PROGRAMME & ABSTRACTS BOOK...• Opening Ceremony by UniMAP Vice Chancellor, YBrs. Prof. Ir. Ts. Dr....

Organized byFaculty of Civil Engineering Technology

Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP)

PROGRAMME & ABSTRACTS BOOK

SPEC A SS E O ATER RESEARCater ecurity olistic A roach To ards ater esilience and ustainability

TER AT O A CO ERE CE O C A E RO ME TA E G EER G

O EMBER

International Conference On Civil And Environmental Engineering (CENVIRON2020) Special Issue on Water Research

1 Faculty of Civil Engineering Technology, UniMAP

C

on

ten

ts

MESSAGES FROM THE ORGANIZERS ..............................................................................................2

Foreword by the Vice-Chancellor of UniMAP ................................................................................. 2

Foreword by The Dean of Faculty of Civil Engineering Technology, UniMAP ................ 3

Foreword by the Chairman of CENVIRON2020 ............................................................................ 4

PROGRAMME SCHEDULE ....................................................................................................................5

CONFERENCE SESSION .........................................................................................................................6

KEYNOTE SPEECH ............................................................................................................................... 12

Keynote 1 ...................................................................................................................................................... 12

Keynote 2 ...................................................................................................................................................... 13

ABSTRACTS............................................................................................................................................. 14

Water Protection ...................................................................................................................................... 14

Water Resource and Hydrology ......................................................................................................... 40

Technologies for Water Management ............................................................................................ 57

Energy and Water .................................................................................................................................... 67

Coastal and Marine ................................................................................................................................. 72

Others ............................................................................................................................................................. 74

LIST OF ORGANIZING COMMITTEE MEMBERS ....................................................................... 83

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ....................................................................................................................... 84



MESSAGES FROM THE ORGANIZERS

Foreword by the Vice-Chancellor of UniMAP

Alhamdulillah, praise be to the Almighty Allah Azza Wajjalla for His blessings and bounties, for enabling us to the gather here virtually today in this prestigious event, the 3rd INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2020 or CENVIRON 2020 – Special Issue on Water Research. It is indeed a great pleasure for me to welcome the esteemed keynote speakers, paper presenters and all distinguished guests and attendees to this virtual conference. Please accept my humble thanks for your overwhelming support throughout the years with your constant participation.

CENVIRON 2020 – Special Issue on Water Research is the 3rd cycle of the previous two conference cycles which were successfully held by the Faculty of Civil Engineering Technology since 2017. This year, the 3rd CENVIRON 2020 carries the theme ‘Water Security: Holistic Approach Towards Water Resilience and Sustainability’.

CENVIRON 2020 takes an in-depth look at cutting edge research and development that addresses major topics in water research i.e. water protection, water resources and hydrology, technologies for water management, energy and water as well as coastal and marine related engagements.

The conference meeting’s goal is to bring together experienced and young researchers from all over the world to present and exchange break-through ideas in a stimulating exchange forum. It provides a strong platform for young entrants to interact with brilliant professionals and practitioners from various fields pertaining to water research. While substantial progress has been made in increasing access to clean drinking water and sanitation, billions of people, mostly in rural areas still lack this basic necessity. Worldwide, one in three people do not have access to safe drinking water, two out of five people do not have a basic hand-washing facility with soap and water, and more than 673 million people still practice open defecation. Moreover, the COVID-19 pandemic has demonstrated the critical importance of sanitation, hygiene and adequate access to clean water for preventing and containing diseases. According to the World Health Organization, handwashing is one of the most effective actions that can be taken to reduce the spread of pathogens and prevent infections, including the COVID-19 virus.

These scenarios show how critical the issues on clean water resources are to the global citizen including our own - Malaysia. In fact, in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, the United Nation has specifically listed Clean Water and Sanitation as one of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) which are an urgent call to action for all countries. I believe that this conference will bring together leading researchers, engineers and scientists from around the world, as it covers the entire range of basic and applied research and development on water related advancement towards achieving the SDG’s targets. In recent years, an increasing number of researches have been conducted in view of achieving water security and sustainability. I am confident that this conference will allow the presenters and attendees here today to examine issues of mutual and current interest, as well as exchange views related to the conference themes. This is an opportunity for all researchers and academics from all over the world to develop strong networking towards enhancing the quality of presently on-going research. The interactions and networking amongst fellow researchers are important in the pursuance of knowledge and technological advancement.

I would also like to take this opportunity to thank the organising team for their tireless commitment and involvement in ensuring the success of this virtual conference. A conference of this magnitude would not have been possible without the dedication, support and concerted efforts from the committee members, industry colleagues, academic institutions and all supporting organizations. When different skills and experiences collide, eye-opening ideas and solutions emerge. Finally, on behalf of the organizing committee, I would like to extend my sincerest thanks and appreciation to our local and international attendees for making this event a success.

Professor Ir. Ts. Dr. R Badlishah Ahmad Vice Chancellor, Universiti Malaysia Perlis



Foreword by The Dean of the Faculty of Civil Engineering Technology, UniMAP

On behalf of the Faculty of Civil Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, we wish to broaden a warm welcome to all the speakers, delegates, co-organizers and participants to our 3rd International Conference on Civil and Environmental Engineering 2020 or CENVIRON2020 - Special Issue on Water Research.

The main focus of the conference is to create an effective medium for institution and industries to share knowledge, exchange information, innovation and problem-solving techniques. The successful story on organising our 1st International Conference on Civil and Environmental Engineering 2017 (CENVIRON2017) in Penang had motivated the working committees to work harder for CENVIRON2020. In total, CENVIRON2017 had published 94 publications in the Scopus indexed proceeding in 2018, meanwhile for CENVIRON2019 had published 144 publications in the Scopus indexed proceeding in 2020. This successfulness continuously blooms for CENVIRON2020 due to enormous amounts of paperwork received from participants internationally and locally.

I believe everyone who is part of this conference shares the goal of researching and understanding of the contemporary and cutting-edge issues, to be at the forefront of knowledge. Hence, it is my desire to see this conference to establish new networks amongst the participants and break new ground in introducing new research agendas for further exploration. I would like to take this opportunity to thank all the committee members of CENVIRON2020 for their commitments and dedications. I would like to extend my appreciation to technical reviewers for their contribution in scientific peer review process. Without their effort, such a good quality of publications could not be attained. Many thanks also to the co-organizer and all those involved in making this conference a success. Last but not least, I wish you enjoy your participation in this conference.

Ts. Dr. Afizah Ayob Dean, Faculty of Civil Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis



Foreword by the Chairman of CENVIRON2020

On behalf of the organizing committee, I would like to extend a warm ‘Selamat Datang’ (Welcome) and greetings to all participants attending CENVIRON2020 - Special Issue on Water Research. The focus of the conference is to gather researchers, academia and industry together to share and discuss current researches in the field of civil and environmental engineering focusing on water related advancement towards better-quality water protection.

CENVIRON2020 features keynote addresses by renowned speakers specially invited to share their professional experiences in related issues. The aim of this conference is to provide an invaluable networking opportunity and platform for knowledge sharing and interchange among researchers, academicians and industrial expertise. This includes current research and development especially in the advancement of various water related fundamentals and applications. I believed that this conference will lead to a broad discussion, generate new ideas scientifically and at the same time will create a strong collaboration among the participants.

Putting together, the success of the conference is a team effort. I am grateful to all the committee members who worked very hard to make this event a successful one. I would like to thank our co- organizer; University College TATI (UC TATI) for its continuous support toward this conference.

We would also like to thank all the authors who submitted their papers to the conference, and all the participants who helped in accomplishing the goals of the conference. We will do our best to make your stay at this conference a pleasant and fruitful one, both socially and scientifically. We hope that you will find this program interesting and thought-provoking and that this conference will provide you with a valuable opportunity to share ideas with others.

Wassalam.

Dr. Abdul Haqi Ibrahim Chairman, CENVIRON2020



P RO G RAM M E S C H E D U L E

International Conference on Civil and Environmental Engineering (CENVIRON2020) Special Issue on Water Research

Date: 18th November 2020 Venue: Everywhere / Google Meet Platform

TIME TENTATIVE

0800 - 0830 • Arrival of Participants and Guests

0830 – 0930

• National Anthem and UniMAP Official Song – WAWASANKU

• Recitation of Do’a

• Welcoming Speech by the Dean of Faculty of Civil Engineering Technology, YBrs. Dr. Afizah Ayob

• Opening Ceremony by UniMAP Vice Chancellor, YBrs. Prof. Ir. Ts. Dr. R Badlishah Ahmad

0930 – 1030

• Keynote 1 by YBhg. Dato’ Ir. Haji Nor Hisham Bin Mohd Ghazali – Director General, Department of Irrigation and Drainage Malaysia

1030 - 1130

• Keynote 2 by YBhg. Prof. Dato’ Ir. Dr. Abdul Wahab Mohammad – Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Research & Innovation Affairs), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

1130 – 1400

PARALLEL SESSION

Session 1.1

Session 1.1

Session 1.2 Session 1.3 Session 1.4 Session 1.5



CONFERENCE SESSION

SESSION 1.1 TIME: 1130 – 1400

CHAIRPERSON: DR. NOR AZIZAH PARMIN

[ THEME: WATER PROTECTION]

❖ CENVIRON 2020: 014-071: Fauzi Baharudin - Effectiveness of Powdered Activated Carbon from Fruit Waste in Removing Heavy Metals in Groundwater

❖ CENVIRON 2020: 013-005: Wei-Chin Kee - Volatile fatty acid (VFA) removal of anaerobically digested molasses wastewater (MWW) in aerobic sequencing batch reactor (SBR) and up-flow aerobic column reactor (UACR) under various hydraulic retention time (HRT)

❖ CENVIRON 2020: 014-011: Fauzi Baharudin - Water Quality Index (WQI) classification for rivers in agriculture and aquaculture catchments.

