measuredfrom the lowest level of fire department vehicleaccess to the floor of the highest occupiable story.

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MAJOR CAUSES OF HIGH-RISE FIRES

The NFPA and the USFA report that the major causes of fires inhigh rise buildings are: smoking materials, electrical,flammable liquids (such as organic oils/solvents used duringremodeling) and arson.

Sandy Springs has been fortunate and only had a couple ofminor fires in high-rise buildings, but nothing serious. Weregularly monitor data through our fire incident reportingsystem, construction inspections and annual inspections to try

to detect hazards and mitigate them to help prevent high-risefires from occurring.

PREVENTION IS CRUCIAL IN PREVENTING FIRES!

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Sandy Springs Fire Rescue believes that partnerships andrelationships are important, especially among the high-risecommunity. These are customers that we may not otherwisereach routinely.

Project HOPE seeks to develop an all-hazard mitigation andprevention culture and mindset as a priority in high-rises.

Sometimes prioritizing means looking for the low hangingfruit for more easily mitigated problems to demonstratesmall successes and help garner long term support. ForProject HOPE to succeed it must be a collaborative effort of allthe stakeholders.

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The SSFR model involves stakeholders from the occupants,tenants and visitors; to the building management team; to

building owners; to SSFR personnel and other first responders.

This approach is commonly called the SSFR enterprise

approach. Partnerships are important to help develop

strategies and tactics to obtain their buy-in to any plan, and

for the resources they may be able to provide.

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Project HOPE is not a one-time effortthe program must be

sustainable over time to produce the desired long term

results.

According to the state adopted standards the following

applies:

NFPA Section 4.7 - Fire Drills, Emergency egress and

relocation drills conforming to the provisions of the code shall

be conducted.

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Drills shall be designed in cooperation with the localauthorities.

Drill Frequency is a minimumof once per year (annually).

Emergency egress and relocation drills, shall be held with

sufficient frequency to familiarize occupants with the drill

procedure and to establish conduct of the drill as a matter of

routine. Drills shall include suitable procedures to ensure that

all persons subject to the drill participate and emphasis shall

be placed on orderly evacuations rather than on speed.

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A Note on Evacuations . . .The multiple floors of a high-rise building create a cumulative effectrequiring large numbers of persons to travel greater vertical distances onstairs in order to evacuate the building.

In the first terrorist bombing of the World Trade Center high-rise office

towers in 1993, tens of thousands of building occupants evacuatedsuccessfully and safely traversed some five million person-flights of stairs.

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The purpose of Project HOPE is to educate and

inform the stakeholders of the high-rise buildingcommunity how they can proactivelyprepareforand reactively respond to a variety of work

place emergencies.

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The high-rise occupant communityconsists of building stakeholders such asbuilding owners, management, staff,

tenants, occupants and visitors. It alsoincludes the public safety first responders(fire, EMS, law enforcement.)




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What is a high-rise building?

The National Fire Protection Associationdefines high-rise building as a building

greater than 75 feet (25 m) in height where

the building height is measured from the

lowest level of fire department vehicle

access to the floor of the highest occupiable

story.

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High-rise buildings are usually seven(7) or more stories / levels tall.




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Types of high-rise occupancies

The International Fire Code (IFC) classifies buildings intogroups based upon the buildings use. High-rises generally

fall into one of two categories: commercialor residential.

Commercial would be officebuildings (such as Sandy Springs

King and Queen buildings in the Concourse Business Park

(on the right below).

Residential would be like the Westin Hotel (on the left below).

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Residential:

Westin hotel

Commercial: the

queen and king

office buildings




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High-rise buildings are unique in these aspects -

Extended height

Lack of normal accessibility and egressability

Vertical exiting distance and method

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TRIVIA:

What is the tallest high-rise buildingin the world?

It is the Burj Khalifa building located

in Dubai in the United Arab Emirates.

The building is 2,717 ft. tall and has

160 floors. It was completed in 2010

at a cost of $1.5 billion (US).

