Project Health and Safety Measures of Employee

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Due to rapid industrialization, industrial workers are exposed to several types of hazards

and accidents. Every year lakhs of workers are injured due to mechanical, chemical, electrical

and radiation hazards and it leads to partial or total disablement. So in recent years, greater

attention is given to health and safety due to pressure from government, trade unions, labour

laws and awareness of employers.

The efficiency of workers depends to a great extends on the environment in which the

work. Work environment consists of all the factors, which act and react on the body and mind of

an employee. The primary aim is to create an environment, which ensures the greatest ease of

work and removes all causes of worries.

Occupational health and safety is a discipline with a broad scope involving many specialized

fields. In its broadest sense, it should aim at:

a) The promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental and social

well-being of workers in all occupations.

b) The prevention among workers of adverse effects on health caused by their working

conditions.

c) The protection of workers in their employment from risks resulting from factors adverse

to health.

d) The placing and maintenance of workers in an occupational environment adapted to

physical and mental needs.

e) The adaptation of work to humans.

Successful occupational health and safety practice requires the collaboration and

participation of both employers and workers in health and safety programmes, and involves the

consideration of issues relating to occupational medicine, industrial hygiene, toxicology,

education, engineering safety, ergonomics, psychology, etc.

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Occupational health issues are often given less attention than occupational safety issues

because the former are generally more difficult to confront. However, when health is addressed,

so is safety, because a healthy workplace is by definition also a safe workplace. The converse,

though, may not be true - a so-called safe workplace is not necessarily also a healthy workplace.

The important point is that issues of both health and safety must be addressed in every

workplace.

Work plays a central role in people's lives, since most workers spend at least eight hours

a day in the workplace, whether it is on a plantation, in an office, factory, etc. Therefore, work

environments should be safe and healthy. Unfortunately some employers assume little

responsibility for the protection of workers' health and safety. In fact, some employers do not

even know that they have the moral and often legal responsibility to protect workers.

Health of the workers:

Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the

absence of diseases. It’s a positive and dynamic concept which means something more than the

absence of illness.

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Statutory provisions:

According to factories Act, 1948, the statutory provisions regarding the health of the

workers are stated in the sections 11 to 20. They are

Cleanliness (sec 11):

Every factory shall be kept clean by daily sweeping or washing the floors and workrooms

and by using disinfectants where every necessary. Walls, doors and windows shall be repainted

or varnished at least once in every 5 years.

Disposal of wastes and effluents (sec 12):

The waste materials produced from the manufacturing process must be effectively

disposed of wastes.

Ventilation and temperature (sec 13):

There must be provision for adequate ventilation for the circulation of fresh air. The

temperature must be kept at a comfortable level. Hot parts of machines must be separated and

insulated. The State Government may make rules for the keeping of thermometers in specified

places and the adoption of methods which will keep the temperature low.

Removal of Dust and fumes (sec 14):

If the manufacturing process used gives off injurious or offensive dust and steps must be

taken so that they are not inhaled or accumulated. The exhaust fumes of internal combustion

engines must be conducted outside the factory.

Artificial humidification (sec 15):

The water used for this purpose must be pure. The State Government can frame rules

regarding the process of humidification etc. The water used for humidification shall be taken

from a public supply or other source of drinking water and must be effectively purified before

use.

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Overcrowding (sec 16):

There must be no overcrowding in a factory. In factories existing before the

commencement of the Act there must be at least 9.9 cubic meters of space per worker. For

factories built afterwards, there must be at least 4.2 cubic meters of space. The chief inspector of

factories can also prescribe the maximum number of workers who can work in each work room.

Lighting (sec 17):

Factories must be well lighted. Effective measures must be adopted to prevent glare or

formation of shadows which might cause eye strain.

Drinking water (sec 18):

Arrangements must be made to provide a sufficient supply of wholesome drinking water.

All supply points of such water must be marked “drinking water”.

No such points shall be within 20 ft. (or 7.5 meters) of any latrine, washing place etc.

Factories employing more than 250 workers must cool the water during the hot weather.

Toilet facilities (sec 19):

Every factory must provide sufficient number of latrines and urinals. There must be

separate provisions for male and female workers.

Latrines and urinals must be kept in a clean and sanitary condition. In factories

employing more than 250 workers, they shall be of prescribed sanitary types.

Spittoons (sec 20):

A sufficient number of spittoons must be provided at convenient places, in a clean and

hygienic condition. The State Government may take rules regarding their number, location and

maintenance.

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Safety of the workers:

Safety is a measures or techniques implemented to reduce the risk of injury, loss and

danger to persons, property or the environment in any facility or place involving the

manufacturing, producing and processing of goods or merchandise.

Statutory provisions:

According to factories Act, 1948, the statutory provisions regarding the safety of the

workers are stated in the sections 21 to 41. They are

Fencing of machinery (Sec 21):

In every factory, every dangerous part of any machinery, every moving part of a prime

mover and every flywheel connected to prime mover the head-race and tail-race of every water

wheel and water turbine, and every part of an electric generator, motor or rotary converter, every

part of transmission machinery, must be securely fenced by safeguards of substantial

construction.

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Work on or near machinery in motion (Sec 22):

It is necessary to examine any part of the machinery while it is motion. The examination

and lubrication of the machinery, while in motion, should be carried out only by a specially-

trained adult worker wearing tight-fitting clothing.

Employment of young persons on Dangerous machines (Sec 23):

A young person should not be allowed to work at dangerous machines unless, has been

sufficiently instructed and received sufficient training.

Striking gear and devices for cutting off power (Sec 24):

In every factory, suitable striking gear or other efficient mechanical appliance has to be

provided, maintained and used to move driving belts.

Self-acting machines (Sec 25):

No travelling part of a self-acting machine in any factory and no material carried thereon

shall be allowed to run on its outward or inward traverse within a distance of 18 inches from any

fixed structure which is not a part of the machine, if a person is liable to pass over the space over

which it runs.

Casing of new machinery (Sec 26):

All machinery driven by power, every set-screw, bolt or key or any revolving shaft,

spindle, wheel or pinion, spur, worm and other toothed or friction-gearing has to be properly

encased or guarded in order to prevent danger to the workmen.

Prohibition of employment of women and children near cotton openers (Sec 27):

Women and child workers are prohibited to be employed in any part of a factory for

pressing cotton in which a cotton opener is at work.

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Hoists, lifts, lifting machines (Sec 28&29):

Lifting machines, chains, ropes and lifting tackles must be of good mechanical

construction, sound material and adequate strength and free from defects. They are to be properly

maintained and thoroughly examined by a competent person at least once in every 6 months.

Revolving machinery (Sec 30):

The maximum safe working peripheral speed of every grindstone or abrasive wheel shall

be permanently affixed. Safe working peripheral speed of every revolving vessel, cage, basket,

flywheel, pulley or disc has also to be ensured.

Pressure plant (Sec 31):

In any factory operation is carried on at a pressure above the atmospheric pressure,

effective arrangements shall be taken to ensure that the safe working pressure is not exceeded.

Floors, stairs and means of access (Sec 32):

In every factory all floors, steps, stairs, passages and gangways shall be of sound

construction and properly kept and maintained.

Pits, sumps, openings in floors (Sec 33):

Every fixed vessel, sump, tank, pit or opening in the ground or in a floor, which may be a

source of danger shall be either securely covered or securely fenced.

Excessive weights (Sec 34):

No person is to be employed in any factory to lift, carry or move any load so heavy as is

likely to cause him injury.

Protection of eyes (Sec 35):

The state government may require the provision of effective screens or suitable goggles if

the risk of injury to the eyes is caused from particles or fragments thrown off in the

manufacturing process or from exposure to excessive light.

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Precautions against dangerous fumes (Sec 36):

In any factory, no person shall be allowed to enter any chamber, tank, vat, pipe, flue or

other confined space in which dangerous fumes are likely to be present to an extent involving

risks to persons.

Explosive or inflammable dust, gas (Sec 37):

All practicable measures have to be taken to prevent explosion by, effective enclosure of

plant and machinery, removal or prevention of the accumulation of dust, gas etc and exclusion or

effective enclosure of all possible sources of ignition.

Precaution in case of fire (Sec 38):

Every factory has to be provided with adequate means of escape in case of fire. Effective

and clearly audible means of giving warning in the case of fire have to be provided. A free

passage-way giving access to each means of escape in case of fire has to be maintained.

Power to require specifications of defective parts or tests of stability (Sec 39):

The factory inspector to serve on the manager of a factory to furnish specifications of

defective parts or he may order the manager to carry out tests as he may specify and to inform

him of the results.

Safety of buildings and machinery (Sec 40):

Every factory should adopt the measures to ensure the safety of the buildings and

machinery. The factory must employ the required safety officers according to the number of

workers working in the factory.

Power to make rules (Sec 41):

The state government has the power to make rules to supplement the provisions relating

to safety contained in the act.

