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SurfingSurfing is a is a surface water sport in which a in which a person (the surfer) rides a board (the person (the surfer) rides a board (the surfboard) on the ) on the crest of a of a wave as it as it carries the surfer towards the carries the surfer towards the shore..

Two major subdivisions within stand-up Two major subdivisions within stand-up surfing are surfing are longboarding and and shortboarding, reflecting differences in , reflecting differences in surfboard design including surfboard surfboard design including surfboard length, and riding style.length, and riding style.

In In tow-in surfing (most often, but not exclusively, (most often, but not exclusively, associated with associated with big wave surfing), a motorized ), a motorized water vehicle, such as a water vehicle, such as a personal watercraft tows the surfer into the wave front, helping the tows the surfer into the wave front, helping the surfer match a large wave's higher speed, a surfer match a large wave's higher speed, a speed that is generally, but not exclusively a speed that is generally, but not exclusively a speed that a self-propelled surfer can not match.speed that a self-propelled surfer can not match.

Surfing-related sports such as Surfing-related sports such as paddleboarding and and sea kayaking do not require waves, and do not require waves, and other derivative sports such as other derivative sports such as kitesurfing and and windsurfing rely primarily on wind for power, yet rely primarily on wind for power, yet all of these platforms may also be used to ride all of these platforms may also be used to ride waves.waves.

Recently with the use of Recently with the use of V-drive boats, , riding boats, , riding the boat the boat wake has emerged. has emerged.

History Of SurfingHistory Of Surfing Surfing was a central part of ancient Surfing was a central part of ancient Polynesian culture. .

Surfing was first observed by Europeans at Surfing was first observed by Europeans at Hawaii in in 1767, by the crew members of the 1767, by the crew members of the Dolphin.Dolphin. Later, Later, Lieutenant James King wrote about the art when Lieutenant James King wrote about the art when completing the journals of Captain completing the journals of Captain James Cook upon upon Cook's death in 1779. When Cook's death in 1779. When Mark Twain visited Hawaii visited Hawaii in 1866 he wrote,in 1866 he wrote,

"In one place we came upon a large company of naked natives, "In one place we came upon a large company of naked natives, of both sexes and all ages, amusing themselves with the of both sexes and all ages, amusing themselves with the national pastime of surf-bathing."national pastime of surf-bathing."

References to surf riding on planks and single canoe References to surf riding on planks and single canoe hulls are also verified for pre-contact hulls are also verified for pre-contact Samoa, where , where surfing was called surfing was called fa'ase'efa'ase'e or or se'egaluse'egalu (see Kramer, (see Kramer, Samoa Islands) and Samoa Islands) and Tonga

EquipmentEquipment Surfing can be done on various equipment, Surfing can be done on various equipment,

including including surfboards, , longboards, , Stand Up Paddle boards (SUP's) , , bodyboards, , Boogieboards,Boogieboards,wave skis, , skimboards, , kneeboards, surf mats and macca's trays., surf mats and macca's trays.

Surfboards were originally made of solid wood Surfboards were originally made of solid wood and were large and heavy (often up to 12 feet and were large and heavy (often up to 12 feet (3.7 m) long and 100 pounds (45 kg)). Lighter (3.7 m) long and 100 pounds (45 kg)). Lighter balsa wood surfboards (first made in the late surfboards (first made in the late 1940s and early 1950s) were a significant 1940s and early 1950s) were a significant improvement, not only in portability, but also in improvement, not only in portability, but also in increasing maneuverability.increasing maneuverability.

Most modern surfboards are made of Most modern surfboards are made of polyurethane foam foam (PU), with one or more wooden strips or "stringers", (PU), with one or more wooden strips or "stringers", fiberglass cloth, and fiberglass cloth, and polyester resin. An emerging board . An emerging board material is material is epoxy (EPS) which is stronger and lighter (EPS) which is stronger and lighter than traditional than traditional fiberglass. Even newer designs . Even newer designs incorporate materials such as incorporate materials such as carbon fiber and variable- and variable-flex composites.flex composites.

Since epoxy surfboards are lighter, they will float better Since epoxy surfboards are lighter, they will float better than a fiberglass board of similar size, shape and than a fiberglass board of similar size, shape and thickness. This makes them easier to paddle and faster thickness. This makes them easier to paddle and faster in the water. However, a common complaint of EPS in the water. However, a common complaint of EPS boards is that they do not provide as much feedback as boards is that they do not provide as much feedback as a traditional fiberglass board. For this reason, many a traditional fiberglass board. For this reason, many advanced surfers prefer that their surfboards be made advanced surfers prefer that their surfboards be made from fiberglass.from fiberglass.