❖ CENVIRON 2020: 020-013: Hazimah binti Haspi Harun - Physicochemical Analysis on Groundwater for Suitability of Domestic Utilization

❖ CENVIRON 2020: 026-027: N A Zainol - Cactus opuntia as coagulant in treating landfill leachate via coagulation-flocculation process

❖ CENVIRON 2020: 039-034: Brian Ang Yee Hoong - Investigation on the Removal of Nitrate from Water using Different Types of Biosorbents

❖ CENVIRON 2020: 046-043: Shahriar Shams - Removal of pollutants from wastewater using tropical constructed wetland

❖ CENVIRON 2020: 031-059: Nur Shazwani Muhammad - Water usage behaviour: Case study in a southern state in Peninsular Malaysia

❖ CENVIRON 2020: 031-060: Nur Shazwani Muhammad - Development of a self-rating system for domestic water consumption in Malaysia



CONFERENCE SESSION

SESSION 1.2 TIME: 1130 – 1400

CHAIRPERSON: ASS. PROF. TS. DR. WONG YEE SHIAN

[ THEME: TECHNOLOGIES FOR WATER MANAGEMENT]

❖ CENVIRON 2020: 045-039: Juliza Jamaludin - A Study on Early Detection of Sewer Pipeline

Blockage Using CCD Tomography Approach

❖ CENVIRON 2020: 063-058: Ang Kean Hua - Applied Hotspot Analysis in Melaka River Basin

❖ CENVIRON 2020: 038-067: Ts Dr Norhafezah Kasmuri - Heavy metals reduction using electrocoagulation in enhancing the water quality near unlined landfill: A case study

❖ CENVIRON 2020: 038-065: Ts Dr Norhafezah Kasmuri - Comparison between activated carbon and sand filtration method for water quality enhancement: A case study

❖ CENVIRON 2020: 038-066: Ts Dr Norhafezah Kasmuri - Enhancement of water quality using natural coagulant in Shah Alam Lakes, Malaysia

❖ CENVIRON 2020: 074-074: Ahmed H. A. Dabwan - Fabrication Of Ceramic Membrane From Local Raw Materials For Treatment Different Wastes

[ THEME: WATER RESOURCES AND HYDROLOGY]

❖ CENVIRON 2020: 014-053: Bryant Chong Choy Xian - Evaluation of Low Impact Development

and Best Management Practices on Peak Flow Reduction using SWMM

❖ CENVIRON 2020: 070-072: Mohd Zulkhairi Mat Salleh - Experiment on Fundamental Behaviours of Wavelength and Height of Vegetated Alternate Bar in River

❖ CENVIRON 2020: 068-076: Muhammad Afiq bin Asha'ari - Field evaluation of using coconut husk and fibre to control slope erosion

❖ CENVIRON 2020: 037-082: Jing Lin Ng - Analysis of annual maximum and partial duration rainfall series



CONFERENCE SESSION

SESSION 1.3 TIME: 1130 – 1400

CHAIRPERSON: DR NORLIA MOHAMAD IBRAHIM


❖ CENVIRON 2020: 003-004: Mohd Fadhli Bin Abd Rashid - Investigation of Light Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid Penetration in Double-Porosity using Physical Experiment and Computer Simulation

❖ CENVIRON 2020: 015-009: Muhammad Zahran Syahmi Armain - Development of rainfall-runoff modelling using the HEC-HMS at the catchment of Kelantan River, Malaysia

❖ CENVIRON 2020: 011-012: Nurhidayati Binti Mat Daud - Dam Failure Risk Factor Analysis Using AHP Method

❖ CENVIRON 2020: 007-028: Azinoor Azida Abu Bakar - The Effects of Rainfall Intensity to Floor Interception of Axonopus Compressus (Dwaft) under Controlled Condition

❖ CENVIRON 2020: 034-032: Kishan Gunesegeran - Acid Mine Drainage And Heavy Metals Contamination Of Abandoned And Active Mine Site At Old Repas Dam In Bentong Pahang Malaysia

❖ CENVIRON 2020: 044-036: Suraya Hani Adnan - The vertical recycled concrete aggregate filter for removal of phosphorus in wastewater

❖ CENVIRON 2020: 014-041: W N Rizzuan - A Review: Removal of Sediment in Water Reservoir by Using Siphon

❖ CENVIRON 2020: 048-046: Mazlin Jumain - Hydraulics and Morphological Patterns in a Riparian Vegetated Sandy Compound Straight Channels

❖ CENVIRON 2020: 055-052: Ng Zhun Kian - Rehabilitation of Stormwater Runoff Analysis for Integrated BIOECODS using EPA-SWMM



CONFERENCE SESSION

SESSION 1.4 TIME: 1130 – 1400

CHAIRPERSON: DR. NAJIHAH ABDUL RASHID


❖ CENVIRON 2020: 027-044: N A Yusoff - Synthesis and Characterization of Carboxymethyl Cellulose Derived from Waste Office Paper for Dye Removal

❖ CENVIRON 2020: 051-048: Ala Omar Abdulrazzaq Hashem - Water Quality Status of Sungai Petani River

❖ CENVIRON 2020: 052-050: Mohd BadrulHaswan Besar - Investigation on Rejection Efficiency, Flux and Morphology of PES-Surfactant Membranes Using RSM-CCD Methodology and SEM Assessment

❖ CENVIRON 2020: 054-051: Azhar Abdul Halim - A Combination of Struvite Precipitation Method and Coagulation-Flocculation for Leachate Treatment in Jeram Sanitary Landfill, Selangor, Malaysia

❖ CENVIRON 2020: 057-054: Sim Lan Ching - Design of photoreactor with high sunlight concentration for improved photocatalytic degradation of dye pollutant

❖ CENVIRON 2020: 066-061: Nur Aimi Nadhirah Zainudin - Overview of Activated Carbon Derived from Biomass for Heavy Metal Removal

❖ CENVIRON 2020: 038-064: Ts Dr Norhafezah Kasmuri - Assessment of water quality and heavy metals in Semenyih River

❖ CENVIRON 2020: 038-068: Ts Dr Norhafezah Kasmuri - Phosphorus reduction in batch culture using seed sludge of wastewater

❖ CENVIRON 2020: 088-096: Fadirah Fadzail - Adsorption of ibuprofen using activated carbon derived from dillenia indica peels

❖ CENVIRON 2020: 019-070: N F Bain - Bottom Ash Treatment by Using Seawater with Citrus Aurantiifolia

❖ CENVIRON 2020: 081-089: Mohd Habir Ibrahim - Preliminary Study of Water Quality Surrounding the Petrochemical Plants at Teluk Kalong Industrial Area



CONFERENCE SESSION

SESSION 1.5 TIME: 1130 – 1400

CHAIRPERSON: DR. SARA YASINA YUSUF

[ THEME: ENERGY AND WATER]

❖ CENVIRON 2020: 024-017: Kea-Lee Yap - Effect of Cathode Materials on Wastewater Treatment and Bioelectricity Generation in a Double Chambered Microbial Fuel Cell

❖ CENVIRON 2020: 024-018: Shen-Hui Thor - A Photocatalytic Fuel Cell Integrated Electro-Fenton System for Amaranth Dye Degradation and Electricity Generation

❖ CENVIRON 2020: 062-057: Paran Gani - The influence of photoperiod, light intensity, temperature and salinity on the growth rate and biomass productivity of green microalgae, Botryococcus sp.

❖ CENVIRON 2020: 046-063: Shahriar Shams - Enhancing The Performance Of Solar Stills For Desalination Of The Sea Water

[ THEME: COASTAL AND MARINE]

❖ CENVIRON 2020: 069-075: Mohammad Fakhratul Ridwan Zulkifli -Multilayer Perceptron Model for the Prediction of Corrosion Rate of Aluminium Alloy 5083 in Seawater via Different Training Algorithms

❖ CENVIRON 2020: 075-081: Saidatul Radhiah Ghazali - Biocompatibility of Hydroxyapatite (HAp) Derived from Clamshell as Active Ingredients in Sunscreen Product



[ THEME: OTHERS]

❖ CENVIRON 2020: 025-024: Nor Azliza Akbar - Characteristic Study of Groundwater Well Quality at USM Engineering Campus

❖ CENVIRON 2020: 030-033: Sam Le Eh Kan - The Impact of High Biodegradable COD Fraction in Poultry Processing Wastewater to SBR Performance

❖ CENVIRON 2020: 014-042: Siti Aisyah Zulkhurnain - Development Of Water Quality Model Due To Heavy Metal & Sediment Content In Sungai Kenau

❖ CENVIRON 2020: 033-045: Amalina Amirah Abu Bakar - Removal of Chromium (III) from Industrial Wastewater using Modified Coconut Shell Carbon as Adsorbent

❖ CENVIRON 2020: 085-092: Ahmed Abubakar - Oil Palm In The Face Of Climate Change: A

Review Of Recommendations

❖ CENVIRON 2020: 049-047: Le Thi Bich Diep - Environmental Change Needs Behavioral Change: Consumers Green Purchase Behavior in Viet Nam



KEYNOTE SPEECH

Keynote 1

by Dato’ Ir. Haji Nor Hisham Mohd Ghazali - Director General, Department of Irrigation and Drainage Malaysia