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Occupational accidents/disease:

Work-related accidents or diseases are very costly and can have many serious direct and

indirect effects on the lives of workers and their families. For workers some of the direct

costs of an injury or illness are:

a) the pain and suffering of the injury or illness;

b) the loss of income;

c) the possible loss of a job;

d) Health-care costs.

It has been estimated that the indirect costs of an accident or illness can be four to ten times

greater than the direct costs, or even more. An occupational illness or accident can have so many

indirect costs to workers that it is often difficult to measure them. One of the most obvious

indirect costs is the human suffering caused to workers' families, which cannot be compensated

with money.

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Identifying hazards in the workplace:

Some occupational diseases have been recognized for many years, and affect workers in

different ways depending on the nature of the hazard, the route of exposure, the dose, etc. Some

well-known occupational diseases include:

a) Asbestosis (caused by asbestos, which is common in insulation, automobile brake linings,

etc.)

b) Silicosis (caused by silica, which is common in mining, sandblasting, etc.)

c) Lead poisoning (caused by lead, which is common in battery plants, paint factories, etc.)

d) Noise-induced hearing loss (caused by noise, which is common in many workplaces,

including airports, and workplaces where noisy machines, such as presses or drills, etc.)

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Use a variety of sources for information about potential or existing hazards in your workplace

Importance of management commitment on health and safety:

In order to develop a successful health and safety programme, it is essential that there be

strong management commitment and strong worker participation in the effort to create and

maintain a safe and healthy workplace. An effective management addresses all work-related

hazards, not only those covered by government standards.

All levels of management must make health and safety a priority. They must

communicate this by going out into the worksite to talk with workers about their concerns and to

observe work procedures and equipment. In each workplace, the lines of responsibility from top

to bottom need to be clear, and workers should know who is responsible for different health and

safety issues.

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A successful health and safety programme requires strong management commitment and worker participation

Importance of training:

Workers often experience work-related health problems and do not realize that the problems

are related to their work, particularly when an occupational disease, for example, is in the early

stages. Besides the other more obvious benefits of training, such as skills development, hazard

recognition, etc., a comprehensive training programme in each workplace will help workers to:

a) Recognize early signs/symptoms of any potential occupational diseases before they

become permanent conditions.

b) Assess their work environment.

c) Insist that management make changes before hazardous conditions can develop.

Health and safety programmes:

Effective workplace health and safety programmes can help to save the lives of workers by

reducing hazards and their consequences. Health and safety programmes also have positive

effects on both worker morale and productivity, which are important benefits. At the same time,

effective programmes can save employers a great deal of money. For all of the reasons given

below, it is crucial that employers, workers and unions are committed to health and safety.

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Effective training is a key component of any health and safety programme

a) Workplace hazards are controlled - at the source whenever possible.

b) Records of any exposure are maintained for many years.

c) Both workers and employers are informed about health and safety risks in the workplace.

d) There is an active and effective health and safety committee that includes both workers

and management.

e) Worker health and safety efforts are ongoing.

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1.2 COMPANY PROFILE

Wheels India Limited, Padi.

About company:

Wheels India is promoted by the TVS Group and was started in the early 60's to

manufacture automobile wheels. Today, Wheels India has grown as a leading manufacturer of

steel wheels for passenger cars, utility vehicles, trucks, buses, agricultural tractors and

construction equipment in India. The company supplies 2/3rd of the domestic market requirement

and exports 18% of the turnover to North America, Europe, Asia Pacific and South Africa.

The company also has a technical-financial collaboration with Titan Europe.

Wheels India designs and manufactures wheels for the specific requirements of the customer.

Our activities are driven by the following objectives:

Maintain leadership in the domestic market and presence in export markets.

Ensure customer satisfaction through timely delivery of quality products and services, at

competitive prices.

Continuously improve & innovative product design, process technology and work

environment to offer better products.

Bring about involvement of all workers in achieving the above objectives.

1.2.1 Table showing the Plant locations

PlantsAnnual

CapacityManpower

Padi, Pune, Rampur, Bawal,Sriperumbudur and Pantnagar

10 million wheels

1, 760

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http://www.wheelsindia.com/rampur.html

http://www.wheelsindia.com/pune.html

http://www.wheelsindia.com/padi.html

Location:The company has strategically located plants that give it a logistical advantage and allows

flexibility in manufacturing.

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Organization chart

Capabilities:

Product Development

a) Design and develop wheels for a wide range of applications, backed by four decades of enriching experience from field,internal trials, and ESA (Experimental Stress Analysis) & FEM (Finite Element Method).

b) Caters to OEM, after-market and niche segments.

c) Continuously enhancing the value of the product, based onfeedback from customers and outcome of our in-house facilitieslisted below:

d) Wheels testing lab to evaluate endurance capabilities, by conducting radial fatigue test, bending fatigue test, multiaxis fatigue test and connecting member test.

e) CAE (Computer Aided Engineering) lab to do surface & solid modelling, finite element analysis, life prediction, data acquisition & experimental stress analysis.

f) Fully equipped chemical, metallurgical and physical lab.

Process Design

a) Is in final phase of development of a new process to manufacture tube type truck rim from plates.

b) Has developed process technology to optimize tubeless truck rim design with lesser material input.

c) Process technology development, upgradation and optimization to achieve products with tighter specifications to meet growing demands of the newer generation vehicles.

d) Continuous research on process improvements to minimize cost of production.

Tool Design & Manufacture

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a) Has a qualified and experienced team specialising in tool design for forming / rolling steel.

b) Fully equipped in-house tool room facility with state-of-the-art machinery and design tools.

c) Computer aided tool modelling & manufacturing software facilities, for manufacturing complicated tool profiles.

1.2.2 Table showing the Products

Wheels India has the ability to design the complete range of steel-wheels to suit customer requirements, incorporating necessary styling and performance characteristics.

Product Type

Wheels for Heavy Vehicles(Trucks, Buses, Light Commercial Vehicles, Trailers, Tippers etc.)

Wheels for Light Vehicles(Passenger Cars, Mini Vans, SUV's & MUV's)

Wheels for Agricultural Applications (Tractors, Combines, Farm Equipments etc.)

Wheels for Off-Road Construction Equipments

Wire Wheels(For Contemporary & Classic Cars, MUV's & SUV's)

Air Suspension

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http://www.wheelsindia.com/wirefeature.html

http://www.wheelsindia.com/offapplication.html

http://www.wheelsindia.com/agrifeature.html

http://www.wheelsindia.com/lightfeature.html

http://www.wheelsindia.com/heavyfeature.html

http://www.wheelsindia.com/heavyfeature.html

http://www.wheelsindia.com/lightfeature.html

http://www.wheelsindia.com/agrifeature.html

http://www.wheelsindia.com/offapplication.html

http://www.wheelsindia.com/wirefeature.html

Wheels India has developed "Air Suspension Systems" which are being marketed under the brand name TVS-WILRIDE.

a) TVS-WILRIDE is the pioneer in Air Suspension Systems in India.

b) TVS-WILRIDE has been specially designed for Indian road conditions.

c) There are approximately 1000 buses on the roads, using TVS-WILRIDE Air Suspension Systems.

d) Our initial technical know-how was aquired from DUNLOP, UK (now acquired by Trelleborg).

e) TVS-WILRIDE Air Suspension Systems are currently being manufactured by Wheels India Limited, in a technical agreement with TRELLEBORG.

TVS-WILRIDE Air Suspension Systems

A superior suspension concept...

a) Reduces vibration.

b) Improves ride comfort in any seat located in the vehicle.

c) Extends a longer life to the body and chassis components.

d) Reduces fatigue to the driver.

e) Lowers natural frequency to provide a higher ride comfort.

1.2.3 Table showing the financials of the company

Unaudited Financial Results (Provisional) for the quarter ended 30th September, 2009(Rs. In lakhs)

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ParticularsQuarter Ended Half Year Ended

Year Ended(Audited)

30.09.2009 30.09.2008 30.09.2009 30.09.2008 31.03.2009

Net Sales/ Income from Operations 27507 34920 50074 71665 112802

Other Operating Income 200 390 347 798 1391

Expenditure

a) (Increase)/Decrease in stock in trade and work in progress

(1059) 227 (1458) (150) 1226

b) Consumption of raw materials 19703 24257 35659 50881 80689

c) Workers cost 2670 2748 4941 5393 8969

d) Depreciation 894 998 1741 1901 3378

e) Other Expenditure 3910 4883 7363 10230 14720

f) Total 26118 33113 48246 68255 108982

Profit from Operations before Other income , Interest and Exceptional Items

1589 2197 2175 4208 5211

Other Income - - - - -

Profit before Interest and Exceptional Items

1589 2197 2175 4208 5211

Interest 938 1156 1900 1994 4677

Profit/(Loss) after Interest but before Exceptional Items

651 1041 275 2214 534

Exceptional Items - - - - -

Profit/(Loss) from Ordinary Activities before tax

651 1041 275 2214 534

Tax Expense*(Net of Minimum Alternate Tax Credit entitlement of Rs 47 lakhs)

164* 273 36* 798 312

Net Profit/(Loss) from Ordinary Activities after tax

487 768 239 1416 222

Extraordinary Items (Previous year-Net of tax expense Rs.515 lacs)

- - - 1894

Net Profit/ (Loss) for the period 487 768 239 1416 2116

Paid - up Equity share capital(Face Value Rs. 10/-)

987 987 987 987 987

Reserves (Revaluation Reserves - NIL)

18272

Basic and Diluted Earnings per Share before Extraordinary Items(Rs.)