Expensive? Rent is $4,000 / SF foroffice space or $3,500 / SF for

residential.

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We know that . . .

Emergencies anddisasters happen

They can strike

anytime and

anywhere

Some strike with

little or no warning

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High-rise building fires are difficult tofight, costly, cause lots of propertydamage . . . and can be deadly!

First Interstate Bank Fire

Los Angeles, CA.

May 4, 1988 / 10:00pm

Built in 1973

62-story office building

Fire sprinklers being

installednot yet on

1 civilian fatality

35 civilian injuries

14 firefighter injuries

$50 million fire loss Only 4 floors burned

Required 250 firefighters

Cause: electrical




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There were 5,000 guests in the hotel at thetime of the fire. Of those 85 people died and

650 were injured. The main cause of death

was smoke inhalation. The high-rise portion

(guest rooms) and area of origin (a deli) werenot fire sprinkled. The cause of the fire was

electrical.

On November 21, 1980

in Las Vegas, Nevada an

infamous high-rise fire

occurred at the MGM

Grand hotel.




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Closer to home . . . The Winecoff Hotel fire

On December 7, 1946 the deadliesthotel fire in American historyoccurred at 137 Peachtree Street in downtown Atlanta.

In all 119 guests died in the blaze at the 15 story hotel (a high-risebuilding) that was not protected with fire sprinklers.

The message: High-rise fires can happen - including here.




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Those who dont learn from history are

doomed to repeat it. George Santayana

BEFORE

no sprinklers.

AFTER

sprinkler protected.

Lesson learned in Atlanta (1946) and inLas Vegas (1980) - at a cost of 204 lives!




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afirebreaks out on a floor below yours?

a tornadois sighted approaching your building?

a major snowand/or ice storm happens? there is an active shooterin your building?

a truck carrying hazardous materials overturns on the road in

front of your building?

an explosionshakes the whole building? smokestarts to fill your floor?

91

Ask yourself this

do you know what to do if . . .




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Types of emergencies . . . also knownas all-hazards . . .

Fires / Explosions Severe weather -

Wind stormsTornadosHurricanes

FloodingIce or snow storms

Earthquakes Hazardous materials incidents Elevator malfunctions

Major power outages Workplace violence Civil disturbances / terrorism Bomb threats / suspicious packages

92 PH Basic Level T-t-T Office Module



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The tall nature of high-rise buildings

limit your options to exit if there is afire because . . .

You cantuse the elevatorsto exit!

Youcant

use the windowsto escape!Fire apparatus ladderscan only perform rescues up to about

seven stories above ground level - under ideal conditions!

Rooftop rescues by helicopter are dangerous and unlikely!




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High-rise evacuation challenges . . .

the higher you are located in the building, the longer to exitthe building

walking down many flights of stairs is physically demanding

crowded stairwells can be noisy and may be dimly lit

you may encounter firefighters coming upthe stairwell

some heat and smoke might still enter the stairwell

94

FACT: It takes about 1 minute per floorto evacuate a high-rise building.




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A scary fact . . . SMOKE KILLS!

95

Most people who die in high-rise fires succumb

from smoke inhalation and suffocation

Many fire victims are trapped in or near

stairwells - where locked doors prevent escape

Stairwells can become compromised by fire or

heat, but usually they are compromised by

vision-reducing, suffocating, toxic smoke.




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Project HOPEwill teach you:

what to do

how to plan and prepare

how to react and respond

Project HOPEoffers specific measures that should beinstituted right away to help prepare for emergencies.




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97

Whats In It For Me?????

Project HOPE offers you useful knowledge that can

save yourlife and those who work with you.

This knowledge will greatly increase your chances of

survival in various emergency or disaster situations.

Through Project HOPE we are in this to help save

lives through educating you on all-hazards fire and

life safety training in high-rise buildings.




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What is Situational Awareness (SA)?