Water Resilience: Empowering People with Water Resources Understanding

Abstract

The value of water for people, food and rural development, economic development and environment has long been realized, yet achieving safely managed drinking water is crucial to human survival. But there is a need for us to value the understanding of our water because water is not only for the continuity of life, but also plays an important role in ensuring sustainability. Water security is also the country's most debated agenda, its negative impact in terms of water shortages, floods and pollutions has placed water-related risks among the main threats to Malaysia. In our journey towards managing water in an integrative manner, water security remains an important element for sustainable development. Water security is to manage water by balancing the competing demands from various sectors and be well prepared from floods and

droughts. While resilience is the capacity to recover quickly from difficulties, the ability to bounce back after a disruption. In terms of climate, communities must become resilient to disruption caused by increasingly frequent and significant flood, prolonged hot weather while adapting and transforming to deal with the changing conditions and uncertain future. Malaysia in the 21st century needs to be equipped with real-time information, when such a disruption is going to happen, who are the people to be affected, how long will the disruption be in place, how much resources is available, how to allocate or distribute the resources in the future. The task of forecasting a disaster and balancing the resources requires intensive and complex data thus requiring more complex predictive water management tools and innovative techniques. To deploy and maximise the benefit from these tools, Malaysia therefore need people who understand their water resources intimately and can respond accordingly to a water-related hazard and restore a disrupted water balance. The population living in high risk areas need to be properly guided and made aware of when and how to response to advisory and warning messages. With better understanding, people are empowered to respond quickly to recover from an event and be better prepared in the future. A population’s ability to recover from a disaster depends on continuing the awareness education into its succeeding generation. Provision of timely, risk-based warnings to an informed and prepared public will be a key element in developing a population’s resilience towards disasters.



KEYNOTE SPEECH

Keynote 2 by Prof. Dato’ Dr. Ir. Abdul Wahab Mohammad - Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Research & Innovation Affairs), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

Integrated/Hybrid Technologies for Water and Wastewater Reclamation

Abstract

Water reclamation whereby treated wastewater is reused for various beneficial purposes is becoming more important due to the increasing scarcity of water resources. Data have shown that water reclamation cost has been steadily decreasing over the years due to the availability of various water processing technologies at much lower cost compared decades ago. There are various ways in which reclaimed wastewater can be reused such as for agricultural and landscape irrigation, industrial processes, toilet flushing, and ground water recharge. There is also an increasing trend in looking at combining the objective of resource recovery (energy and useful by-products) with effluent treatment. Thus there is a strong need to look into technologies for water and wastewater treatment from the point of view of integrated/hybrid configuration process. Among the common benefits of the hybrid/integrated systems are (i) to overcome limits of single treatment units, (ii) to enhance quality (safety) of water produced from deleterious water sources (better performance), (iii) to increase energy savings and environmental benefits, and (iv) to reduce in capital and operating costs. This talk will look into some of the interesting trends in the area of nitrated/hybrid processing technologies for water reclamation. Our recent work with the local palm oil industry in resource recovery coupled with effluent treatment will also be discussed.



ABSTRACTS


CENVIRON 2020: 019-070

Bottom Ash Treatment by Using Seawater with Citrus aurantifolia

N F Bain1, C Z A Abidin2, W N Kamaruzaman1 and N S Arbaan1 1Department of Civil Engineering, Politeknik Sultan Idris Shah, Sungai Lang,

Sungai Air Tawar, 45100 Selangor Malaysia 2Water Research Group (WAREG), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Perlis, Malaysia.

E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

The combustion process of coal from a coal-burning power station in TNB Janamanjung Sdn. Bhd. for production of energy was produced a primary by-product called coal ash. The huge amount of bottom ash was considered harmful to the environment and typically disposed of on-site disposal systems without any further use. The environment can be polluted since the toxic elements such as heavy metals that exist in the ash could pose a danger to public health. To overcome these problems, an effective treatment needs to be done to overcome the problems. The purpose of this research is to study the possibility of developing a new technique to reduce heavy metal elements by using seawater as a washing method and Citrus aurantifolia as leaching methods. A good alternative from the use of citric acid from the Citrus aurantifolia was discovered to be substitute strong acids such as HCl in the leaching process since citric acid can react as an organic acid which fewer negative effects compared to the stronger acid to humans and the environment. The bottom ash was rinsed and soaked in the seawater for 24 hr before the leaching process by using Citrus aurantifolia. The result showed that the heavy metals content such as copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and arsenic (As) can be decreased after the removal process. In fact, the results show that the heavy metal removal up to 92% for As when the bottom ash was soaked until 72 hr but for Cu and Zn, the removal efficiency higher when the bottom ash was soaked at 20 hr. In conclusion, the optimum time to remove heavy metal from bottom ash by using Citrus aurantifolia was determined but the efficiency differs with the time taken to soak the bottom ash in the acid solution.



CENVIRON 2020: 039-034

Investigation on the Removal of Nitrate from Water using Different Types of Biosorbents

B Y H Ang, Y H Ong and Y S Ng

Department of Chemical Engineering, Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering and Science,

Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Sungai Long, Bandar Sungai Long, 43000 Kajang, Selangor


Abstract Eutrophication due to excessive leaching of dissolved nitrogen is a principal cause of water quality degradation. Among different types of removal methods, adsorption is contemporarily deemed favourable due to its simplicity, efficiency and reusability. In this study, six biosorbent candidates, namely rambutan skin (RS), passion fruit skin (PFS), longan seeds (LS), chia seeds (CS), papaya seeds (PS), and luffa (L) were investigated for nitrate removal from water at pH 3.0, room temperature, initial nitrate concentration of 50 mg/L, biosorbent particle size of 425 µm, contact duration of 4 h, shaking speed of 120 rpm, and biosorbent dosage of 0.1 g. Shake flask method was carried out in the adsorption experiments to investigate the effect of heat treatment and acid treatment on the uptake of nitrate from water. The results showed that acid- and heat-treated passion fruit skin biosorbent (biochar, PFSBC) has the best biosorption performance for nitrate uptake of 5.179 mg/g. This biochar possessed high porosity, and abundant surface functional groups for nitrate adsorption.



CENVIRON 2020: 057-054

Design of photoreactor with high sunlight concentration for improved photocatalytic

degradation of dye pollutant

W Q Yap1, Y H Chin2, K H Leong2, P Saravanan3 and L C Sim1

1 Department of Chemical Engineering, Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering and Science,

Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Sungai Long 9, Bandar Sungai Long, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia

2 Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Green Technology, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar, Perak, Malaysia

3 Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM), Dhanbad, Dhanbad-826004, Jharkhand, India


Abstract

A homemade reactor was designed and fabricated with the use of P25 Degussa TiO2 as the photocatalyst. P25 Degussa nanoparticle is a mixture of 75% anatase and 25% rutile. It is more efficient than pure anatase polymorphs because anatase had a larger band gap. This will increase the useful wavelength range of photoactivity and the also size of the rutile crystal lattice become smaller, thus enhance the photocatalytic reaction. The performance of the homemade reactor was evaluated with a different parameter like the different type of dyes, different dosage, different concentration and compare with the conventional method (beaker).The photolysis of methyl blue (MB), methyl orange (MO) and Rhodamine B (RhB) in the absence of photocatalyst recorded an overall efficiency of 64%, 56%, and 48% respectively. The photodegradation of dyes in the presence of photocatalyst achieved an overall efficiency of 85%, 49%, and 96%, respectively. The overall efficiency can achieve 100% after 2 h of reaction time with 2 g of P25 Degussa. The homemade reactor reached a better degradation rate than that of a conventional method (beaker).



CENVIRON 2020: 046-043

Removal of pollutants from wastewater using tropical constructed wetland

N Samsul1, N A A Jeffery1, S B Duraman1, S Shams1 and G Zhenren2

1Civil Engineering Programme Area, Universiti Teknologu Brunei, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong, BE 1410, Brunei Darussalam

2 Department of Hydraulic Engineering, School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, South China University of Science and Technology (SCUT), 381 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou,

510641, China


Abstract A constructed wetland is considered as a cheap and sustainable alternative for wastewater treatment. The aim of this study is to find the most suitable plants or combination of plants along with the substrate for a horizontal sub-surface flow constructed wetland in Brunei Darussalam. The plants performance regarding removal efficiency of E. coli (EC), Total Coliform (TC), Total Nitrogen (TN), Total Oil and Grease (TOG) and Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) were determined during this study. Twelve units of cell A (A1, A3, and A4) made of pixel glass and four units of cell B made of concrete are filled with 0.4 m depth of substrate. Each of cell of A1, A3 and A4 is planted with any of these local plants such as Pandan (Pandanus amaryllifolius)/Nipah (Nypa fruticans) or Lalang (Imperata Cylindrica). The cells in B are planted with all three plants but with different ratio of plant density. Each cell’s performance was analysed based on removal efficiency of EC and TC, TN, TOG and TPH. The study concluded that using sand as substrate was found to be most efficient for removing EC and TC consistently and effectively when planted with Nipah, Pandan and Lalang at a ratio of 1:1:1.