Waxing a SurfboardWaxing a Surfboard

Other equipment includes a Other equipment includes a leash (to stop the board (to stop the board from drifting away after a wipeout, and to prevent it from from drifting away after a wipeout, and to prevent it from hitting other surfers), hitting other surfers), surf wax, traction pads (to keep a , traction pads (to keep a surfer's feet from slipping off the deck of the board), and surfer's feet from slipping off the deck of the board), and fins (also known as fins (also known as skegsskegs) which can either be ) which can either be permanently attached (permanently attached (glassed-onglassed-on) or interchangeable.) or interchangeable.

Sportswear designed or particularly suitable for surfing Sportswear designed or particularly suitable for surfing may be sold as may be sold as boardwearboardwear (the term is also used in (the term is also used in snowboarding). In warmer climates, swimsuits, surf ). In warmer climates, swimsuits, surf trunks or trunks or boardshorts are worn, and occasionally are worn, and occasionally rash guards; in cold water surfers can opt to wear ; in cold water surfers can opt to wear wetsuits, boots, hoods, and gloves to protect them , boots, hoods, and gloves to protect them against lower water temperatures. A newer introduction against lower water temperatures. A newer introduction is a rash vest with a thin layer of is a rash vest with a thin layer of titanium to provide to provide maximum warmth without compromising mobility.maximum warmth without compromising mobility.

There are many different surfboard sizes, shapes, and There are many different surfboard sizes, shapes, and designs in use today. Modern designs in use today. Modern longboards, generally 9 to , generally 9 to 10 feet (3.0 m) in length, are reminiscent of the earliest 10 feet (3.0 m) in length, are reminiscent of the earliest surfboards, but now benefit from modern innovations in surfboards, but now benefit from modern innovations in surfboard shaping and fin design. Competitive longboard surfboard shaping and fin design. Competitive longboard surfers need to be competent at traditional surfers need to be competent at traditional walkingwalking maneuvers, as well as the short-radius turns normally maneuvers, as well as the short-radius turns normally associated with shortboard surfing.associated with shortboard surfing.

The modern The modern shortboard began life in the late 1960s and began life in the late 1960s and has evolved into today's common has evolved into today's common thrusterthruster style, defined style, defined by its three fins, usually around 6 to 7 feet (1.8 to 2.1 m) by its three fins, usually around 6 to 7 feet (1.8 to 2.1 m) in length. The thruster was invented by Australian shaper in length. The thruster was invented by Australian shaper Simon Anderson..

Midsize boards, often called Midsize boards, often called funboards, provide more , provide more maneuverability than a longboard, with more floation maneuverability than a longboard, with more floation than a shortboard. While many surfers find that than a shortboard. While many surfers find that funboards live up to their name, providing the best of funboards live up to their name, providing the best of both surfing modes, others are critical.both surfing modes, others are critical.

There are also various niche styles, such as the There are also various niche styles, such as the EggEgg, a longboard-style short board targeted for , a longboard-style short board targeted for people who want to ride a shortboard but need people who want to ride a shortboard but need more paddle power. The more paddle power. The FishFish, a board which is , a board which is typically shorter, flatter, and wider than a normal typically shorter, flatter, and wider than a normal shortboard, often with a split tail (known as a shortboard, often with a split tail (known as a swallow tailswallow tail). The Fish often has two or four ). The Fish often has two or four fins and is specifically designed for surfing smaller and is specifically designed for surfing smaller waves. For big waves there is the waves. For big waves there is the GunGun, a long, , a long, thick board with a pointed nose and tail (known thick board with a pointed nose and tail (known as a pin tail) specifically designed for big waves.as a pin tail) specifically designed for big waves.