4.93* 7.78* 2.42* 14.35* 2.25

Basic and Diluted Earnings per Share 4.93* 7.78* 2.42* 14.35* 21.43

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after Extraordinary Items(Rs.)*(not annualised)

Public shareholding

-No of Shares 1411196 1411196 1411196 1411196 1411196

-Percentage of shareholding

14.30 14.30 14.30 14.30 14.30

Promoters and Promoter Group Shareholding

a)Pledged/ Encumbered

Number of Shares NIL - - - NIL

Percentage of Shares promoter group NA - - - NA

Percentage of Shares to total share capital

NA - - - NA

b)Non Encumbered

Number of Shares 8458248 - - - 8458248

Percentage of Shares promoter group 100.00 - - - 100.00

Percentage of Shares to total share capital

85.70 - - - 85.70

1.The above results were reviewed by the Audit Committee and approved by the Board of Directors in their meeting held on 29.10.20092. In pursuance of the option exercised by the company under the Notification of the Ministry of Corporate Affairs dated 31st March, 2009 relating to the adjustment of exchange differences on long term foreign currency monetary items, the profit for the quarter under review is higher by Rs. 337.31 lakhs and for the half year ended sep, 09 the profit is lower by Rs 248.44 lakhs. Hence the figures for the quarter and half year are not comparable with the corresponding quarter and half year of the previous year3. The Company operates in only one segment viz. Automotive Components.4. Previous year's figures have been regrouped wherever necessary to conformto this year's classification.5. Statutory auditors of the Company have carried out a limited review of the above financial results.6.Investors'Complaints:Pending as at the beginning and end of the quarter - NIL Received and disposed off during the quarter - NIL

Chennai SRIVATS RAM30th October,2009 Managing Director

Export Customers Domestic Customer

CATERPILLAR - Various Plants Caterpillar India Private Limited

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KOMATSU - Various Plants Komatsu India Private India Limited

VOLVO JCB India Limited

JCB Barath Earth Movers Limited

TCM Telecon

Shin Caterpillar Mitsubishi Ltd. Hindustan Motors

Kawasaki Heavy Industries Ingersoll Rand

Hyundai Heavy Industries L&T

Mitsubishi Heavy Industries ESCORTS

DOOSAN INFRACORE TIL

Case New Holland PL Haulwel Trailers

BELL Equipment INDITAL

1.2.4 Table showing the Customer list for Wheels

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

A. Primary objective:

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To ascertain the health and safety measures adopted in Wheels India ltd.

B. Secondary objective:

1) To study the awareness of the workers about health and safety in the work place.

2) To find the occurrence of accidents happened at the work place.

3) To identify the role of management in implementing health and safety.

4) To find out the satisfaction level of the respondents towards health and safety

measures.

5) To give suggestions to improve the health and safety in the organization.

1.4 NEED FOR THE STUDY

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Health and Safety measures are inevitable to any organization where workers are

involved. It’s an organization’s responsibility to provide to its workers beyond the payment of

wages for their services. The worker’s health and safety on and off the job within the

organization is a vital concern of the employer. The working environment in a factory adversely

affects the worker’s health and safety because of the excessive heat or cold, noise, odors, fumes,

dust and lack of sanitation and pure air etc., which leads to accident or injury or disablement or

loss of life to the workers. Providing a health and safer environment is a pre-requisite for any

productive effort. These must be held in check by providing regular health check-up, protective

devices and compensatory benefits to the workers. This research deals with the study on the

health and safety measures provided to the workers at Wheels India ltd, Padi, chennai.

1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

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This study would give an overview of the health and safety measures existing at Wheels

India ltd, Padi, chennai. Since health and safety are two important elements essential for

improving the productivity of an organization, a study on the existing health and safety measures

would help the organization to perform better. This study would throw light on the perception of

the workers regarding health and safety. Wheels India ltd can identify the areas where it can be

improved, so as to improve the performance of the workers. This study would also help to

analyze the satisfaction level of the workers towards health and safety measures and suggest

provisions to improve health and safety.

1.6 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

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1) The study is applicable only to Wheels India ltd, Padi, chennai. Therefore the results

cannot be generalized for the whole industry.

2) Due to time constraints the sample size had to be confined to 135.

3) The respondents have replied to the queries recalling from their memory. Therefore recall

bias and personal bias are possible.

4) Since the data was collected using a schedule, the interviewer unable to understand and

record the responses correctly.

5) The respondents were unable or unwilling to give response.

1.7 CHAPTER SCHEME

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Chapter 1 deals with introduction which gives brief description of the study. It also deals with

company profile, objectives, need, scope, importance and limitations of the study.

Chapter 2 deals with review of literature. Literature review is a discussion of the literature in a

given study, argued, and established about area of study. It is a concise overview of the topic,

and it is usually chronologically or thematically. A literature review is written in essay format.

Chapter 3 deals with research methodology. It also deals with the Research design, sampling

design, nature of data, Method of data collection, and the tools applied in the study.

Chapter 4 deals with the Analysis and interpretation of the study.

Chapter 5 deals with the findings, suggestions, and conclusion of the study. Findings from each

analysis have been listed separately. Suitable suggestions were given by the researcher.

Conclusion gives the result of the study for which the study was conducted.

1) Johannson B; Rask K; Stenberg M (2010)1, this study was to carry out a broad survey and

analysis of relevant research articles about piece rate wages and their effects on health and

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safety. A total of 75 research articles were examined extensively and 31 of these were found

relevant and had sufficient quality to serve the purpose of this study. The findings of these

relevant articles are summarized and analysed in the survey. More recent research shows a

clear interest for health, musculoskeletal injuries, physical workload, pains and occupational

injuries. The fact that 27 of the 31 studied articles found negative effects of piece rates on

different aspects of health and safety does not prove causality, but together they give very

strong support that in most situations piece rates have negative effects on health and safety.

2) Tompa, Emile PhD; Dolinschi, Roman MA; de Oliveira (2009)2, we reviewed the

occupational health and safety intervention literature to synthesize evidence on financial

merits of such interventions. A literature search included journal databases, existing

systematic reviews, and studies identified by content experts. We found strong evidence that

ergonomic and other musculoskeletal injury prevention intervention in manufacturing and

warehousing are worth undertaking in terms of their financial merits. The economic

evaluation of interventions in this literature warrants further expansion. The review also

provided insights into how the methodological quality of economic evaluations in this

literature could be improved.

3) Conor CO Reynolds; M Anne Harris; Peter A Cripton; Meghan Winters (2009)3,

Bicycling has the potential to improve fitness. Understanding ways of making bicycling safer

is important to improving population health. We reviewed studies of the impact of

transportation infrastructure on bicyclist safety. To assess safety, studies examining the

following outcomes were included: injuries; injury severity; and crashes. Results to date

suggest that sidewalks and multi-use trails pose the highest risk, major roads are more

hazardous than minor roads, and the presence of bicycle facilities (e.g. on-road bike routes,

on-road marked bike lanes, and off-road bike paths) was associated with the lowest risk.

Street lighting, paved surfaces, and low-angled grades are additional factors that appear to

improve cyclist safety.

4) Lucia Artazcoz; Imma Cortes; Vincenta Escriba-aguir; Lorena Cascant (2009)4, the

objectives of this study was to identify family and job characteristics associated with long

work hours. The sample was composed of all salaried workers aged 16–64 years (3950 men

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and 3153 women) interviewed in the 2006 Catalonian Health Survey. Factors associated with

long working hours differed by gender. In men, working 51–60 h a week was consistently

associated with poor mental health status, self-reported hypertension, job dissatisfaction,

smoking, shortage of sleep. Among women it was only related to smoking and to shortage of

sleep. The association of overtime with different health indicators among men and women

could be explained by their role as the family breadwinner.

5) Dee W. Edington; Alyssa B. Schultz (2008)5, The aim was to present the literature which

provides evidence of the association between health risks and the workplace economic

measures of time away from work, reduced productivity at work, health care costs and

pharmaceutical costs. A search of PubMed was conducted and high quality studies were

selected and combined with studies known to the authors. A strong body of evidence exists

which shows that health risks of workers are associated with health care costs and

pharmaceutical costs. A growing body of literature also confirms that health risks are

associated with the productivity measures. The paper shows that measures of success will

continue to be important as the field of worksite health management moves forward.