CENVIRON 2020: 052-050

Investigation on rejection efficiency, flux and morphology of PES-surfactant membranes

using RSM-CCD methodology and SEM assessment

B Badrul Haswan1,2, A R Hassan2,3, K Ali1, A A M Redhwan1, A Nasir4

1Faculty of Engineering Technology, University College TATI (UC TATI), 24100, Kemaman,

Terengganu, Malaysia 2East Coast Environmental Research Institute (ESERI), Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (UniSZA),

Gong Badak Campus, 21300, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia 3Faculty of Industrial Design and Technology (FRIT), Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (UniSZA), Gong

Badak Campus, 21300 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia 4Faculty of Computer, Media and Technology Management, University College TATI (UC TATI),

24100, Kemaman, Terengganu, Malaysia

Email: [email protected]

Abstract A well-functioning membrane such as high rejection efficiency and high flux rate is indeed the main goal in a study. In fact, so many studies on the factors that affect the membrane are carried out, such as pressure rate, polymer type, additive type, temperature effect during fabrication and so on. Therefore, the development of analytical modeling is vital to predict the optimal performance in good membrane production. Therefore, in this study, the main objective is to develop analytical modeling using Response Surface (RS) methodology for Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS) surfactant membrane, and also to determine the factors used such as polymer concentration and dye concentration in the experiment is statistically significant. The performance selected in this study were the rejection efficiency and the flux rate. Through the choice of Central Composite Design (CCD) that have been selected from the RS methodology, analytical modeling has been made through the development of an experimental framework that will be used to collect input. Modeling from the RS methodology will provide insights to predict the relationship between response parameters as well as statistically significant factors between input and output. Through the experimental data collected, the data were processed through ANOVA to determine the statistical validation of the adopted RS methodology. From the results of the experiments, the highest rejection efficiency and flux rate were 99.3% and 43.962 (L.m2 / h), respectively. 3D graphs, 2d contours, and equations for rejection efficiency and flux rate were developed as a result of analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Membrane surface morphology was analysed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) in determining membrane structures such as macrovoids, finger-like and spongy.



CENVIRON 2020: 014-011

Water Quality Index (WQI) classification of rivers in agriculture and aquaculture catchments

Fauzi Baharudin1, Jalina Kassim1, Siti Nurulhuda Mohd Imran1 and Mahyun Ab Wahab2

1Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia 2School of Environmental Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

[email protected]

Abstract

Water quality is always affected by a wide range of human and natural factors which is commonly a result of mismanagement of land, dumping of rubbish and unintentional introduction of chemical material into the river. The rivers in Kuala Selangor and Sabak Bernam districts which lie in active agriculture and aquaculture activities are also not spared from pollution. This study focused on water quality investigation and source of pollution identification in seven rivers in Kuala Selangor and Sabak Bernam. The water quality parameters investigated were Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Suspended Solids (SS), pH and Ammoniacal Nitrogen (AN). Water Quality Index (WQI) was then calculated based on Department of Environmental guidelines. Based on the WQI results, Sungai Selangor and Sungai Tengi were classified as Class III showing slightly polluted, while Sungai Buloh, Sungai Nibong, Sungai Haji Dorani, Sungai Besar (Bagan Cina), Sungai Besar (Parit Timur) and Sungai Bernam were classified as Class IV or polluted. The industrial, residential, agricultural activities in the surrounding area of the rivers that were suspected of being sources of river pollution were also identified.



CENVIRON 2020: 014-071

Effectiveness of powdered activated carbon from fruit waste in removing heavy metals in

groundwater

Fauzi Baharudin1, Nurhidayah Hamzah1, Mahyun Ab Wahab2 and Choong Wee Kang3

1 Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia 2 Faculty of Civil Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Perlis, Malaysia

3 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia


Abstract

This study was conducted to measure and compare the existing concentration of heavy metals in groundwater at riverbank. This study was also carried out to determine the effectiveness of activated durian rind which serves as powdered activated carbon (PAC) as an adsorption agent to remove heavy metals such as iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) in groundwater. The initial concentration of Fe and Mn from all groundwater samples have exceeded the allowable standard. The process of removing iron and manganese was done by using 0.1g, 0.2g, 0.3g and 0.4g of activated durian rind. The results has shown a promising success with the percentage of removal with activated durian rind for iron ranging from 93.06% to 98.39%, while removal percentage for manganese ranging from 93.42% to 98.57%.



CENVIRON 2020: 009-001

Physical and Mechanical Properties of Clay Sludge Brick

A H Ibrahim1,2, M Y A Bakar1, C Z A Abidin1,2, F M Ridwan1,2, M F A Jalil3

1Water Research Group (WAREG), Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 02600, Arau, Perlis, MALAYSIA.

2Faculty of Civil Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 02600, Arau, Perlis, MALAYSIA. 3Department of Environment (DOE), Ministry of Environment and Water, Aras 1-4, Podium 2 & 3,

Wisma Sumber Asli, No. 25, Persiaran Perdana, Presint 4, 62574 Putrajaya, MALAYSIA.


Abstract There are approximately 450 water treatment plants in Malaysia which produce potable water to consumers. During coagulation process, huge volume of sludge was produced particularly when turbid water was treated. The main objective of this work is to study the physical and mechanical properties of clay sludge brick. In this research, the sludge from the water treatment plant was used as clay replacement material in brick production. Several design mixtures of sludge and clay with different moisture content were used to prepare the brick. These bricks were fired at two different temperature (500°C and 900°C) before being tested for its physical and mechanical properties. Result shows that the presence of sludge in brick would increase the water absorption capacity of the brick. The water absorption was increased from 5.5% to 51% when the 60% (w/w) of sludge was incorporated into the mix. In term of burning temperature, higher temperature would improve the physical and mechanical properties of the brick. Based on the results, sludge from the water treatment plant shows huge potential as clay replacement in brick making process. Recycling the sludge from water treatment plants could solve the sludge disposal problem face by most of the plant operators.



CENVIRON 2020: 020-013

Physicochemical analysis of groundwater and suitability for domestic utilization in Kuala Langat, Selangor

Hazimah Haspi Harun1, Mohamad Roslan M K1, S Nurhidayu1, Zulfa Hanan Ash’aari 2 and

Faradiella Mohd Kusin2

1 Department of Forestry Science and Biodiversity, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, Universiti

Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia 2 Department of Environment, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, Universiti Putra Malaysia,

UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia


Abstract Groundwater is an essential natural resource for the ecosystem and living things. The physicochemical analysis was focusing on thirteen groundwater wells in the Kuala Langat, Selangor. The evaluation of the quality of groundwater and its suitability for domestic purposes was examined by various physicochemical parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, bicarbonate, sulfate, and chloride. The evaluated parameters were compared with the Ministry of Health, Malaysia for the raw water recommended level. Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and major ions analysis were also evaluated in this study. The analysis reveals the groundwater sources in Kuala Langat, Selangor suitable for domestic utilization referring to the parameters analyzed were significantly low concentration in the groundwater samples. MWD5 groundwater wells show high concentrations for several parameters and exceed the permissible limits of the Ministry of Health, Malaysia, and WHO standards. Based on the SAR majority of groundwater samples are suitable for domestic meanwhile not recommend for plants irrigation purposes. Sodium, magnesium, calcium, and chloride were the dominant major ions in the study area. The major ions and trace elements (Mg, Ca, K, Na, Mn, Cu, Zn, Fe) were analyzed by using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) (model Elan 9000, PerkinElmer, USA).



CENVIRON 2020: 054-051

Stabilized leachate treatment by using combination of struvite precipitation and coagulation-flocculation methods: RSM optimization

Sarah Nadira Hurairah, Azhar Abdul Halim and Nurhazirah Abdul Aziz

Jabatan Sains Bumi dan Alam Sekitar, Fakuliti Sains dan Teknologi, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia,

43600 Bangi, Selangor


Abstract Leachate is a form of pollution from landfills with pollutants in organic and inorganic forms. Stabilized leachate is characterized by the presence of organic materials with high ammoniacal nitrogen concentrations (>400mg/L), high chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentrations (<4000mg/L) and the ratio of BOD/COD is low (<0.1). In this study, struvite precipitation used to remove high ammonia content and coagulation-flocculation using poly-aluminium chloride (PAC) as coagulant agent and cationic polymer as flocculant agent used for COD and color removal. Response surface methodology (RSM) is applied to determine the optimum parameters and interaction effects of the four main factors that influence the efficiency of treatment used; coagulant dosage, flocculant dosage, pH and Mg-N-P ratio ratio on COD, NH3-N and color removal. Optimum parameters obtained from the study were the coagulant dosage of 2250 mg/L, flocculant dosage of 14 mg/L, pH 7, and Mg: N: P ratio 1.1. The combination of struvite precipitation and coagulation-flocculation method results a percentage of removal of COD 48.6%, NH3-N 92.8% and color 98.8%



CENVIRON 2020: 013-005

Volatile fatty acid (VFA) removal of anaerobically digested molasses wastewater (MWW) in aerobic sequencing batch reactor (SBR) and up-flow aerobic column reactor (UACR)

under various hydraulic retention time (HRT)

Wei-Chin Kee1, Yee-Shian Wong1,2*, Soon-An Ong1,2, Nabilah Aminah Lutpi1,2, S.T.Sam3, Audrey Chai1

1Faculty of Civil Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia 2 Water Research Group (WAREG), Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

3Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia


Abstract

This paper analyses the removal of volatile fatty acid (VFA) of anaerobically digested molasses wastewater (MWW) in three different phases, which are acclimatization phase, aerobic sequencing batch reactor (SBR) phase and up-flow aerobic column reactor (UACR) phase. The UACR was modified from SBR by recycling the effluent to the influent tank for circulation purpose. The effect of hydraulic retention time (HRT) was determined during the operation of UACR. The influent tank was filled with 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 and 5.0 L of anaerobically digested MWW which corresponds to HRT 14, 7, 4.7, 3.5, and 2.8 days. The operation of SBR achieved 85.4 ± 1.8 % of VFA removal at HRT 14 days. When modified to UACR, the VFA removal efficiency reached 85.5 ± 2.3 % at HRT 14 days. The VFA removal changed from 85.5 ± 2.3, 81.0 ± 0.4, 81.3 ± 2.2, 84.6 ± 5.1 to 87.4 ± 0.7 % in the UACR when the HRT decreased from 14 to 2.8 days. The UACR achieved optimum VFA removal at HRT 2.8 days and had greater performance when compared to SBR since it required shorter aeration time to obtain similar result.