SurfingSurfing TrainingTraining Surfing is a very complete sport. It requires swimming skills, sense Surfing is a very complete sport. It requires swimming skills, sense

of balance, decision taking and constant muscle interactions.of balance, decision taking and constant muscle interactions. Before hitting waves, Before hitting waves, try these physical warm up fitnesstry these physical warm up fitness

schemesschemes to avoid injuries: to avoid injuries: 1. Go for a light jogging during four minutes. You body will start 1. Go for a light jogging during four minutes. You body will start

engines and increase your heart rate, breathing and blood engines and increase your heart rate, breathing and blood circulation.circulation.2. Swing your legs and arms.2. Swing your legs and arms.3. Slowly try to reach your fingers to your feet.3. Slowly try to reach your fingers to your feet.4. Swing your leg backwards and forwards.4. Swing your leg backwards and forwards.5. Stretch your leg muscles.5. Stretch your leg muscles.6. Rotate your head and neck.6. Rotate your head and neck.7. Gently rotate your heel to exercise the whole foot articulation.7. Gently rotate your heel to exercise the whole foot articulation.8. Inhale deeply and exhale vigorously a few times.8. Inhale deeply and exhale vigorously a few times.9. Make very quick and short runs back and forth.9. Make very quick and short runs back and forth.10. Elevate your arms and join the palm of your hand above your 10. Elevate your arms and join the palm of your hand above your head, as higher as you can.head, as higher as you can.

Famous Surfing LocationsFamous Surfing Locations Mavericks ( California )Mavericks ( California ) 4-frames image that shows the famous 4-frames image that shows the famous break of of

MavericksMavericks Maverick's or Mavericks is a world-famous surfing Maverick's or Mavericks is a world-famous surfing

location in location in Northern California. It is located . It is located approximately one-half mile (0.8 km) from shore in approximately one-half mile (0.8 km) from shore in Pillar Point Harbor, just north of , just north of Half Moon Bay at the at the village of village of Princeton-By-The-Sea. After a strong winter . After a strong winter storm in the northern storm in the northern Pacific Ocean, waves can routinely , waves can routinely crest at over 25 feet (8m) and top out at over 50 feet crest at over 25 feet (8m) and top out at over 50 feet (15m). The (15m). The break is caused by an unusually-shaped is caused by an unusually-shaped underwater rock formation.underwater rock formation.

PipelinePipeline ( Oahu, Hawaii ) ( Oahu, Hawaii )

PipelinePipeline is a surf reef break located in is a surf reef break located in Hawaii, , off Ehukai Beach Park in off Ehukai Beach Park in Pupukea on on O'ahu's 's North Shore. The spot is notorious and famous . The spot is notorious and famous for its huge waves breaking in shallow water just for its huge waves breaking in shallow water just above its sharp and cavernous reef, forming above its sharp and cavernous reef, forming large, hollow and thick curls of water that surfers large, hollow and thick curls of water that surfers can ride inside of. There are three can ride inside of. There are three reefs at at Pipeline in progressively deeper water further Pipeline in progressively deeper water further out to sea that activate at various power levels out to sea that activate at various power levels applied by ocean applied by ocean swells..

Teahupo’o Teahupo’o ( Tahiti )( Tahiti )

Teahupo’oTeahupo’o (pronounced cho-po) is a world-renowned (pronounced cho-po) is a world-renowned surfing location off the south-west of the island of off the south-west of the island of Tahiti, , French Polynesia, southern , southern Pacific Ocean. It is known for its heavy, glassy . It is known for its heavy, glassy waves, often reaching , often reaching 2 to 3 m (7 to 10 ft) and higher. It is the site of the annual 2 to 3 m (7 to 10 ft) and higher. It is the site of the annual Billabong Pro Tahiti surf competition, part of the Pro Tahiti surf competition, part of the World Championship Tour (WCT) of the of the ASP World Tour professional professional surfing circuit.surfing circuit.

Zicatela BeachZicatela Beach ( Mexican Pipeline ) ( Mexican Pipeline )

ZicatelaZicatela is a beach located in the town of . Nicknamed the "Mexican is a beach located in the town of . Nicknamed the "Mexican Pipeline" due to the similar power and shape of the Banzai Pipeline on Pipeline" due to the similar power and shape of the Banzai Pipeline on the North Shore of Oahu, the wave that breaks on Zicatela Beach the North Shore of Oahu, the wave that breaks on Zicatela Beach draws an international crowd of surfers, bodyboarders and their draws an international crowd of surfers, bodyboarders and their entourages. Mid to late summer is low season for tourists, but a prime entourages. Mid to late summer is low season for tourists, but a prime time for waves and international tournaments. A number of time for waves and international tournaments. A number of international competitions such as the , and the MexPipe Challenge international competitions such as the , and the MexPipe Challenge have taken place.have taken place.