SAinvolves a conscious effort on your part to analyzeand comprehend events and actions that can impactyou or your surroundings - either instantly or in thefuture

SAhelps identify things that are constantly changingaround you, some rapidly and some slowly, somegood and some not so good

SAprovides you with the knowledge you need tomake the right decisions at the right time




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Situational Awareness (SA) means being aware of

what is happening and what could happen.

SAmeans anticipating bad things that could

happen in time to affect a positive outcome

In the context of emergencies and emergency

preparedness, the level of SAyou practice will

often mean the difference between life and death

SAmeans asking yourself what could happen and

what will I do if it does happen . . . the result of

practicing SAis improved vigilance and confidence

in your plan to survive by being alert, ready andprepared!


Sandy Springs Fire RescueUP


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100

UP

DOWN

AROUND

Survivors are those

who use and practicesituational awareness.

Survivors KNOW what

is going on aroundthem . . .

Survivors anticipatewhat can happen and

make a plan - in case itdoes.




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SAa nearby example . . .

On April 27, 2011 several tornadoes hit Mississippi,

Alabama and Georgia. Hundreds of people were killed.

Many victims had no idea of the imminent danger until

it was upon them. Many were not situationally aware.

Lesson learned: In areas prone to severe weather liketornados, practice SA. Get a weather alert app for your

smartphone or use an alert radio, have a safe room in

your home and office and take shelter immediately

when a tornadowarningis issued.

101

Situational Awareness = Preparedness




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Be situationally aware

Know what to do in the event of differenttypes of emergencies

Know at least TWO ways out (exits/stairwells)

Have emergency supplies available

102

Rule #1: BE PREPARED!




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If the emergency is coming but has not arrived

yet (a tornado)follow the plan to take shelter

Take a breath and look around Listen to instructions from Floor Wardens or

others in charge

Stay with a friend or associate for reassurance

Be confident that you can and will survive

103

Rule #2: STAY CALM!




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Emergency Action Plans(EAPs)

104

XYZ Co.

Emergency

Action

Plan

Its more than just a one-time effort and

shouldnt be a document to occupy shelf

space and collect dust . . .




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An EAP . . .

is a document that is requiredby OSHA requires exercising through annual drills which

are requiredin the fire code

is intended to organize actions of employers andemployees in anticipation of emergencies in theworkplace

encourages preparedness, as much as response

105

The Building Management Team (BMT) and the

BuildingEmergency Team (BET) both need to read,

understand and know their buildings EAP.




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Most high-rise buildings already have an EAP

EAPsshould be comprehensive and address varioustypes of emergency and disaster situations

EAPsare often all-hazards plans because they

deal with various emergencies and not just fires

EAPsmust be reviewed and updated regularly to

remain current, applicable and useful




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A good EAP should . . .

be simple and instructive specify responsibilities

establish a defined command structure

identify proper training needed

encourage suggestions to improve it

107

Expect the worst and hope for the best!

- an old disaster planning motto




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An EAP should include:

the means and way for reporting emergencies

evacuation procedures and identified assembly areas

procedures for employees who are mission critical

procedures to account for all evacuated employees

medical and rescue duties of trained employees

persons to contact to assist in training of employees

108

An EAP may also include details about alarmsystems, assisting disabled employees, usingcommunication systems and securing missioncritical processes or essential work records.




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A Coordinated Response

109

When an emergency occurs somebodyneeds to

be in charge

Before first responders* arrive, that somebodyshould be a member of the building management

team (BMT)

*Who are FIRST RESPONDERS? These are the

professional emergency handlers. They are thetrained police officers, fire fighters and paramedicsthat come to help you when you call 911.




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110

Whats the difference between the . . .

Building ManagementTeam (BMT)

and the

Building EmergencyTeam (BET)

. . . and whos on each of these teams?




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The Building Management Team (BMT)

Most every high-rise building has some form of a buildingmanagement team (BMT), either officially or informally.