CENVIRON 2020: 081-089 Preliminary study of water quality surrounding the petrochemical plants at Teluk Kalong

industrial area

Mohd H Ibrahim1*, Rabiatul M Mohamed1, Azharin S. Abdul Aziz1, Sairam Chandran2

1 Faculty of Engineering Technology, University College TATI, 24000 Kemaman, Terengganu, Malaysia

2 Amspec Testing Services Pte Ltd.


Abstract

Wastewater from industry could lead to water pollution if not properly treated. This research aims to analyze quality of effluent discharge surrounding the petrochemical plants at Teluk Kalong Industrial Area. The purpose is to identify of uncertain level of Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Total suspended Solids (TSS), heavy metal zinc and copper. These properties could affect water quality if the effluent is not properly treated prior to discharge on water surface. In order to obtained the aim of this research, the laboratory analysis has been carried out on the waste water discharged from the petrochemical industry area. An experiment was conducted and discovered that the minimum value for BOD, TSS, Zn and Cu was 35.55mg/l, 21.667mg/l, 0.006mg/l, and 0.001mg/l accordingly. The maximum value for BOD, TSS, Zn and Cu was 60.150mg/l, 742.667mg/l, 0.839mg/l and 0.044mg/l accordingly. As not all parameters obtained satisfactory to the local standard, it is recommended further research be performed to ensure appropriate result complying to the regulatory standards.



CENVIRON 2020: 043-040

Assessment of drinking water quality for raw water and treated water at Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia

V Y T Karen1, A N Kamarudzaman1, M F Ab Jalil2, Z Hassan1, Mahyun A.W.1, Salwa M.Z.M.1,

Amirah A.S.N1

1Water Research Group (WAREG), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Perlis, Malaysia 2Department of Environment, Ministry of Environment and Water, Aras 1-2, Podium 2 & 3, Wisma

Sumber Asli, No. 25, Persiaran Perdana, Presint 4, 62574 Putrajaya, Malaysia


Abstract Clean and safe water is vital for human health, whether it is used for drinking purpose, food production or domestic use. The aims of study are to investigate raw water quality parameters and analysed Water Quality Index (WQI) at Timah Tasoh Dam. The research also analyses the treated water quality parameters at Timah Tasoh Water Treatment Plant, Kampung Belukar, Kampung Kechor and Taman Bukit Kaya, then compared to National Standard for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ) and World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. The raw water was analysed for pH, total suspended solids (TSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), dissolved oxygen (DO) and ammoniacal nitrogen (AN). Treated water was analysed for copper (Cu), iron (Fe) and nickel (Ni). Timah Tasoh Dam is categorized as slightly polluted where its WQI index was 76.94. Sources of pollution related to non-point sources such as fishery activities, agricultural and livestock wastes, and domestic wastes. For treated water parameters, significant results showed at Taman Bukit Kaya which recorded the highest concentrations of Cu, Fe and Ni, at 1.24 mg/L, 0.76 mg/L and 0.01 mg/L respectively. The reason is that Taman Bukit Kaya is the furthest distance from Timah Tasoh Water Treatment Plant, thus the residence time of water in pipe is longer which results in higher concentration of heavy metals. Concentration of Cu and Ni was complied with the guideline values of WHO and only Ni was complied with NSDWQ. Based on the result of treated water analysis at Kangar, Perlis, the drinking water quality is considered as safe for drinking.



CENVIRON 2020: 027-044 Synthesis and Characterization of Carboxymethyl Cellulose Derived from Office Paper Waste

for Methylene Blue Dye Removal

N A Yusoff1, L Y Yee1, N I Iberahim1, N A Zainol1, S Abdullah1, and S N Zailani1

1Department of Chemical Engineering Technology, Faculty of Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 02100 Padang Besar, Perlis


Abstract

The aim of this research was to extract cellulose from office paper waste and converted into carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) based flocculant to treat methylene blue (MB) dye solution. The yield of extracted cellulose obtained was 62.17%. Three different CMC samples were prepared. Degree of substitution (DS) for CMC-1 is 0.6585, CMC-2 is 0.8124 and CMC-3 is 0.8946. This proved that CMC are substituted into cellulose structure due to the DS of the commercial CMC are in the range of 0.4 to 1.5. The coagulation flocculation process of the MB dye shows that the CMC-3 was effective for methylene blue dye removal with highest percentage (98.14%) at pH 9.0, flocculant dosage of 210 ppm with 100 ppm MB concentration solution.



CENVIRON 2020: 026-027

Cactus Opuntia As Coagulant In Treating Landfill Leachate Via Coagulation Process

N A Zainol1, 3 F N Syarmimi3, S N Zailani2, N A Yusoff2 , A A Ghani1,2 , K S Ahmad Sohaimi2

1Water Research Group (WAREG), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kompleks Pusat Pengajian Jejawi 3,02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia.

2Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Kampus UniCITI Alam, Sungai Chuchuh, 02100 Padang Besar, Perlis, Malaysia.

3Faculty of Civil Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP),Kompleks Pusat Pengajian Jejawi 3, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia.

Email : [email protected]

Abstract

Coagulation-flocculation treatment is often used for the treatment of stabilized landfill leachate. However, this treatment includes a chemical coagulant as a treatment agent that is non-environmentally friendly and can pose a possible threat to environmental quality. It is therefore cactus opuntia is proposed to replace the use of current chemical coagulants such as aluminium sulphate in order to achieve sustainable growth. In this regard, the comparative suitability of cactus opuntia and alum as coagulants for the treatment of the stabilised leachate of the Padang Siding Landfill Site was evaluated via a series of Jar Test experimental works with a rapid mixing speed of 100 rpm for 3 minutes, a slow mixing speed of 30 rpm for 10 minutes and a set-up period of 30 minutes. In addition, the sludge volume index (SVI) of the treated leachate sample was calculated under optimised conditions. Cactus opuntia was able to remove 66.8 per cent turbidity and 42 per cent COD at optimal pH 2 with a favourable dose of 8000 mg / L, while the optimal pH 5 with a coagulant dose of 8000 mg / L induced 94.5 per cent turbidity and 69 per cent COD reduction from the same leachate sample. In addition, the SVI of alum coagulant was 42.2 while the cactus opuntia was 4.45 with a relative ratio of alum to opuntia of 9:1. Cactus opuntia may also be proposed as a plentiful coagulant of metal cationic ions such as aluminium, iron and silica elements for the treatment of leachate.



CENVIRON 2020: 031-059

Water usage behaviour: Case study in a southern state in Peninsular Malaysia

N S Muhammad1,2, J Abdullah3, N Abd Rahman1,4 and N A Razali1

1Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

2Earth Observation Centre, Institute for Climate Change, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

3Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia 4Department of Mathematics, Centre for Defence Foundation Studies, Universiti Pertahanan

Nasional Malaysia, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia


Abstract

Generally, Malaysia’s per capita water consumption is high. Therefore, this study perform a thorough investigation on a water consumption that is related to a middle-class community in Malaysia, which accounts for the highest income group in the country. Specifically, we focused on three major categories, i.e. domestic water-usage activities, water habits of the community, and water-saving efforts that can be easily adopted. The main source of data was collected using structured interview method. The frequency of indoor water usage of more than four times a day was high, which suggested that most people did not control their water consumption, especially for cooking, bathing/showering, toilet usage, and dish washing. Community awareness in terms of water-saving efforts is low, as indicated by the respondents that uses dual-pump cisterns in their toilets and employs rainwater-harvesting system for non-potable use. Low water tariff in the study area may discouraged the residents to practice water-saving measures. The findings from this study are important, particularly in understanding the activities and habits associated with high water usage. Additionally, the relevant stakeholders can use these findings to formulate a pro-active action plan to achieve the water usage of 165 litres/capita/day recommended by the World Health Organization.



CENVIRON 2020: 031-060

Development of a self-rating system for domestic water consumption in Malaysia

N S Muhammad1,2, J Abdullah3, N Abd Rahman1,4 and N A Razali1

1 Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

2 Earth Observation Centre, Institute for Climate Change, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

3 Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia 4 Department of Mathematics, Centre for Defence Foundation Studies, Universiti Pertahanan

Nasional Malaysia, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia


Abstract

A positive growth in the global population would increase the need for clean water. Therefore, continuous, adequate, and sustainable clean water supply is a major concern in modern society. A highly effective approach to resolve this concern is to instil self-awareness in consumers. This study established a simple self-rating system for consumers to evaluate their domestic water usage. The rating classifications are ‘Poor’, ‘Fair’, ‘Average’, ‘Good’, and ‘Excellent’, based on a score established using statistical analysis. A high percentage of respondents received an Average (41.3%) or a Good (49.7%) rating. A lower percentage of respondents received a Fair (5.3%) or an Excellent (3.7%) rating. Minimising the frequency of indoor and outdoor activities, practising good water habits, including the use of water saving appliances such as dual-pump cisterns, buckets for showering and bathing, and rainwater harvesting systems are factors that contributed primarily to an Excellent rating. No respondent received a Poor rating, which suggests that there is intrinsic behaviour of good water usage and efforts to conserve water in the community. Consumers can become more aware of and motivated to use water saving practices when they can quantitatively rate their domestic water consumption thru the self-rating system developed in this study.



CENVIRON 2020: 058-093

Removal of COD from landfill leachate using Moringa oleifera

Salwa M.Z.M1,2, A.S.N. Amirah1,2, Mahyun A.W1,2, Hassan Z1,2 and Norsyazwani Che Mohamed

1Water Research Group (WAREG), Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 02600, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia. 2Faculty of Civil Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Perlis, Malaysia.