6) David E. Cantor (2008)6, The purpose of this paper was to review the literature and call for

additional research into the human, operational, and regulatory issues that contribute to

workplace safety in the supply chain. This paper identifies several potential research

opportunities that can increase awareness of the importance of improving a firm's workplace

safety practices. This paper identifies 108 articles which informs, how the logistics and

transportation safety has evolved. The paper identifies 14 future research opportunities within

the workplace safety in the supply chain, that have been identified can have a positive effect

on practitioners confronted with safety issues.

7) Lucia Artazcoz; Imma Cortes; Vincenta Escriba-aguir; Lorena Cascant (2007)7, To

provide a framework for epidemiological research on work and health that combines classic

occupational epidemiology and the consideration of work in a structural perspective focused

on gender inequalities in health. Gaps and limitations in classic occupational epidemiology,

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when considered from a gender perspective, are described. Classic occupational

epidemiology has paid less attention to women’s problems than men’s. Research into work

related gender inequalities in health has rarely considered either social class or the impact of

family demands on men’s health. The analysis of work and health from a gender perspective

should take into account the complex interactions between gender, family roles, employment

status and social class.

8) Shouji Nagashima; Yasushi Suwazono; Yasushi Okubo; Mirei Uetani (2007)8, The aim

was to clarify the influence of working hours on both mental and physical symptoms of

fatigue and use the data obtained to determine permissible working hours. The survey of day-

shift male workers, using the Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) and Cumulative Fatigue

Symptoms Index (CFSI). A total of 715 workers participated. In the group working 260–279

h/month, the odds ratios for SDS and ‘irritability’ and ‘chronic tiredness’ of the CFSI were

increased. In the group working 280 h/month, the odds ratios on CFSI for ‘general fatigue’,

‘physical disorders’, ‘anxiety’ and ‘chronic tiredness’ were likewise increased. The research

clarified that working hours should be <260 h/month in order to minimize fatigue symptoms

in male day workers.

9) L Ala-Mursula; J Vahtera; A Kouvonen; A Vaananen; A Linna (2006)9, The associations

of working hours (paid, domestic, commuting, and total) with sickness, absence, and to

examine whether these associations vary according to the level of employee control over

daily working hours. The study among 25,703 full-time public sector workers in 10 towns in

Finland. Long domestic and total working hours were associated with higher rates of

medically certified sickness absences among both genders. Low control over daily working

hours predicted medically certified sickness absences for both the women and men. In

combinations, high control over working hours reduced the adverse associations of long

domestic and total working hours with medically certified absences. Employee control over

daily working hours may protect health and help workers successfully combine a full-time

job with the demands of domestic work.

30

10) A Baker; K Heiler; S A Ferguson (2002)10, The occupational health and safety implications

associated with compressed and extended work periods have not been fully explored in the

mining sector. Absenteeism and incident frequency rate data were collected over a 33 month

period that covered three different roster schedules. The only significant change in

absenteeism rates was an increase in the maintenance sector in the third data collection

period. The current study did not find significant negative effects of a 12-hour pattern, when

compared to an 8-hour system. However, when unregulated and excessive overtime was

introduced as part of the 12-hour/5-day roster, absenteeism rates were increased in the

maintenance sector.

11) N Nakanishia; H Yoshidaa; K Naganoa; H Kawashimob; K Nakamurac (2001)11, to

evaluate the association of long working hours with the risk of hyper-tension. The work site

is in Osaka, Japan. 941 hypertension free Japanese male white collar workers aged 35–54

years were prospectively examined by serial annual health examinations. 424 men developed

hypertension above the borderline level. After controlling for potential predictors of

hypertension, the relative risk for hypertension above the borderline level, compared with

those who worked < 8.0 hours per day was 0.48, for those who worked 10.0–10.9 hours per

day was 0.63. These results indicate that long working hours are negatively associated with

the risk for hypertension in Japanese male white collar workers.

12) N. Haworth; C. Tingvall & N. Kowadlo (2000)12, In response to an increasing awareness of

the role of work-related driving in crashes and the related costs, many private and

government organisations have developed programs to improve fleet safety. The purpose of

this project is to investigate the potential to introduce road safety based initiatives in the

corporate environment. From the review, that the fleet safety initiatives which have potential

to be effective are, Selecting safer vehicles, Some particular driver training and education

programs, Incentives, Company safety programs. It is assumed that the degree of influence is

likely to decrease as the type of vehicle moves from the fleet towards the private end of the

continuum.

31

13) Graves carol gevecker; Matanoski genevieve m; Tardiff robert g (2000)13, Carbonless

copy paper (CCP), introduced in 1954. Its safety to workers who handle large amounts of

CCP has been addressed in numerous studies and reports. This review encompasses the

world's literature on CCP and provides a weight-of-evidence analysis of the safety of CCP to

workers in the United States. Since 1987, has produced neither primary skin irritation nor

skin sensitization under normal conditions of manufacture and use. Finally, very few

published complaints have come from the manufacturing sector where the closest and most

voluminous contact occurs. Based on the weight of the evidence, NIOSH is anticipated to

conclude that CCP is not a hazard to workers and has only a small possibility of producing

mild and transient skin irritation.

14) Karen J.M. Niven (2000)14, A literature review was described which aimed to evaluate

economic evaluations of health and safety interventions in healthcare. Problems were

identified with valuing benefits in health and safety because they frequently take many years

to emerge and are difficult to measure. Understanding of economic techniques within the

health and safety professions was limited, resulting in wide-ranging assumptions being made

as to the positive economic impact of health and safety interventions. Healthcare managers,

health economists, and health and safety professionals have not traditionally worked together

and have inherent misunderstandings of each other roles. The review concludes that the aim

of future research should be to assist the National Health Service (NHS) to make valid

decisions about health and safety investment and risk control methods.

15) A Spurgeon; J M Harrington; C L Cooper (1997)15, The European Community Directive

on Working Time, which should have been implemented in member states of the European

Community by November 1996. This paper reviews the current evidence relating to the

potential effects on health and performance of extensions to the normal working day.

Research to date has been restricted to a limited range of health outcomes--namely, mental

health and cardiovascular disorders. Other potential effects which are normally associated

with stress--for example, gastrointestinal disorders, musculoskeletal disorders, and problems

associated with depression of the immune system, have received little attention. It is

32

concluded that there is currently sufficient evidence to raise concerns about the risks to health

and safety of long working hours.

16) Simon Chapple and Tracy Mears (1996)16, Most OECD countries rely on a mixture of

market forces, tort liability, compulsory insurance and government regulation to deal with

workplace safety and health issues. There are also other non-efficiency reasons for

government involvement in workplace safety and health. However, while markets may not be

efficient, government intervention can fail to make any improvement and/or not satisfy cost-

benefit criteria. While the empirical evidence is not clear cut, the balance of the evidence

suggests that wages may include some consideration for health and safety risks. Evidence

also suggests that workers’ compensation systems increase the frequency and duration of

claims for non-fatal injuries, but may decrease the number of fatal injuries.

17) Peter Hasle and Hans Jorgen Limborg (1995)17, The scientific literature regarding

preventive occupational Health and Safety Activities in Small Enterprises has been reviewed

in order to identify effective preventive approaches and to develop a future research strategy.

There is a lack of evaluation of intervention studies, both in terms of effect and practical

applicability. However, there is sufficiently strong evidence to conclude that workers of small

enterprises are subject to higher risks than the larger ones, and that small enterprises have

difficulties in controlling risk. The most effective preventive approaches seem to be simple

and low cost solutions, disseminated through personal contact. It is important to develop

future intervention research strategies, which study the complete intervention system of the

small enterprises.

18) International Council on Nanotechnology, Rice University18, The report, "Current

Knowledge and Practices regarding Environmental Health and Safety in the Nanotechnology

Workplace", offers a review and analysis of existing efforts to develop "best practices." This

report finds that efforts to catalogue workplace practices have not systematically documented

current environment, health and safety practices in a variety of workplace settings and

geographies. Moreover, it finds that some existing documents are not publicly available.

33

19) Maynard, Andrew D19, Article from newsletter by Andrew Maynard summarizing the

current level of development and government investment in nanotechnology research and

development, how nanotechnology presents a potential challenge to conventional approaches

to understanding health hazards in the workplace, and how the United States National

Institute of Occupational Safety and Health is working to address current and potential

adverse health impacts in the workplace from nanotechnology.

20) Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment, and Health20, This article seeks to address

a number of important questions concerning the potential health and workplace safety risks

raised by the manufacturing, handling, and distributing of engineered nanoparticles. The

article addresses the following questions; (1) the hazards classification of engineered

nanoparticles, (2) exposure metrics, (3) the actual exposures workers may have to different

engineered nanoparticles in the workplace, (4) the limits of engineering controls and personal

protective equipment in protecting workers in regard to engineered nanoparticles, (5) the

kind of surveillance programs that should be put in place to protect workers, (6) whether

exposure registers should be established, and (7) if engineered nanoparticles should be

treated as new substances and evaluated for safety and hazards.