A BMT is usually composed of one or more of the following on-

site or on-call staff positions:

Building or Property Manager

Security Director

Chief Engineer

Each position has its own separate duties for day-to-dayoperations, but all need to work as a coordinated team in an

emergencyand in planning for emergencies.




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The Building Emergency Team (BET) consists of:

Building Management Team membersThis would be theProperty Manager, Security Director and the Chief Engineer (as available atthe site or their Alternates or Assistants)

Safety Director / Fire Safety Director This would be a member ofthe BMT assigned to be in charge of the emergency

Building Staff -This includes all staff reporting to or under the directionof the BMT serving the building (security officers, maintenance crew, etc.)

Floor Response TeamsTenant or occupants serving as supportpersonnel consisting of Floor Wardens (one FW per floor and/or tenant),

Search Monitors and Special Assistants

112

BMT + their staff + assigned tenants =The Building Emergency Team




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The Building or Property Manager is usually assigned the duties

of being the Safety Director for the building. That person usuallyhas a working relationship with the Security Director and the

Chief Engineer. The relationship may be through working for the

same company or it may be through a separate company under a

contract.

Know who is on your team

Have communications between those on the team

In an emergencythe Safety Director (or their Alternate) willusually be the person in charge




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ALTERNATES ARE HIGHLY RECOMMENDED

Emergencies are unpredictable and can happen at any time

Sickness, holidays, training, work travelthe regular

members of the BMT and even the BET need back-up

Somebody needs to be in charge, or able to take charge, if

those who normally would are not around or able

Alternates are needed for any and all positions on the BET,

especially Floor Wardens and their Floor Team members




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It is 3:00AM on a holiday weekend and youre

sound asleep at home . . .The fire alarm at your office building starts

sounding and there is a smell of smoke - uh oh . . .

Whos watching your building?What have they been trained or told to do?

Will they do that? If not, what will they do?

Do they know they are in charge until thefirst responders arrive . . . in 4 to 10 minutes?




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Coordinated Response to an Emergency

TheSafety Director isusuallyin charge from the start of the event

until the first responders arrive and take command

The Safety Director maycoordinate and control the work of the

Security staff, Engineering staff and Floor Wardens in effecting

evacuations and determining the extent of the problem

Floor Response Teams are led by a Floor Warden and consist ofAssistant Floor Wardens, Search Monitors and/or Special Assistants

(There is at least one Floor Warden per floor.)

Search Monitors assure that the floor is clear and everyone has

evacuated who should be (some people will shelter in place)

Special Assistants may fight small fires, provide medical aid and

assist those requiring help - staying with them until the first

responders arrive to take over




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Communication is crucial

Search Monitors and Special Assistants need to keep their Floor

Warden briefed on their efforts. In turn, Floor Wardens need to

keep the Safety Director briefed on the activities for their floor.

In a major emergency or disaster your office and community

landline telephone systems may fail. Similarly, cellular telephonesystems may become overloaded and wont work. Therefore, a

private two-way radio system may be the only means of

communicationif it is available. Most building Security and

Engineering staff have radios. Do you have spare batteries?




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Radio messages should be briefand to-the-point.

Dont tie-up the radio or cell phone with chatter or non-critical

information. Pass along useful or urgent information (i.e., a

blocked stairwell, someone is injured, people are trapped, etc.)

Give a quick and accurate situation report.

For example a message from a Floor Warden to the Safety Director might go

like this:

There is a cubicle on fire in Suite 2010 on the 20thfloor. We are

all evacuating down the East stairwell. We cant get to the West

stairwell because of heavy smoke on our floor.

A last resort communication method is the use of runners,people on foot, to deliver messages from one point to another.




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When first responders arrive on scene they will

implement an Incident Command System (ICS). The officer onthe first arriving resource (a fire apparatus) will take command of

the incident or situation and will become the initial Incident

Commander (IC). Command may be transferred to a higher

ranking officer later on as needed.