Abstract

Moringa oleifera was tested as a coagulant for its excellent coagulating properties in the treatment of water and wastewater. Moringa oleifera is a tropical plant belonging to the family of Moringaceae, besides being a non-toxic and natural organic polymer. The aim of this study is to investigate the removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) from landfill leachate using Moringa oleifera through a coagulation-flocculation process. In this study, Moringa oleifera was used as a coagulant. Jar test experiments were employed in order to determine the optimum conditions of coagulant dosage and pH. The conditions of Moringa oleifera dosage of 20 mL and pH 2 were found to be optimal in the effective treatment of the landfill leachate. The study has proven that Moringa oleifera is a good natural coagulant for water treatment. Furthermore, only a small quantity of Moringa oleifera is required in treating a large amount of leachate.



CENVIRON 2020: 038-064

Assessment of water quality and heavy metals in Semenyih River

N Kasmuri1, N F S Mohamad2, S S M Jamil3, R Ahmad4, R Santiagoo5 and S Ramasamy6

1,2,3Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia 4,5Faculty of Civil Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Perlis, Malaysia 5Sustainable Environment Research Group (SERG), Center of Excellence Geopolymer and Green

Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Perlis, Malaysia 6Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Perlis, Malaysia 6Center of Excellence Geopolymer and Green Technology (CEGeoGTech), Universiti Malaysia Perlis

(UniMAP), Perlis, Malaysia


Abstract

Semenyih River has been considered one of Malaysia's most important rivers, particularly in the Selangor Region. This river has been the primary water supply for Putrajaya's domestic and industrial activities in Sepang and Hulu Langat District. However, due to the rapid development near the Semenyih River, this stream's quality has been heavily affected. Therefore, this research aimed to determine the Water Quality Index (WQI) and heavy metals concentration in the upstream, middle stream, and downstream of the Semenyih River. The upstream is located at Pening River Village, the middle stream situated at Semenyih Town, and downstream located at Buah River Village. The WQI set by the Department of Environmental Malaysia (DOE) has been used to classify Semenyih River. In-situ and laboratory tests were done in quantifying the WQI. Heavy metals concentration such as chromium, iron, manganese, zinc, and lead were tested for the river samples. From the results obtained, all intake points had fallen into Class III, in which extensive treatment is needed for water supply. Meanwhile, for heavy metals, the downstream sample had shown the highest concentration of heavy metals compared to the upstream and middle stream. Thus, the Semenyih River's rehabilitation is urgently required to reduce the pollution in preserving the water supply in the Selangor region.



CENVIRON 2020: 038-068

Phosphorus reduction in batch culture using seed sludge of wastewater

M Yusuf 1, N Kasmuri2, R Ahmad3, R Santiagoo4 and S Ramasamy5

1,2Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia 3,4Faculty of Civil Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Perlis, Malaysia 4Sustainable Environment Research Group (SERG), Center of Excellence Geopolymer and Green




Abstract

Phosphorus is a chemical substance and is a kind of nutrient that is essential for the growth of the organism. This key element tends to be growth-limiting-nutrient in lake ecosystems. The high concentration of phosphorus is toxic and can cause a major effect on the water body. Excessive nutrients may lead to eutrophication which will cause the depletion of oxygen. The anoxic waters would reduce the water quality of the surface water and disrupt the stability of the ecosystem. Thus, it is important to measure the phosphorus in a surface water system and to limit the amount of phosphorus going into the water body. Thus, this research aims to evaluate the phosphorus reduction using seed sludge taken from wastewater treatment in Kolej Mawar, UiTM, Shah Alam, Selangor. In the wastewater, biological phosphorus removal (BPR or Bio-P) or the enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) is the biological process where this substance is incorporated into cell biomass and subsequently removed from the process as a result of sludge wasting. Here, seed sludge from wastewater was used in a batch culture experiment using two different solutions of disodium hydrogen phosphate (Na2HPO4) and di-potassium hydrogen phosphate (K2HPO4) in a synthetic medium. The phosphorus reduction and the percentage removal were observed in these two solutions in one-week incubation time. It can be observed that the percentage removal of phosphorus in Na2HPO4 solution was higher (88% and 96%) compared to K2HPO4 solutions (70% and 29%). From the results obtained, the phosphorus can significantly be reduced using the seed sludge from the wastewater in short incubation time within one week. Thus, a sustainable approach in green technology can be further investigated and enhanced to overcome the environmental problems in reducing the phosphorus effluent discharge into the surface water system.



CENVIRON 2020: 019-069

Effect of Electrode Materials on the Degradation of Palm Oil Mill Effluent by Electro-oxidation Process

C Z A Abidin1,2, Fahmi1,2, A H Ibrahim1,2, N R Rahmat1,2, R Ahmad2, N F Mohamed Hussein2, P S

Choong2 and P K Singa3

1Water Research Group (WAREG), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia.

2Faculty of Civil Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia.

3Department of Civil Engineering, Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Bidar, 585401, Karnataka, India.


Abstract

In the recent decades, Malaysia has been known as the one of the palm oil producers and exporters. The increasing of the production and demand of palm oil tends to increase the Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME). Undeniably, the conventional biological treatment has been implemented to reduce the organic matters but insufficient to satisfy the discharge standard by the local authority. Consequently, the biological treated POME has to be treated further to meet the stringent discharge standard. Hence, an advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), electro-oxidation process (EOP) has been applied to treat further the biologically treated POME. There are two stages in this study, EOP carried on with catalyst and electrode (Al and Fe). Therefore, the performance of EOP is evaluated by investigating the removal efficiency on the organic parameters like COD, colour, suspended solid and NH3-N. The operational parameters are the pH adjustment (pH 3, 5, 7 and 9), contact time ranging from 0 to 60 min and the dosage of catalyst (H2O2 and TiO2). The highest degradation of the parameters was obtained under the most acidic solution pH 3, with addition of TiO2 by using Al electrode. The percentages of removal are 96.58 % of colour, 98.74 % of SS and 84.85 % of COD.



CENVIRON 2020: 051-048

Water Quality Status of Sungai Petani River, Kedah, Malaysia

Ala Omar Abdulrazzaq Hashem1, Wan Amiza Amneera Wan Ahmad1,2, Sara Yasina Yusuf1,2

1Faculty of Civil Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

2Water Research Group (WAREG), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia


Abstract

Water is one of crucial natural sources for all livings. However, as the burgeoning population growth and excessive development, the quality of water is deteriorated. Hence, assessing the quality of river water is pivotal not only for determining water quality condition but also identifying polluted areas. This study was conducted to determine water quality status of Sungai Petani River located in Kedah, Malaysia involving three sampling stations (S1, S2 and S3). Six water quality parameters were determined following APHA standard method. The results then assessed following Water Quality Index (WQI) assessment and evaluated based on National Water Quality Standards (NWQS) for Malaysia. Both dry and wet seasons shows increasing index value. In wet season the results were 51.33, 73.06 and 74.76 for S1, S2 and S3 respectively while for dry season index value of 47.97, 58.04 and 69.60 for S1, S2 and S3. Increasing index value from upstream to downstream (S1 to S3) indicates the water quality status was from polluted to slightly polluted (S1 to S3) due to pollutant load from nearby activities. The overall classification for the river water was in class III, the uses for this classification water are water supply with the need for an extensive water treatment and fishery and livestock drinking.



CENVIRON 2020: 088-094 Performance of rubber seed shell adsorbents for removal of methylene blue dye in aqueous

solution

Thevdarshni Chanderan1, Masitah Hasan1,3, Zulfakar Mokhtar2,3, Naimah Ibrahim1,3

1Fakulti Teknologi Kejuruteraan Awam, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Kompleks Pusat Pengajian Jejawi 3, 02600 Arau, Malaysia.

2Fakulti Teknologi Kejuruteraan Kimia, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Kompleks Pusat Pengajian Jejawi 3, 02600 Arau, Malaysia.

3Water Research Group (WAREG), Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Kompleks Pusat Pengajian Jejawi 3, 02600 Arau, Malaysia.

[email protected]

Abstract

Regeneration of rubber seed shell (RSS) in producing an effective low-cost activated carbon (AC) through chemical activation using H3PO4. Adsorption of methylene blue (MB) by raw, AC1 (impregnation ratio 1:1) and AC2 (impregnation ratio 1:3) carbons were analyzed to discover its adsorption capacity. The effects of various experimental parameters: pH of solution, initial concentration, contact time and adsorbent dosage were analyzed. Characterization of adsorbents produced were performed using SEM, ash content, iodine number and BET. Overall performance of the adsorbents was investigated by employing the optimum values obtained in the batch adsorption studies. This study revealed that the carbon with higher impregnation ratio (AC2) has the highest removal efficiency of MB at 91.4%. Specific surface area, iodine adsorption number and ash content for AC2 are 317.6 m2/g, 676.9 mg/g and 2.6%, respectively. This study revealed the primacy of chemically activated carbons with higher impregnation ratio (AC2) for the removal of MB.