3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN:

A Research design is an arrangement of condition for collection and analysis of data in a

manner that aims to combine relevance to the research purchase with economy in procedure. 34

Fundamental to the success of any research project is the sound research design. The research

design took for the study was Descriptive Research Design.

3.2 SAMPLING DESIGN:

3.2.1 Population:

Workers of Wheels India Ltd, Padi, Chennai. i.e., 1760.

3.2.2 Sampling Method:

Stratified Sampling

3.2.3 Sample Frame:

From the pilot study, it was observed that a maximum of 7 respondents could be covered

per day on average.

No. of days available for survey : 20 days

No. of respondents per day : 7

No. of respondents for entire period : 20*7=140 respondents

3.2.4 Sample Size:

Zone : Chennai

Expected samples : 140

Actual samples collected : 135

Limitations:

(i) Due to time and cost constraints, the study was restricted to chennai only.

(ii) The duration available for survey per day was 3 hours only. i.e., 2:00pm to 5:00pm.

(iii) Due to refusals and rejections only 135 interview schedule questionnaires could be

Collected.

3.2.5 Pilot Survey:

It is a preliminary survey undertaken to test whether a survey questionnaire has been

properly designed. The pilot survey was conducted for 7 samples per day.35

3.2.6 Sources of Data:

3.2.6.1 Primary Data Collection:

These are fresh data which are collected for the first time. The data collection used for

this study is Interview schedule questionnaire.

3.2.6.2 Secondary Data Collection:

Secondary data consist of information that already exists somewhere and have been

collected for specific purpose in the study. The secondary data for this study are newspapers,

journals, magazines, internet etc.

3.2.7 Geographical Area:

The study area taken for this study was Wheels India Ltd, Padi, Chennai.

3.2.8 Time Dimensions:

1st Jan to 10th Jan : Internal study of the company.

11th Jan to 31st Jan : Review of literature and Theoretical perspective.

1th Feb to 28th Feb : Establishment of Questionnaire and pilot study.

1st Mar to 31th Mar : Data analysis, data interpretation, application of

Statistical tools.

1st Apr to 10th Apr : Findings, suggestions and conclusion.

11th Apr to 20th Apr : Report preparation.

3.2.9 Data Collection Instruments:

36

This study is conducted by collecting primary data using 135 interview schedule

questionnaires, each consist of 26 questions. All the questions are closed ended questions and

almost all questions were directive.

3.2.9.1 Closed Ended Question:

Dichotomous : 06

Multiple choices : 08

Likert Scale : 08

Ranking Scale : 01

SUB TOTAL : 23

Respondent Profile : 03

TOTAL : 26

3.2.10 Statistical Tools Used:

Chi-square analysis

Correlation

Spearman’s rank correlation

Anova

4.1 PERCENTAGE ANALYSIS:

37

4.1.1 Table showing the age of the respondents

S NO RANGE NO. OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE %

A Below 25 - -

B 26 - 30 36 27

C 31 – 35 72 53

D 36 – 40 27 20

E Above 40 - -

Total 135 100

4.1.1 Figure showing the age of the respondents

INFERENCE:In the survey, more than one-fifth of the respondents are comes under the age limit of

26 – 30 years and nearly three-fifth of the respondents are having the age limit of 31 – 35 years

and the remaining one-fifth respondents falls between the age limit of 36 – 40 years. There are

no respondents having the age limit, Below 25 and Above 40 in the survey.

4.1.2 Table showing the experience (in years) of the respondents

38


A Below 5 - -

B 6 - 10 58 43

C 11 – 15 63 47

D 16 – 20 14 10

E Above 20 - -

Total 135 100

4.1.2 Figure showing the experience (in years) of the respondents

INFERENCE:In the survey, more than two-fifth of the respondents are having the experience of 6 – 10

years and nearly three-fifth of the respondents are having the experience of 11 – 15 years and the

remaining some respondents are having experience of 16 – 20 years. There are no respondents

having the experience, Below 5 and Above 20 in the survey.

4.1.3 Table showing the awareness of health and safety39


A YES 63 47

B NO 72 53

Total 135 100

4.1.3 Figure showing the awareness of health and safety

INFERENCE:

In the survey, only less than half of the respondents are aware of the health and safety

measures but more than half of the respondents respond that they are not aware of the health and

safety measures adopted in the company.

4.1.4 Table showing the effective arrangements for communicating health and safety matters

40


A YES 49 36

B NO 86 64

Total 135 100

4.1.4 Figure showing the effective arrangements for communicating health and safety matters

INFERENCE:

In the survey, only one-third of the respondents say that they have effective arrangements

for communicating health and safety matters but nearly two-third of the respondents says that

they have no effective arrangements for communicating health and safety matters in the

company.

4.1.5 Table showing the medical facility

41


A YES 72 53

B NO 63 47

Total 135 100

4.1.5 Figure showing the medical facility

INFERENCE:

In the survey, more than half of the respondents say that the company is providing

medical facilities to the workers but less than half of the respondents respond the company is not

providing any medical facilities to the workers.

4.1.6 Table showing the health and safety training

42


A YES 72 53

B NO 63 47

Total 135 100

4.1.6 Figure showing the health and safety training

INFERENCE:

In the survey, more than half of the respondents respond that they attended the health and

safety training programme conducted in the company but less than half of the respondents says

that they are not attended any health and safety training programme conducted in the company.

4.1.7 Table showing the frequency of training offered


43

A Once in 5 year 32 24

B Once in 3 year 76 56

C Yearly once 27 20

D Monthly - -

E Rarely - -

Total 135 100

4.1.7 Figure showing the frequency of training offered

INFERENCE:In the survey, more than one-fifth of the respondents say that the training is offered once

in 5 years and nearly three-fifth of the respondents respond that the training is offered once in 3

years and the remaining one-fifth respondents says that the training is offered yearly once. No

respondents say that the training is offered monthly or rarely.

4.1.8 Table showing the drinking water facility


44

A Always 14 10

B Sometimes 67 50

C Often 45 33

D Rarely 9 7

E Not at all - -

Total 135 100

4.1.8 Figure showing the drinking water facility

INFERENCE:

In the survey, less than one-fifth of the respondents say that always they have proper

drinking water and half of the respondents respond that sometimes they have proper drinking

water and more than one-fifth respondents says often they have proper drinking water and some

of the respondents says rarely they have proper drinking water facility inside the work place.

4.1.9 Table showing the stress towards work


45

A Always 9 7

B Sometimes 45 33

C Often 72 53

D Rarely 9 7

E Not at all - -

Total 135 100

4.1.9 Figure showing the stress toward work

INFERENCE:

In the survey, only very few respondents say that always they have stress and nearly

two-fifth of the respondents respond that sometimes they have stress and nearly three-fifth of the

respondents says often they have stress and very few respondents says rarely they have stress

towards work.

4.1.10 Table showing the awareness about first aid activities and contents of the first aid kit


46

A Strongly agree 113 84

B Agree 22 16

C Neutral - -

D Disagree - -

E Strongly disagree - -

Total 135 100

4.1.10 Figure showing the awareness about first aid activities and contents of the first aid kit

INFERENCE:

In the survey, more than four-fifth of the respondents strongly agrees that they are aware

about the first aid activities and contents of the first aid kit but less than one-fifth respondents

simply agrees that they are aware about the first aid activities and contents of the first aid kit. No

respondents say that they are not aware about the first aid activities and contents of the first aid

kit.

4.1.11 Table showing the effective disciplinary procedures implementation

S NO RANGE NO. OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE %47


B Agree 59 44

C Neutral - -

D Disagree - -


Total 135 100

4.1.11 Figure showing the effective disciplinary procedures implementation

INFERENCE:

In the survey, nearly three-fifth of the respondents strongly agrees that the company

implements effective disciplinary procedures but more than two-fifth respondents simply agrees

that the company implements effective disciplinary procedures to maintain health and safety in

the organization. No respondents say that the company is not implementing effective disciplinary

procedures.

4.1.12 Table showing the working temperature is reasonable to work

48



B Agree 103 76

C Neutral - -

D Disagree - -


Total 135 100

4.1.12 Figure showing the working temperature is reasonable to work

INFERENCE:

In the survey, more than one-fifth of the respondents strongly agree that the working

temperature is reasonable to work but nearly four-fifth respondents simply agree that the

working temperature is reasonable to work. No respondents say that the working temperature is

not reasonable to work.

4.1.13 Table showing the enough space to work

49



B Agree 81 60

C Neutral 32 24

D Disagree - -


Total 135 100

4.1.13 Figure showing the enough space to work

INFERENCE:

In the survey, less than one-fifth of the respondents strongly agree that they have enough

space to work but three-fifth respondents simply agree that they have enough space to work and

more than one-fifth of the respondents say that they have no idea about the overcrowding. No

respondents say that they are not having enough space to work.