The IC should be located at a Command Post usually at or near

their response vehicle. The Safety Director needs to meet face-

to-face with the IC and provide him/her with a briefing of the

situation.

The Safety Director should have a two-way radio that can

communicate with their BET. This will help the IC in setting

priorities and ordering additional resources.


P iti d A i t i EAP



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Positions and Assignments in an EAP

Building Emergency Team -consists of the Safety Director, Security,Engineering, Floor Wardens, Search Monitors and Special Assistants

Safety Directorprovides initial command of an incident andcoordinates the Building Emergency Teams actions

Floor Response Teamsconsists of the Floor Warden, Search Monitorsand Special Assistants and conducts response activities on their floor

Floor Wardensleads the Floor Response Team (there is one FloorWarden per floor)

Search Monitorscheck to ensure the floor has been cleared and anypersons in need of assistance have a Special Assistant with them

Special Assistantsassigned to assist physically impaired persons

First Responders (Fire, EMS and/or Police)upon the arrival of publicsafety personnel command for the incident will transfer from the SafetyDirector to an Incident Commander (IC). The Safety Director or theirdesignee should stay near the IC to help coordinate efforts.


Communication Links



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Communication Links

Building Emergency TeamCommunicates by two-wayradio, F-T-F* or cell phone with each other. Initial situation

should be reported to 911 and then to the Safety Director.

First Responders (Fire, Police and/or EMS)Dispatched by 911 and communicate with each other and 911

by radio, F-T-F and with cell phones as a backup.

Anyone with a cell phone can contact 911 directly

If the fire alarm is activated 911 will also be contacted by the

alarm monitoring companyFirst responders and BMTs cannot talk to each other by radio

121

*F-T-F means face-to-face, or, in person


EAP Command System Interrelationship



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EAP Command System - Interrelationship

122

BUILDINGEMERGENCY TEAM

SAFETY DIRECTOR(& ALTERNATE)

SECURITY STAFF

ENGINEERING STAFF

FLOOR WARDENS

(& ALTERNATES)

SEARCH MONITORS

SPECIAL ASSISTANTS

TENANTS, EMPLOYEES &

VISITORS

FIRST RESPONDERS


d



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Surviving an emergency or disaster means: Being alert and practicing situational awareness Not panicking - stay calm and help others to stay calm Being prepared with proper training, resources and

procedures (EAP) which builds survival confidence Having a current EAP advising you of what to do

Taking appropriate actions based on the EAP, currentevents and training (drills) Helpingyourself and helping others

Remember this . . .

123

Once an emergency or disasteroccurs, all time for preparation

has ended.


k h ld i hi h i i l d



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Stakeholders in a high-rise emergency include: building tenants, occupants and visitors

security and engineering staff

building owners, agents and management groups

floor wardens and their team members

first responders (fire, EMS, law enforcement)

124

All stakeholders need to work togethertoward the common goal of saving lives

and preventing injury.Successful survival is a teameffort.


Evacuations



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Evacuations

Evacuationmeans leaving the area of imminent or potential danger.

This may mean simply going to another floor, completely exiting thebuilding or exiting and relocating to a distant geographic area.

Evacuation-in-place(or shelter-in-place) means relocating to anapproved location on your floor or within the building where aphysical barrier separates you from the potential harm of the

emergency.

The type of evacuation you use (or are instructed to use per the EAP ordirection of Floor Wardens) depends heavily on the circumstances ofthe event at that given moment . . . and into the foreseeable future.

125

Evacuation is intended to efficiently,safely and quickly remove you andothers out of harms way.


Reality Check: Drills vs The Real Thing ( t )



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Reality Check: Drills vs. The Real Thing (cont.)

The reason that we conduct a full evacuation of the wholebuilding during a fire drill is primarily as a courtesy for, andconvenience to, building management and the occupants.

Fire drills cost time and money due to lost staff productivity. Byconducting a full-building evacuation drill it allows us to

complete the required drill for everyone more quickly andefficiently than doing multiple drills in segments.