CENVIRON 2020: 088-095

Removal of Azo Dye from Aqueous Solution by Activated Carbon Derived from Moringa oleifera Seeds

Tan Shouzheng1, Zulfakar Mokhtar1,3, Masitah Hasan2,3

1Fakulti Teknologi Kejuruteraan Kimia, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Kompleks Pusat Pengajian Jejawi

3, 02600 Arau, Malaysia 2Fakulti Teknologi Kejuruteraan Awam, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Kompleks Pusat Pengajian

Jejawi 3, 02600 Arau, Malaysia 3Water Research Group (WAREG), Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Kompleks Pusat Pengajian Jejawi 3,

02600 Arau, Malaysia

[email protected]

Abstract

The aim of this work is to utilize activated carbon derived from M. oleifera seeds that is treated with zinc chloride to remove the Remazol Brilliant Pink solution in aqueous solution. The acid-treated activated carbon was characterized using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) to determine the adsorbent surface morphology and functional groups, respectively. Three experiment parameters including pH, adsorbent dosage and initial dye concentration were carried out in a batch adsorption process. From the study, pH 3, 0.20 grams of adsorbent dosage, and initial dye concentration of 150 mg/L were the best operating parameter. The adsorption data was then undergone further analysis using Langmuir adsorption isotherm and Freundlich adsorption isotherm. Langmuir adsorption isotherm has a superior R2 value of 0.9784 when compared to the latter. The adsorption kinetics follows pseudo-second-order kinetic model was, indicating that the adsorption process is a chemisorption and monolayer formed at the surface of activated carbon. Thus, activated carbon derived from M. oleifera seeds deemed to be effective in removing Remazol Brilliant Pink from aqueous solution.



CENVIRON 2020: 088-096

Adsorption of ibuprofen using activated carbon derived from dillenia indica peels

1Fadirah Fadzail, 1,3Masitah Hasan, 2,3Zulfakar Mokhtar

1Faculty of Civil Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Kompleks Pusat Pengajian Jejawi 3, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

2Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Kompleks Pusat Pengajian Jejawi 3, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

3Water Research Group (WAREG), Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Kompleks Pusat Pengajian Jejawi 3, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

Abstract

Adsorption of ibuprofen (IBP) onto a low-cost activated carbon, prepared at a laboratory scale from Dillenia Indica peels, has been investigated. The effect of initial ibuprofen concentration (20-100 mg/L) was studied. The equilibrium data obtained at 30 °C were analyzed by isotherms and kinetics study. The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were used to explain the experimental data. While pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models were applied for adsorption kinetic at different initial concentrations of ibuprofen. It was found that the adsorption process obeyed Freundlich isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The activated carbon presented adsorption capacities of 7.5075 mg/g.



CENVIRON 2020: 066-061

Overview of activated carbon derived from biomass for heavy metal removal

Z Nur Aimi Nadhirah, A Nabihah, I Mohd Habir and M Rabiatul Manisah

Faculty of Engineering Technology, University College TATI, 24000 Kemaman Terengganu, Malaysia.


Abstract

Release of industrial wastewater that contains heavy metals may lead to serious water pollution problems. Therefore effective solution to prevent such situation is critically needed. As a popular wastewater treatment system, adsorption is widely used. It becomes the centre of attention nowadays with more research focusing on the usage of biomass-derived activated carbons. Biomass derived activated carbons are alternative materials that offer inexpensive cost, easily available and definitely environmental friendly. This paper goes through the synthesis of biomass as activated carbon followed by the application of the material in removing heavy metals in wastewater. The future prospect of biomass derived activated carbon is also discussed. Such technology is hoped to reduce activated carbon processing costs and also biomass disposal problems simultaneously.



ABSTRACTS


CENVIRON 2020: 003-004

Investigation of Light Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid Penetration in Double-Porosity using Physical Experiment and Computer Simulation

M. F. Abd Rashid1, N. Alias1, K. Ahmad2, R. Sa’Ari1, FTC. Tsai3, M. Z. Ramli3, Z. Ibrahim1, M.

Jumain1 M. H. Jamal1, A. Abu Bakar1 and M. I. Shahrin2

1Department of Water and Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia

2Department of Geotechnics and Transportation, School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia

3Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Patrick F. Taylor Hall, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, United State of America

4Institute of Noise and Vibration, School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia


Abstract

Groundwater resources benefits to human activity for developing country. Groundwater contamination is crucial, particularly due to the amount of leakage and spillage of hydrocarbon liquids such as light non-aqueous phase liquids (LNAPLs), resulting in contaminated the groundwater and unsafe for domestic and agriculture activities. Penetration of hydrocarbon liquids into groundwater can be seen through double-porosity soil. Therefore, this paper investigates the penetration of LNAPLs in double-porosity soil using computer modelling to calibrate and validate from physical experiment data. These computer modelling and physical experiment studies discuss the pattern and rate of LNAPL penetrations by employing PetraSim commercial software and digital image processing technique (DIPT) by using acrylic glass cylinder, mirror and Nikon D90 digital camera. The LNAPL volume of 70 ml and 150 ml were poured instantaneously onto the surface of soil sample for calibration and validation purposes. The penetration pattern in double-porosity were monitored and recorded using digital camera at pre-determine time intervals. The images were processed using Surfer software and Matlab routine to plot the LNAPL penetration pattern. PetraSim simulation was used to calibrate and validate the penetration of LNAPL through double-porosity soil with physical experiment data. As a result, the PetraSim results valid with the physical experiment results. The Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency results more than 0.50 with percentage of differences for calibration and validation are 1.34% and 5.47% between physical experiment and PetraSim simulation. As a conclusion, PetraSim simulation can be used for further investigation on LNAPL penetration through subsurface soil.



CENVIRON 2020: 006-003

Climate change impact under CanESM2 on future rainfall in the state of Kelantan using Artificial Neural Network

M Z S Armain1, Z Hassan1,2, S Harun3

1Faculty of Civil Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Perlis, Malaysia.

2Water Research Group (WAREG), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Perlis, Malaysia. 3School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM Skudai,

81310 Johor, Malaysia.


Abstract Kelantan is a state in Peninsular Malaysia that is highly vulnerable to extreme events such as drought and floods which are becoming worse because of climate change due to global warming that is caused by human activities. This study aims to evaluate the potential impacts of climate change on the future of rainfall in Kelantan using Artificial Neural Network. CanESM2 under three Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs), namely RCPs 2.6, 4.5, and 8.5 for 2011-2100 are incorporated with the ANN model and are used to compare the baseline period (1972 to 2018). In general, the simulated rainfall that downscaled by using the ANN model approximates the observed rainfall (during the calibration and validation periods) reasonably well. The study also shows that the ANN model anticipates a major increase in annual rainfall in the 2080s for the RCP 8.5 scenario.



CENVIRON 2020: 047-090

The use of media filters in treatment of runoff pollution

A.S.N. Amirah1,2, S. Ragunathan2, N.A.N. Zainab2, A.M. Andrew3, W. Faridah2, W. H. Tan4 and Z.M Salwa1,2

1Water Research Group (WAREG), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Perlis, Malaysia

2Faculty of Civil Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Perlis, Malaysia 3Centre for Diploma Studies (PPD), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Perlis, Malaysia

4Faculty of Electronic Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Perlis, Malaysia


Abstract

The study will examine the ability of recycled aggregates and sand to classify wastewater in a manner that decreases the level of environmental pollution. The sample was taken from Kg Wang Ulu, Perlis agricultural district, Jejawi, Perlis industrial area and Taman Desa Katong, Perlis residential area. Water quality research has been investigated to find the characteristics of effluent such as suspended solids, BOD, COD and TSS. Three rainfall intensity values, of 5 LPM as low rainfall, 12.5 LPM as mean precipitation intensity, and 22.5 LPM as high-cut rainfall consisted of recycled aggregate and high-absorptive sand as drainage beds, were included in this operating system. Experimental findings indicate that the recycling of aggregates and sand filters has a positive effect on water in industrial and residential areas. It shows that the use of recycled aggregates as a drainage bed can increase the permeability of the region by reducing erosion, preventing flooding and promoting natural infiltration.



CENVIRON 2020: 047-091

A study of water distribution near Taman Seri Wang, Arau, Perlis

A.S.N. Amirah1,2, W.H. Tan3, W. Faridah2, A.M. Andrew4, N.A.N. Zainab2, S. Ragunathan2 and Z.M Salwa1,2

1Water Research Group (WAREG), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Perlis, Malaysia

2Faculty of Civil Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Perlis, Malaysia 3Centre for Diploma Studies (PPD), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Perlis, Malaysia

4Faculty of Electronic Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Perlis, Malaysia


Abstract The water distribution system consists of a network of pipelines of different sizes with control valves for transporting water to all streets and providing water to consumers through the water distribution system. The water distribution system may either be continuous or intermittent. Water is available 24 hours a day and seven days a week throughout the continuous water distribution network. This study was conducted to access the water distribution near Taman Seri Wang (TSW) in Arau, Perlis. Research had been outlined to access the existing water distribution at RPA ARAU, to identify the head loss of water distribution at TSW ARAU and to determine the relationship between node demand and pressure of water distribution system at TSW ARAU. A quantitative method was used in this study, which gathers the data parameter from Syarikat Air Perlis (SAP) generated using EPANET software to calculate the head loss inside the pipe Hazen – William equation. The flow rate shows a declining value at nodes 42, 34, 54 and 46 after an analysis of 0700 hours. Simultaneously, a higher proportion of head loss is found in mainly link 1 of the water intake point and link 15 in the water tank near the study area.



CENVIRON 2020: 048-046

Hydraulic and morphological patterns in a riparian vegetated sandy compound straight channel

M Jumain1, *, Z Ibrahim1, Z Ismail2, M H Jamal2, M F A Rashid1, M Z M Salleh3, M E M Shariff1

and N S Zulkifli1

1 Department of Water and Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), 81310 Johor Bahru, Malaysia.

2 Center for Coastal and Ocean Engineering (COEI), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), 81310 Johor Bahru, Malaysia.

3 Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA Pasir Gudang Campus, 81750 Masai, Johor, Malaysia.