4.1.14 Table showing the latrines and urinals are cleaned and maintained properly

50



B Agree 77 57

C Neutral 36 27

D Disagree - -


Total 135 100

4.1.14 Figure showing the latrines and urinals are cleaned and maintained properly

INFERENCE:

In the survey, less than one-fifth of the respondents strongly agree that the latrines and

urinals are cleaned and maintained properly but nearly three-fifth respondents simply agree that

the latrines and urinals are cleaned and maintained properly and more than one-fifth of the

respondents say that they have no idea about the maintenance of latrines and urinals. No

respondents say that the latrines and urinals are not cleaned and maintained properly.

4.1.15 Table showing the environment is safe to work

51



B Agree 45 33

C Neutral 36 27

D Disagree - -


Total 135 100

4.1.15 Figure showing the environment is safe to work

INFERENCE:

In the survey, two-fifth of the respondents strongly agree that their environment is safe to

work but less than two-fifth respondents simply agree that their environment is safe to work and

more than one-fifth of the respondents say that they have no idea about their environment is safe

to work. No respondents say that their environment is not safe to work.

4.1.16 Table showing the enough training given to workers before handling the machines

52



B Agree 50 37

C Neutral 22 16

D Disagree - -


Total 135 100

4.1.16 Figure showing the enough training given to workers before handling the machines

INFERENCE:

In the survey, more than two-fifth of the respondents strongly agree that enough training

is given to the workers but less than two-fifth respondents simply agree that enough training is

given to the workers and less than one-fifth of the respondents say that they have no idea about

enough the training given to the workers. No respondents say that enough training is not given to

the workers before handling machines.

4.1.17 Table showing the health checkup for workers

53


A Yearly - -

B Half yearly 32 24

C Quarterly 94 69

D Monthly 9 7

E Rarely - -

Total 135 100

4.1.17 Figure showing the health checkup for workers

INFERENCE:

In the survey, more than one-fifth of the respondents say that the company provides

health check-up half yearly and more than three-fifth of the respondents respond that the

company provides health check-up quarterly and less than one-fifth respondents says that the

company provides health check-up monthly. No respondents say that the health check-up was

provided yearly or rarely.

4.1.18 Table showing the machines maintained properly54


A Always 4 3

B Sometimes 54 40

C Often 63 47

D Rarely 14 10

E Not at all - -

Total 135 100

4.1.18 Figure showing the machines maintained properly

INFERENCE:

In the survey, only very few respondents say that always they are maintaining the

machines properly and two-fifth of the respondents respond that sometimes they are maintaining

the machines properly and more than two-fifth respondents says often they are maintaining the

machines properly and less than one-fifth of the respondents says rarely they are maintaining the

machines properly.

4.1.19 Table showing the accidents happened55


A Always 4 3

B Sometimes 23 17

C Often 81 60

D Rarely 27 20

E Not at all - -

Total 135 100

4.1.19 Figure showing the accidents happened

INFERENCE:

In the survey, only very few respondents say that always the accidents are happened and

less than one-fifth of the respondents respond that sometimes the accidents are happened and

three-fifth respondents says often the accidents are happened and one-fifth of the respondents

says rarely the accidents are happened.

4.1.20 Table showing the ranking accidents by their occurrence

56


A Fallen from height 4 3

B Finger injuries 50 37

C Electric shocks 63 47

D Fire accidents 18 13

Total 135 100

4.1.20 Figure showing the ranking accidents by their occurrence

INFERENCE:

In the survey, only very few respondents ranked fallen from height are occurred and less

than two-fifth of the respondents ranked finger injuries are occurred but more than two-fifth of

the respondents ranked electric shocks are happened and less than one-fifth of the respondents

ranked fire accidents are happened.

4.1.21 Table showing the company providing safety requirements

57


A YES 99 73

B NO 36 27

Total 135 100

4.1.21 Figure showing the company providing safety requirements

INFERENCE:

In the survey, nearly four-fifth of the respondents say that the company is providing

safety requirements for work and more than one-fifth of the respondents only respond that the

company is not providing any safety requirements for work.

4.1.22 Table showing the safety committee formed58


A YES 41 31

B NO 94 69

Total 135 100

4.1.22 Figure showing the safety committee formed

INFERENCE:

In the survey, nearly two-fifth of the respondents respond that the safety committee is

formed in the company but more than three-fifth of the respondents say that the safety committee

is not formed in the company.

4.1.23 Table showing the safety inspections held in the company

59


A Yearly 27 20

B Monthly 90 67

C Weekly 18 13

D Daily - -

E Rarely - -

Total 135 100

4.1.23 Figure showing the safety inspections held in the company

INFERENCE:

In the survey, one-fifth of the respondents say that the safety inspections are held yearly

once and more than three-fifth of the respondents respond that the safety inspections are held

monthly once and less than one-fifth respondents says that the safety inspections are held weekly

once. No respondents say that the safety inspections are held daily or rarely in the company.

4.1.24 Table showing the satisfactory level of workers towards health and safety measures

60


A Very much satisfied - -

B Satisfied 117 87

C Neutral 18 13

D Dissatisfied - -

E Highly dissatisfied - -

Total 135 100

4.1.24 Figure showing the satisfactory level of workers towards health and safety measures

INFERENCE:

In the survey, more than four-fifth of the respondents say that they are simply satisfied

with the health and safety measures adopted in the company and less than one-fifth of the

respondents say that they have no idea about the satisfaction level from health and safety

measures. No respondents are very much satisfied and dissatisfied with the health and safety

measures adopted in the company.

4.1.25 Table showing the role of management in implementing health and safety

61


A Excellent - -

B Best 54 40

C Better 67 50

D Good 14 10

E Poor - -

Total 135 100

4.1.25 Figure showing the role of management in implementing health and safety

INFERENCE:

In the survey, two-fifth of the respondents say that the role of management in

implementing health and safety is best and more than two-fifth of the respondents say that the

role of management is better and less than one-fifth of the respondents respond that the role of

management in implementing health and safety is good. No respondents say that the role of

management in implementing health and safety is excellent or poor.

4.2 CHI-SQUARE ANALYSIS:

4.2.1 Analysis between awareness of workers and Health and safety training. 62

Null hypothesis (H0): There is a relationship existing between the awareness of workers and the

Health and safety training.

Alternative hypothesis (H1): There is no relationship existing between the awareness of

workers and the Health and safety training.

4.2.1.1 Table showing the awareness of workers and health and safety training.

Number Of

Respondents

Yes No Total

63 72 135

72 63 135

Total 135 135 270

FORMULA:

χ2 = ∑ (Oi -Ei )2 / Ei

Where,

O = Observed Frequency

E = Expected Frequency = Row Total x Column Total

Grand Total

i = 1, 2, 3………n

4.2.1.2 Table showing the analysis between awareness of workers and health and safety

training.

Oi Ei (Oi – Ei) (Oi – Ei)2 (Oi – Ei)2/ Ei

63

63 67.5 -4.5 20.25 0.3

72 67.5 4.5 20.25 0.3

72 67.5 4.5 20.25 0.3

63 67.5 -4.5 20.25 0.3

Total 1.2

Degree of freedom:

= (r - 1) (c -1)

= (2-1) (2-1)

= 1

χ2 Table value at 5% Level of significance = 3.841

χ2 Calculated value = 1.2

χ2 CV < χ2 TV

So, H0 is accepted, H1 is rejected.

INFERENCE:

Hence, there is a relationship between the awareness of workers and the Health and safety

training.

4.2.2 Analysis between effective disciplinary procedures and safe work environment.

Null hypothesis (H0): There is a relationship existing between the effective disciplinary

procedures and safe working environment.

64

Alternative hypothesis (H1): There is no relationship existing between the effective disciplinary

procedures and safe working environment.

4.2.2.1 Table showing the effective disciplinary procedures and protected working

environment.

Number Of

Respondents

Strongly

AgreeAgree Neutral Disagree

Strongly

DisagreeTotal

76 59 0 0 0 135

54 45 36 0 0 135

Total 130 104 36 0 0 270

FORMULA:

χ2 = ∑ (Oi -Ei )2 / Ei

Where,

O = Observed Frequency

E = Expected Frequency = Row Total x Column Total

Grand Total

i = 1, 2, 3………n

4.2.2.2 Table showing the analysis between effective disciplinary procedures and protected

working environment.

Oi Ei (Oi – Ei) (Oi – Ei)2 (Oi – Ei)2/ Ei

76 65 11 121 1.861

65

59 52 7 49 0.942

0 18 -18 324 18

0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0

54 65 -11 121 1.861

45 52 -7 49 0.942

36 18 18 324 18

0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0

Total 41.606

Degree of freedom:

= (r - 1) (c -1)

= (2-1) (5-1)

= 4

χ2 Table value at 5% Level of significance = 9.488

χ2 Calculated value = 41.606

χ2 CV > χ2 TV

So, H0 is rejected, H1 is accepted.