Surfers and Surf CultureSurfers and Surf Culture Surfers represent a diverse Surfers represent a diverse culture based on riding the based on riding the

waves. Some people practice surfing as a waves. Some people practice surfing as a recreational activity while others make it the central focus of their lives. activity while others make it the central focus of their lives. Within the United States, surfing culture is most dominant Within the United States, surfing culture is most dominant in in California, , Florida and and Hawaii. Some historical markers . Some historical markers of the culture included the of the culture included the woodie, the station wagon used , the station wagon used to carry surfers' boards, as well as to carry surfers' boards, as well as boardshorts, the long , the long swim shorts typically worn while surfing.swim shorts typically worn while surfing.

Surfers can be classified into 3 catorgries: Surfers can be classified into 3 catorgries: Professional(Pro), Average and Kook. A professional surfer Professional(Pro), Average and Kook. A professional surfer is someone who is very good at it and is usually paid. An is someone who is very good at it and is usually paid. An average surfer is anyone who enjoys the sport of surfing average surfer is anyone who enjoys the sport of surfing and can stand up and turn. A kook is someone who drops and can stand up and turn. A kook is someone who drops in on you(cuts you off or snakes you) or is just a terrible in on you(cuts you off or snakes you) or is just a terrible surfer. As long as kooks don't get in the way of anyone and surfer. As long as kooks don't get in the way of anyone and practice they become average.practice they become average.

The sport of surfing now represents a multi-The sport of surfing now represents a multi-billion dollar industry especially in billion dollar industry especially in clothing and fashion markets. Some people markets. Some people make a career out of surfing by receiving make a career out of surfing by receiving corporate sponsorships.corporate sponsorships.

When the waves were flat, surfers persevered When the waves were flat, surfers persevered with with sidewalk surfing, which is now called , which is now called skateboarding. Sidewalk surfing has a similar skateboarding. Sidewalk surfing has a similar feel to surfing and requires only a paved road or feel to surfing and requires only a paved road or sidewalk. To create the feel of the wave, surfers sidewalk. To create the feel of the wave, surfers even sneak into empty backyard swimming even sneak into empty backyard swimming pools to ride in, known as pool skating.pools to ride in, known as pool skating.

International StarsInternational Stars Mick Fanning Mick Fanning Stephanie Gilmore Stephanie Gilmore Harley Ingleby Harley Ingleby Jennifer Smith Jennifer Smith Maxime Huscenot Maxime Huscenot Laura Enever Laura Enever Joel Parkinson Joel Parkinson Silvana Lima Silvana Lima Dane Reynolds Dane Reynolds Rosanne Hodge Rosanne Hodge Kekoa Bacalso Kekoa Bacalso Coco Ho Coco Ho Dan Ross Dan Ross Kieren Perrow Kieren Perrow Layne Beachley Layne Beachley Kelly Slater and others Kelly Slater and others

DangersDangers DrowningDrowning

Surfing, like all water sports, carries the inherent danger of Surfing, like all water sports, carries the inherent danger of drowning. Although the board assists a surfer in staying . Although the board assists a surfer in staying buoyant, it cannot be , it cannot be relied on for floation, as it can be separated from the user.relied on for floation, as it can be separated from the user.[8] The The leash, which is attached at the ankle or knee, keeps the surfer leash, which is attached at the ankle or knee, keeps the surfer connected to the board for convenience but does not prevent connected to the board for convenience but does not prevent drowning. The established rule is that if the surfer cannot handle the drowning. The established rule is that if the surfer cannot handle the water conditions without his or her board then he or she should not water conditions without his or her board then he or she should not go in.go in.

Some drownings have occurred as a result of leashes tangling with Some drownings have occurred as a result of leashes tangling with reefs, holding the surfer underwater. In very large waves such as reefs, holding the surfer underwater. In very large waves such as Waimea or or Mavericks, a leash may be undesirable, because the , a leash may be undesirable, because the water can drag the board for long distances, holding the surfer water can drag the board for long distances, holding the surfer underneath the wave.underneath the wave.

CollisionsCollisions

A surfer exiting a closeoutA surfer exiting a closeout Under the wrong set of conditions, anything that a surfer's body can Under the wrong set of conditions, anything that a surfer's body can

come in contact with is potentially a danger, including sand bars, come in contact with is potentially a danger, including sand bars, rocks, reefs, surfboards, and other surfers.rocks, reefs, surfboards, and other surfers.[9] Collisions with these Collisions with these objects can sometimes cause unconsciousness, or even death.objects can sometimes cause unconsciousness, or even death.