The important thing is that everyone in the building becomesfamiliar with the evacuation process by locating their exits, usingthe stairwells and staging in the assembly area. In a real

emergency it is hoped this knowledge would be second nature.


Reality Check: Drills vs The Real Thing



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Reality Check: Drills vs. The Real Thing

During a fire drill we usually evacuate the entire building all atone time. In reality though, if there really is a firein the buildingwhat shouldhappen is this:

evacuation of the floor abovethe fire floor

evacuation of the fire floor (where the fire is located)

evacuation of the floor belowthe fire floor

All the occupants of those three floors should evacuate the

building just as they would during a full-building evacuation drill.If the emergency worsens, then the whole building will beevacuated.


Reality Check: Drills vs The Real Thing (cont )



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Most fire alarm systems in high-rises are designed to

initially notify just three floors in the fire area.

128

In a real fire scenario, the partial evacuation (three

floors) concept is intended to reduce the number

of people evacuating down the stairwells.

Why? Because firefighters must bring a lot of

equipment with them up the same stairwell. Apartial evacuation allows firefighters quicker and

safer access to the fire floor to attack the fire.


Reality Check: Drills vs The Real Thing (cont )



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A general fire alarm is a fire alarm activation on all floors andareas and requires afull-building evacuation . Most fire alarmsystems are programmed to automatically go into the General firealarm mode after a few minutes, if not cancelled.

129

This delay factor on the general fire alarm

activation is intended to allow buildingsecurity and/or engineering personnel

time to verify if there is an actual fire or

not. If there is not a fire, then the alarm

may be cancelled with only minor

disruption to the occupants of the three

floor area, and not the entire building.


Fire Alarm Systems



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Fire Alarm Systems

Fire alarm systems are designed to detect smoke or a fire eventand to notify building staff and occupants of the situation.

It is important that fire alarm equipment be dependable andreliable.

We want to avoid false alarms as much as possible because theylend themselves to the Cry Wolf syndromewhere eventuallypeople dont believe the alarm is credible and may not takeappropriate action and evacuate the building for a real fire.

Generally speaking, todays technology has resulted in improved

fire alarm and detection equipment that is less prone to sendingan accidental alarm signal.


Fire Alarm Systems (cont )



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Fire Alarm Systems (cont.)

Whenever the fire alarm system activates there are severalpossible reasons why it has been activated.They are:

A true" emergencyan actual smoke or fire event

An evacuation drill (by building and/or FD officials)

A mistaken alarm (well intendedlooked like a fire)An accidental alarm

mechanical (faulty detector, water surge)human error (working on alarm system)environmental (dust or microwave popcorn)

A false alarmmaliciously activatedno emergency(someone intentionally pulling the alarm)


Fire Sprinkler Systems



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Fire Sprinkler Systems

Most high-rise office buildings constructed within the past 20years were required by code to be built with automatic firesprinkler protection throughout.

Fire sprinkler systems are engineered, designed, installed and

regularly inspected to stringent national standards.Automatic fire sprinklers are the BEST fire protection availablebecause of their reliability and fire suppression capability.

Fire sprinklers have been found to be about 96% effective in

containing and/or controlling fires. That is because they keepsmall fires small by preventing fire growth and greatly reducingthe production of toxic and deadly smoke.


Fire Sprinkler Systems (cont )



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Fire Sprinkler Systems (cont.)

Some basic fire sprinkler facts:

o Each fire sprinkler head activates independently, one at a time,they dont all go off at once as movies and TV shows portray

o Most fire sprinklers in office buildings activate at 155 degrees

o A typical fire sprinkler head covers an area of about 144 squarefeet (12 x 12)

o Water damage? A single fire sprinkler will discharge about 22GPM compared to a fire hose which discharges 250+ GPM

o Most fires are contained and/or controlled by 1 or 2 sprinklers

o Fire sprinkler heads may be exposed or concealed in the

ceilings or sometimes in the walls





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An exposed ceiling fire sprinkler head

A concealed ceiling fire sprinkler head

Fire sprinkler heads operating:





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Some rules regarding fire sprinklers: Do not store anything closer than 18 below a fire sprinkler

head, including on shelves. This is especially important instorage and supply rooms, even against the walls

Never hang anything from a fire sprinkler head. You coulddamage the head or even cause the sprinkler to activate

Never paint a fire sprinkler head (or the cap if it is concealed).