INFERENCE:

Hence, there is no relationship existing between the effective disciplinary procedures and safe


4.3 CORRELATION ANALYSIS:

Analysis between the maintenance of machines and the accidents happened.

X – Maintenance of machines.

Y – Accidents happened.

66

4.3.1 Table showing the analysis between the maintenance of machines and the accidents

happened.

X Y X2 Y2 XY

4 4 16 16 16

54 23 2916 529 1242

63 81 3969 6561 5103

14 27 196 729 378

0 0 0 0 0

135 135 7097 7835 6739

FORMULA:

r = (N ∑ xy - ∑x ∑ y)

√ (N ∑x2 – (∑x) 2) √ (N ∑y2 – (∑y) 2)

= 5(6739) – (135) (135) / √ (5 (7097) – (18225)) √ (5 (7835) – (18225))

= 0.813

INFERENCE:

Correlation for the maintenance of machines and the

accidents happened.

VALUE RESULT

0.813 GOOD

4.4 SPEARMAN’S RANK CORRELATION:

Analysis between the health check-up provided and stress towards work.

X - Health check-up provided.

Y - Stress towards work.

67

4.4.1 Table showing the analysis between the health check-up provided and stress towards

work.

X Y R1 R 2 D = R1 – R2 D2

0 9 4.5 3.5 1 1

32 45 2 2 0 0

94 72 1 1 0 0

9 9 3 3.5 -0.5 0.25

0 0 4.5 5 -0.5 0.25

TOTAL 1.5

FORMULAE:

When the ranks are equal,

r = 1 – 6 (∑D 2 + 1/12(m 3 – m) +……)

N (N2 – 1)

N = Number of values in a group.

m = Number of times a value is repeated.

Therefore,

r = 1 – 6 (1.5 + 1/12(2 3 – 2) + 1/12(2 3 - 2)

5 (52 – 1)

= 1 – 0.125

= 0.875

68

INFERENCE:

Health check-up provided and stress towards work.VALUE RESULT

0.875 GOOD

4.5 ANOVA:

Analysis between the health and safety measures provided to the workers.

Null hypothesis (H0): There is no significant difference existing between the health and safety

measures provided to the workers.

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Alternative hypothesis (H1): There is a significant difference existing between the health and

safety measures provided to the workers.

4.5.1 Table showing the number of respondents and the workings.

MEASURESStrongly

agreeAgree Neutral Disagree

Strongly

disagreeTOTAL TOTAL

First-Aid 113 22 0 0 0 135 13253

Temperature 32 103 0 0 0 135 11633

Enough space 22 81 32 0 0 135 8069

Maintaining

latrines, urinals22 77 36 0 0 135 7709

Training before

handling

machines

63 50 22 0 0 135 6953

TOTAL 252 333 90 0 0

675

47617TOTAL 18730 26083 2804 0 0

1. Correction factor = (T1) 2 / n = (675) 2 /25 = 18225

2. Sum of the squares of columns:

SSC = ∑ (Cj) 2 / R – CF

= [(252)2 / 5 + (333)2 / 5 + (90)2 / 5 + (0)2 / 5 + (0)2 / 5] – 18225

= 18274

Degree of freedom = C – 170

= 5 – 1

= 4

3. Sum of the squares of total:

SST = T2 – CF

= 47617 – 18225

= 29392

4. Sum of the squares of residual error:

SSE = SST – SSC

= 29392 – 18274

= 11118

Degree of freedom = C (R – 1)

= 5 (5 – 1)

= 5*4

= 20

4.5.2 Table showing the analysis of variance.

Sources of variation Sum of squares Degree of freedom Mean sum of squares

Between columns 18274 4 4568.5

Residual error 11118 20 556

Total 29392 24

F calculated value = 4568.5 / 556 = 8.217

Degree of freedom (4, 20) and Level of significance = 5%

F table value = 2.87

Fcal < Ftab = H0 is accepted

Here, the calculated value is greater than the table value. Hence we reject the null hypothesis

(Ho) and accept the alternative hypothesis (H1).

71

INFERENCE:

There is a significant difference existing between the health and safety measures provided to the

workers.

5.1 FINDINGS

5.1.1 Percentage Analysis:

1) 53% of the respondents are having the age limit of 31 – 35 years and 27% of the

respondents are comes under the age limit of 26 – 30 years and 20% of the respondents

are falls between the age limit of 36 – 40 years.72

2) 47% of the respondents are having the experience of 11 – 15 years and 43% of the

respondents are having the experience of 6 – 10 years and only 10% of the respondents

are having the experience of 16 – 20 years.

3) 53% of the respondents respond that they are not aware of the health and safety measures

and only 47% of the respondents are aware of the health and safety measures.

4) 64% of the respondents say that they have no effective arrangements for communicating

health and safety matters; only 36% agrees that they have effective arrangements for

communicating health and safety matters.

5) 53% of the respondents say that the company is providing medical facilities but 47% of

the respondents respond that the company is not providing medical facilities to the

workers.

6) 53% of the respondents respond that they attended the health and safety training

programme but 47% of the respondents says that they are not attended any health and

safety training programme conducted in the company.

7) 56% of the respondents respond that the training is offered once in 3 years and 24% of

the respondents respond that the training is offered once in 5 years and 20% of the

respondents say that the training is offered yearly once.

8) 50% of the respondents respond that sometimes they have proper drinking water and 33%

of the respondents says often they have proper drinking water and 10% of the

respondents say that always they have proper drinking water and 7% of the respondents

says rarely they have proper drinking water facility inside the work place.

9) 53% of the respondents says often they have stress and 33% of the respondents respond

that sometimes they have stress and 7% of the respondents say that always they have

stress and only 7% of the respondents says rarely they have stress towards work.

10) 84% of the respondents strongly agree that they are aware about the first aid activities

and contents of the first aid kit and 16% of the respondents simply agree that they are

aware about the first aid activities and contents of the first aid kit.

11) 56% of the respondents strongly agree that the company implements effective

disciplinary procedures and 44% of the respondents simply agree that the company

implements effective disciplinary procedures.

73

12) 76% of the respondents simply agree that the working temperature is reasonable to work

and 24% of the respondents strongly agree that the working temperature is reasonable to

work.

13) 60% of the respondents simply agree that they have enough space to work and 24% of the

respondents have no idea about the overcrowding and 16% of the respondents strongly

agree that they have enough space to work.

14) 57% of the respondents simply agree that the latrines and urinals are cleaned and

maintained properly and 27% of the respondents have no idea about the maintenance of

latrines and urinals and 16% of the respondents strongly agree that the latrines and urinals

are cleaned and maintained properly.

15) 40% of the respondents strongly agree that their environment is safe to work and 33% of

the respondents simply agree that their environment is safe to work and 27% of the

respondents say that they have no idea about the safe working environment.

16) 47% of the respondents strongly agree that enough training is given to the workers and

37% of the respondents simply agree that enough training is given to the workers and

16% of the respondents say that they have no idea about enough the training given to the

workers.

17) 69% of the respondents respond that the company provides health check-up quarterly and

24% of the respondents say that the company provides health check-up half yearly and

7% of the respondents say that the company provides health check-up monthly.

18) 47% of the respondents says often they are maintaining the machines properly and 40%

of the respondents respond that sometimes they are maintaining the machines properly

and only 10% of the respondents says rarely they are maintaining the machines properly

and 3% of the respondents say that always they are maintaining the machines properly.

19) 60% of the respondents say often the accidents are happened and 20% of the respondents

say rarely the accidents are happened and 17% of the respondents respond that sometimes

the accidents are happened and only 3% of the respondents say that always the accidents

are happened.

20) 47% of the respondents ranked electric shocks are happened and 37% of the respondents

ranked finger injuries are occurred and 13% of the respondents ranked fire accidents are

happened and only 3% of the respondents ranked fallen from height are occurred.74

21) 73% of the respondents say that the company is providing safety requirements for work

but 27% of the respondents respond that the company is not providing any safety

requirements for work.

22) 69% of the respondents say that the safety committee is not formed in the company and

only 31% of the respondents respond that the safety committee is formed in the company.

23) 67% of the respondents respond that the safety inspections are held monthly once and

20% of the respondents say that the safety inspections are held yearly once and 13% of

the respondents say that the safety inspections are held weekly once.

24) 87% of the respondents say that they are simply satisfied with the health and safety

measures and 13% of the respondents say that they have no idea about the satisfaction

level from health and safety measures.

25) 50% of the respondents say that the role of management is better and 40% of the

respondents say that the role of management is best and 10% of the respondents respond

that the role of management in implementing health and safety is good.

5.1.2 Statistical Analysis:

5.1.2.1 Chi - Square Analysis:

1) There is a relationship between the awareness of workers and the Health and safety

training.