Many surfers jump off bridges, buildings, wharves and other Many surfers jump off bridges, buildings, wharves and other structures to reach the surf. If the timing is wrong they can either structures to reach the surf. If the timing is wrong they can either damage themselves or their equipment, or both.damage themselves or their equipment, or both.[10]

A large number of injuries, up to 66%,A large number of injuries, up to 66%,[11] are caused by collision are caused by collision with a surfboard (nose or fins). Fins can cause deep lacerations and with a surfboard (nose or fins). Fins can cause deep lacerations and cuts, as well as bruising. While these injuries can be minor, they can cuts, as well as bruising. While these injuries can be minor, they can open the skin to infection from the sea; groups like open the skin to infection from the sea; groups like Surfers Against Sewage campaign for cleaner waters to reduce the campaign for cleaner waters to reduce the risk of infections.risk of infections.

Falling off a surfboard, colliding with others, or hurting oneself whilst Falling off a surfboard, colliding with others, or hurting oneself whilst surfing is commonly referred to as a surfing is commonly referred to as a wipeoutwipeout..

Marine lifeMarine life Sea life can sometimes cause injuries and even fatalities. Animals can sometimes cause injuries and even fatalities. Animals

such as such as sharks,,[12] stingrays, , seals and and jellyfish can sometimes can sometimes present a danger.present a danger.[13]

Rip CurrentsRip Currents Riptides endanger both experienced and inexperienced surfers. Rip endanger both experienced and inexperienced surfers. Rip

currents are water channels that flow away from shore. Since these currents are water channels that flow away from shore. Since these currents lurk in seemingly calm waters, tired or inexperienced currents lurk in seemingly calm waters, tired or inexperienced swimmers or surfers can easily be swept away.swimmers or surfers can easily be swept away.[14]

SeabedSeabed The The Seabed can pose dangers for the surfers. If a surfer is to fall can pose dangers for the surfers. If a surfer is to fall

while riding a wave, the wave will then toss him around, usually while riding a wave, the wave will then toss him around, usually downwards. Whether it'd be a reef break or beach break, plenty of downwards. Whether it'd be a reef break or beach break, plenty of surfers have been seriously injured or even died because of the great surfers have been seriously injured or even died because of the great collision with the bottom of the sea. collision with the bottom of the sea. Seabeds can get very shallow, can get very shallow, especially, on beach breaks, during low tide. Take Cyclops in especially, on beach breaks, during low tide. Take Cyclops in Western Australia for example. This is one of the biggest and thickest Western Australia for example. This is one of the biggest and thickest reef breaks in the world, with waves measuring up to 10 metres high. reef breaks in the world, with waves measuring up to 10 metres high. Yet, the reef below is only about 2 metres deep.Yet, the reef below is only about 2 metres deep.

I decided to present surfing because in my opinion, I decided to present surfing because in my opinion, surfing is one of the best extreme sports! It contains surfing is one of the best extreme sports! It contains everything I want, like danger, challenge, and it is very everything I want, like danger, challenge, and it is very enjoyable... I believe, without these characteristics there enjoyable... I believe, without these characteristics there is no interest in a sport! Although, there are many is no interest in a sport! Although, there are many dangers in surfing, I like it very much because I love dangers in surfing, I like it very much because I love risks and I want to face many challenges. I think that risks and I want to face many challenges. I think that surfing and surfing tests help me learn how to cope with surfing and surfing tests help me learn how to cope with the difficulties and challenges of any uncomfortable the difficulties and challenges of any uncomfortable situation as life is full of not easy moments. situation as life is full of not easy moments. Unfortunately, I don’t have enough time to involve with Unfortunately, I don’t have enough time to involve with more sports even though I know that practicing in sports more sports even though I know that practicing in sports benefits our health. benefits our health.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surfinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surfing http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surfing#Equipmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surfing#Equipment http://www.surfertoday.com/surf-traininghttp://www.surfertoday.com/surf-training http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/

Surfing#Famous_surfing_locationsSurfing#Famous_surfing_locations http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/

Surfing#Surfers_and_surf_cultureSurfing#Surfers_and_surf_culture http://www.surfertoday.com/surfing/3022-surfing-http://www.surfertoday.com/surfing/3022-surfing-

stars-honoured-at-the-gold-coast-convention-stars-honoured-at-the-gold-coast-convention-centrecentre

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surfing#Dangershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surfing#Dangers