This could render the sprinkler inoperative or ineffective


High-Rise Safety Tips



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High Rise Safety Tips

KNOW TWO (2) WAYS OUTTake a walk around your floor and locate all the exits. These exitdoors each access a stairwell, usually on opposite ends of the floor.These stairwells are your means of egress in an emergency.

DO NOT USE THE ELEVATORSElevator shafts can become vertical pathways for smoke and fire.When a fire alarm activates the elevators in most high-rises areprogrammed to immediately return to the ground floor. Only usethe stairs.


NOTE: Elevators may be used

by the F.D. once assessed for

safeness.

High-Rise Safety Tips (cont.)



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High Rise Safety Tips (cont.)

EVACUATE DOWN THE STAIRS, NOT UP!

When you enter a stairwell you want to exit downward, towardground level. If it is not safe to go down one stairwell, try anotherone. If none are passable then stay on the floor you are on.Shelter-in-place if all exits are unsafe for you to use.

137

Remember, heat and smoke rise to the

top of the stairwell, even when it is

pressurized. Avoid the rooftop except as

an absolute last resort. Roof-top rescuesduring high-rise fires are extremely rare

and very risky.


Stairway to Safety



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Stairway to Safety


Stairway to Safety (cont )



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Stairway to Safety (cont.)

Many stairwells are pressurized and have air blown in at ornear ground level. This pressurization forces heat and smokeupward, toward the roof level, and out a vent. The purpose is tokeep the atmosphere in the stairwell clearer for visibility and theair breathable for everyone to exit safely.

If you encounter moderate smoke and/or heat in the stairwellyou should immediately proceed to an alternate or secondaryexit and stairwell.

139

Exit 1

Exit 2

Exit 3PH Basic Level T-t-T Office Module




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If alternate stairwells are not safe to use, then you should

shelter-in-place on a floor that is free of (or has less) smokeand heat.

If you must shelter-in-place call 911 to advise your specificlocation. Advise how many people are taking shelter there, sorescuers can respond to assist you.

Footwear. For safety and comfort women should considerremoving high-heel shoes. Consider keeping a pair of walkingshoes at your desk, or, remove and carry your high-heels forthe walk down the stairs.

140

Suggested Notrecommended


In the Stairwell



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Walk quickly but safely down the stairs - use

the handrails

Watch out for doors opening at landingsthey could open quickly and injure you

Do NOT bring any beverages with you onto

the stairs - hot beverages can spill and burnyou or others, and spilled beverages create aslip hazard that could injure others and evenblock the stairwell

Dont text or use your cell phone- payattention to negotiating the stairway andlistening for instructions from Floor Wardens


Be careful!

In the Stairwell (Cont.)



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( )

Watch for people entering the stairwell at lower

landingsallow persons to merge with thosealready using the stairwell

Watch for firefighters who may be coming upthe stairsstay to right side of stairwell

Minimize talking - as stairwells can become verynoisy making it more difficult to hear directionsor information

Assist others who may need help exiting

advise Floor Warden or authorities of situation


EVACUATE or SHELTER IN PLACE?



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EVACUATE orSHELTER-IN-PLACE?

What does the EAP recommend?What does the Floor Warden advise?

It depends on the type of emergency

It depends on whether it can be done safely It depends on the circumstances and conditions

It depends on your own knowledge and ability

143

Emergencies are dynamicsituations theyrenever the same and are constantly changing.

Your plans could change suddenly.


Will ti k f l f ?



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Will evacuation make you moresafe orlesssafe?

144

A big

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