2) There is no relationship existing between the effective disciplinary procedures and safe


5.1.2.2 Correlation:

Since the correlation value is 0.813, there is a high degree of positive relationship that

exists between the maintenance of machines and the accidents happened.

5.1.2.3 Spearman’s Rank Correlation:

Since the correlation value is 0.875, the relationship that exists between the health check-

up provided and stress towards work is good.

75

5.1.2.4 Anova:

There is a significant difference existing between the health and safety measures provided

to the workers.

5.2 SUGGESTIONS

1) The company has to create the awareness for the workers regarding health and safety.

2) They have to provide effective arrangements to the workers for communicating their

health and safety matters.

3) It is better to provide frequent health and safety training, atleast once in a year.

4) The company has to provide enough drinking water facility available at all the time.76

5) The management has to take necessary steps to reduce the stress level of the workers.

6) Orientation programmes can be conducted to make the workers to feel that their work

environment is safe to work.

7) The maintenance department has to maintain the machines properly to reduce lead-time.

8) Proper training has to be given to the workers to avoid frequent accidents.

9) Meditation practices can be given to avoid electric shocks, finger injuries etc. due to lack

of concentration.

10) Safety committee has to be formed to monitor the health and safety issues.

11) The company has to conduct the regular inspections to ensure higher level of safety in the

workplace.

12) Cordial relationship has to be maintained between the management and the workers to

implement the health and safety policies and measures in a smooth manner.

5.3 CONCLUSION

It is revealed from the study that, the health and safety measures adopted in Wheels India

ltd, Padi, Chennai are provided to the workers according to the provisions of the factories act. It

reveals that the awareness of the workers about health and safety in the workplace is inadequate.

Also repeated accidents like electric shocks, finger injuries are occurred in the workplace.

Suitable ideas were suggested to avoid those accidents and to improve the health and safety 77

measures. The role of management in implementing health and safety in the organization is very

effective. Most of the workers were satisfied with the health and safety measures adopted in the

company. If the company implements effective disciplinary procedures; it will help the company

to go with their policies and also to maintain health and safety in the organization.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Books:

1) Arun monappa (1994), “Industrial relations”, 8th edition.

2) Ajay garg (1995), “Labour laws”, 8 th revised edition.

3) C.B.Mamoria, Satish mamoria, Gankar (2009), “Dynamics of industrial relations”, 19th

edition.

78

4) C.B.Guptha (2000), “Human Resource management".

5) C.R.Kothari (1997), “Research methodology- methods and techniques”, 2nd edition.

6) Joseph M Putti (1980), “The management of securing and maintaining the

workforce”, S Chand & Co Ltd. Ram Nagar, New Delhi.

7) O.R.Krishnaswami, M.Ranganatham, “Methodology of research in social sciences”,

Himalaya publishing house.

8) P.N.Arora, S.Arora, "Statistics for management" Himalaya publishing house.

9) Richard I. Levin, David S. Rubin (2002), “Statistics for Management”, 7th edition.

10) Sewa singh chauhan (1993), “Labour welfare administration in India”, 1st edition.

Websites:

1) www.hr.com

2) www.humanresources.about.com

3) www.ilo.com

4) www.britannica.com

5) www.definition-info.com

References:

1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20106469

2) http://journals.lww.com/joem/Abstract/2009/09000/

A_Systematic_Review_of_Occupational_Health_and.6.aspx

3) http://www.ehjournal.net/content/8/1/47

4) http://jech.bmj.com/content/63/7/521.abstract

79

http://jech.bmj.com/content/63/7/521.abstract

http://www.ehjournal.net/content/8/1/47

http://journals.lww.com/joem/Abstract/2009/09000/A_Systematic_Review_of_Occupational_Health_and.6.aspx

http://journals.lww.com/joem/Abstract/2009/09000/A_Systematic_Review_of_Occupational_Health_and.6.aspx

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20106469

http://www.definition-info.com/

http://www.britannica.com/

http://www.ilo.com/

http://www.humanresources.about.com/

http://www.hr.com/

5) http://www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/

viewContentItem.do;jsessionid=9F2CDBC6B5111CA6756D2D26B9121610?

contentType=Article&contentId=1718276

6) http://www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/viewContentItem.do?

contentType=Article&contentId=1728145

7) http://jech.bmj.com/content/61/Suppl_2/ii39.abstract

8) http://occmed.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/57/6/449

9) http://oem.bmj.com/content/63/9/608.abstract


11) http://jech.bmj.com/content/55/5/316.abstract

12) http://www.monash.edu.au/muarc/reports/muarc166.html

13) http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=1519328

14) http://ethics.iit.edu/NanoEthicsBank/popular_search.php?

cmd=search&words=workplace+safety&mode=normal


16) http://www.dol.govt.nz/publication-view.asp?ID=53

17) http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2007-123/pdfs/2007-123.pdf

18) http://cohesion.rice.edu/CentersAndInst/ICON/emplibrary/Phase%20I

%20Report_UCSBICON%20Final.pdf

19) http://www.icohweb.org/newsletter/icoh_newsletter_2004_04.pdf

20) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pu bmed/19030766?dopt=Abstract

INTERVIEW SCHEDULE

1) Name (Optional) :

2) Age

(a) Below 25 (b) 26-30 (c) 31-35 (d) 36-40 (e) Above 4080

http://www.icohweb.org/newsletter/icoh_newsletter_2004_04.pdf

http://cohesion.rice.edu/CentersAndInst/ICON/emplibrary/Phase%20I%20Report_UCSBICON%20Final.pdf

http://cohesion.rice.edu/CentersAndInst/ICON/emplibrary/Phase%20I%20Report_UCSBICON%20Final.pdf

http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2007-123/pdfs/2007-123.pdf

http://www.dol.govt.nz/publication-view.asp?ID=53

http://oem.bmj.com/content/54/6/367.abstract

http://ethics.iit.edu/NanoEthicsBank/popular_search.php?cmd=search&words=workplace+safety&mode=normal

http://ethics.iit.edu/NanoEthicsBank/popular_search.php?cmd=search&words=workplace+safety&mode=normal

http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=1519328

http://www.monash.edu.au/muarc/reports/muarc166.html

http://jech.bmj.com/content/55/5/316.abstract



http://occmed.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/57/6/449

http://jech.bmj.com/content/61/Suppl_2/ii39.abstract

http://www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/viewContentItem.do?contentType=Article&contentId=1728145

http://www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/viewContentItem.do?contentType=Article&contentId=1728145

http://www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/viewContentItem.do;jsessionid=9F2CDBC6B5111CA6756D2D26B9121610?contentType=Article&contentId=1718276



3) Experience (in years)

(a) Below 5 (b) 6-10 (c) 11-15 (d) 16-20 (e) Above 20

4) Are you aware of the health and safety measures adopted in the company?

(a) Yes (b) No

5) Do you have effective arrangements for communicating health and safety matters?

(a) Yes (b) No

6) Does the company provide medical facility to the workers?

(a) Yes (b) No

7) Have you attended any health and safety training in your company?

(a) Yes (b) No

8) How frequent training is offered in the company?

(a) Once in 5 year (b) once in 3 year (c) yearly once (d) Monthly (e) Rarely

9) Do you have proper drinking water facility inside your work place?

(a) Always (b) Sometimes (c) Often (d) Rarely (e) Not at all

10) Do you have any stress towards work?


Q.NO PARAMETERS STRONGLYAGREE AGREE NEUTRAL DISAGREE

STRONGLYDISAGREE

11)

Do you know the first aid activities and contents of the first aid kit?

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12)

The company implements effective disciplinary procedure to maintain health and safety?

13)The working temperature is reasonable to work?

14)Do you have enough space to work?

15)

The latrines and urinals are cleaned and maintained properly?

16)Do you think that your environment is safe to work?

17)

Is enough training given to the workers before handling the machines?

18) How often the company provide health checkup for workers?

(a) Yearly (b) Half yearly (c) Quarterly (d) Monthly (e) Rarely

19) Are the machines maintained properly?


20) How often the accidents happen?


21) Rank the accidents by their occurrence?

ACCIDENTS RANKING

Fallen from height

Finger injuries

Electric shocks

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Fire accidents

22) Are they providing the safety requirements for work?

(a) Yes (b) No

23) Whether safety committee formed in the company?

(a) Yes (b) No

24) How often the safety inspections are held in your company?

(a) Yearly (b) Monthly (c) Weekly (d) Daily (e) Rarely

25) Satisfactory level of the health and safety measures taken in the company?

(a) Very much satisfied (b) Satisfied (c) Neutral (d) Dissatisfied (e) Highly dissatisfied

26) The role of management in implementing health and safety?

(a) Excellent (b) Best (c) Better (d) Good (e) poor

OPINIONS AND SUGGESTIONS:

83

Project Health and Safety Measures of Employee

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