Abstract

Emergent vegetation or trees are important riverine features and essential in hydraulic engineering including flood management and river restoration. Clearing up trees along river banks has been pointed out as a contributing factor to the severity of flood damages including financial losses and even fatalities. Thus, the effect of riparian vegetation on river flow must be clearly understood. The hydraulics and morphological patterns in a riparian vegetated sandy compound straight channel were carried out in the Hydraulics Laboratory, School of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. Two-line steel rods with tandem and staggered arrays to simulate as rigid emergent vegetation were placed along the riparian zone of an asymmetrical straight channel. The Manning’s n, depth-averaged velocity, boundary shear stress and morphological changes during shallow and deep floods are discussed in this paper. The findings prevailed that the staggered array riparian vegetation generated 4.5% flow resistance higher than the tandem array. The vegetation also altered velocity distribution which contributed to the boundary shear stress patterns in a compound straight channel. The flow velocity profiles were also related to the morphological changes in the channel.



CENVIRON 2020: 070-072 Experiment on fundamental behaviours of wavelength and height of vegetated alternate bar

in river

Mohd Zulkhairi Mat Salleh1,2*, Zulkiflee Ibrahim2, Radzuan Saari2, Mazlin Jumain2, Zulhilmi Ismail2, Muhamad Effandi Mohd Shariff2, Nurdalina Syuhada Zulkifli2, and Che Ku Ahmad

Lukman Mazlan2

1Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA Pasir Gudang, 81750 Masai, Johor,

Malaysia. 2School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM

Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia


Abstract The study on the alternate bar has been implemented by many researchers previously. However, the detailed analysis of the formation of the vegetated alternate bar is still not sufficient, especially on the bar wavelength, height, and width. Therefore, this present study provides an analysis of the experimental approach on the vegetated alternate bar formations. The focus was on the characteristics of wavelength, height, and width of the alternate bar. The objective of the study is to investigate the relationship of these parameters for three different conditions of alternate bar formations of non-vegetated, full and half patches of vegetation alternate bar. The flume of 10 m long and 1 m wide with erodible bed and fixed banks were used for the experiments with uniform bed sediment of size 0.8 mm. The wavelength and height of both full and half vegetated alternate bars increased compared to non-vegetated thus stabilized the formation of the alternate bar in the channels. The vegetation also reduced the value of the shield parameter to produce high deposition on the bar. The width of the bar increased at the head and body of the vegetated bar however it was decreased in the area of bar edge. Therefore, it could say that vegetation gives positive impacts on the alternate bar formation characteristics especially on its formation and stability in the rivers.



CENVIRON 2020: 007-028 The Effects of Rainfall Intensity to Floor Interception of Axonopus Compressus (Dwaft) under

Controlled Condition

A B Azinoor Azida1, A M Nur Syahidah2 and W K Lee2

1Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Johor, Kampus Pasir Gudang, Bandar Seri Alam, 81750 Masai, Johor, MALAYSIA.

2Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, MALAYSIA.


ABSTRACT This study aims to quantify the amount of canopy storage capacity, to determine the canopy interception values and to investigate the effects of rainfall intensities to interception loss for Axonopus compressus (Dwaft) as floor vegetation under laboratory conditions. A rainfall simulator, Kohler GHE20 Hydrology apparatus, has been applied to produce an artificial rainfall with three different intensities. General water balance equation was applied where the changes in water storage between barren land and land with canopy cover was recorded to obtain the interception loss amount. Canopy storage capacity determined from this study was 1.35 to 0.48 mm for 90 to 180 mm/hr rainfall intensity, respectively. Meanwhile, the canopy interception obtained is 3 to 18% from the rainfall depth.



CENVIRON 2020: 011-012

Dam Failure Risk Factor Analysis using AHP Method

Nurhidayati Mat Daud1, Siti Hafizan Hassan1, Nor Azliza Akbar1, Amalina Amirah Abu Bakar1, Nor Akmal Shuhada Mohamad1, Ernie Abd Manan2, Ahmad Farhan Hamzah2

1Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Pulau Pinang, 13500

Permatang Pauh, Pulau Pinang 2Institut Penyelidikan Hidraulik Kebangsaan Malaysia, Lot 5377, Jalan Putra Permai, 43300 Seri

Kembangan, Selangor


Abstract Bukit Merah Dam is Malaysia’s oldest dam and the risk of failure probability is rising as the dam aging physically. The number and magnitude of maximal precipitations caused by changes in weather have been increasing and directly increase the likelihood of developing a dam failure. Risk analysis usually incorporates the theory of probability and the mathematical statistics to obtain the risk of dam failure within the framework of dam safety. However, the experience and judgment of the dam experts are not considered in determining the risk of dams failure. This study aims to determine the risk factor of Bukit Merah Dam through the Delphi technique and to assess the risk factor impacts due to dam failures using the AHP method. There are three risk factors or criteria highlighted in this research which are structural, human and natural. According to the results for the structural criteria, the priority is seepage where the final weight is 70.1%. For the human criteria, the priority is operational mismanagement with the final weight of 58.46%, 31.45%. Lastly, for the natural criteria, the priority is flooding from high precipitation with a final weight of 48.57%. From the consistency ratio, the CR for structural factor is 0.041 while for the human factor is 0.014 and for natural criteria is 0.019. As all the CR value for this criteria is less than 0.1, all participants’ evaluations about dam failure criteria are consistent. In conclusion, the dam operators need to be more vigilant to seepage, operational mismanagement and flooding from high precipitation factors of failure for Bukit Merah Dam.



CENVIRON 2020: 014-006

Derivation of Z-R Relationship Parameter for Alor Setar Radar Using Traditional Matching Method (TMM)

Mahyun A. W. 1,2, Kar-Kei Chua1, Salwa M.Z.M 1,2, Noramirah Abu Seman 1,2,

Zulkarnain Hassan1,2 and Ain Nihla Kamarudzaman 1,2

1 Water Research Group (WAREG),Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 02600, Arau, Perlis, MALAYSIA.

2 Faculty of Civil Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 02600, Arau, Perlis, MALAYSIA


Abstract

The rainfall measurement can be done by using rain gauge and weather radar instruments. However, weather radar does not measure the rainfall depth directly as contrary to rain gauge. Therefore, an empirical relationship between reflectivity (Z) and rainfall rate (R) which is commonly known as reflectivity-rainfall (Z-R) relationship consisting of parameter A and exponential b (𝑍= 𝐴∙𝑅𝑏), usually used to convert reflectivity data into rainfall rate for a radar. Presently, the Z-R relationship parameters proposed by Marshall and Palmer (1947) used in Malaysia is seem no longer suitable for Malaysia condition. Hence, a new relationship should be developed. The reflectivity data from year 2006 to year 2007 at Alor Setar radar and gauge rainfall data from 14 rain gauge in the Northern of Peninsular Malaysia were calibrated. By using the Traditional Matching Method (TMM), a new parameter was developed for Alor Setar radar which located in Northern Peninsular Malaysia. By minimizing the errors, a Mean Field Bias Correction (MFB) technique was apply to all selected parameter in this study with adjusting the value A and fixed the value b. As a results, new climatological Z-R relationship (𝑍=14.30𝑅1.9) was obtained. To justify the new relationship, validation analysis has been performed by using the five statistical measure. It was found that the validation analysis has given the best results of Mean Error (ME), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Bias and Pearson Correlation Coefficient (r) with value of 0.00, 0.00, 7.54, 1.00 and 0.85 respectively. Concluded that, it is suitable for radar rainfall estimation in the Northern Region of Peninsular Malaysia.



CENVIRON 2020: 068-076

Field evaluation of using coconut husk and fibre to control slope erosion

Muhammad Afiq Asha’ari1, Ena Kartina Abdul Rahman1,2, Uditha Ratnayake1, Soon Jiann Tan1,2 and Shahriar Shams1

1Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Brunei, Gadong BE 1410, Brunei Darussalam

2Centre for Transport Research, Universiti Teknologi Brunei, Gadong BE 1410, Brunei Darussalam


Abstract One of the most common temporary measures to control soil slope erosion is the placement of synthetic geotextile or biological cover over the sloping surface. However, synthetic geotextiles have some disadvantages. Firstly, they are much expensive compared to biological materials. Secondly, synthetic geotextiles made of polymeric materials are not biodegradable and are likely to cause soil pollution. The use of natural bio-resources, such as coconut husk and fibre, is less costly and they are readily available in tropical countries. It is environmentally friendly and also durable and will not decompose as fast as live mulches due to its high carbon to nitrogen ratio and lignin content. A field experiment is set up to test two designs of coconut mulches, coconut fibre net and coconut husk using onsite experimental erosion plots with a slope gradient of 27⁰. The results showed that the coconut husk placed in the correct orientation is effective in reducing soil loss (980 grams), produced two times less soil loss compared to the control plot of bare soil (2465 grams) and coconut fibre net (2410 grams). Both the mulch covers also enhanced soil and water holding capacity promoting vegetation growth.



CENVIRON 2020: 014-053

Evaluation of low impact development and best management practices on peak flow reduction using SWMM

Bryant Chong Choy Xian1, Choong Wee Kang1, Mahyun Ab Wahab2, Mohd Remy Rozaini Mohd

Arif Zainol3,4,5 and Fauzi Baharudin6

1Department of Civil Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia.

2Faculty of Civil Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Perlis, Malaysia. 3School of Civil Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal,

Penang, Malaysia. 4River Engineering and Urban Drainage Research Centre (REDAC), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300

Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia 5Center of Excellence Geopolymer and Green Technology (CEGeoGTech), School of Materials

Engineering, University Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 01000 Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia. 6Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor. Johor Bahru,

Johor, 81310, Malaysia


Abstract Rapid urbanisation has caused an increased in peak discharge that conventional drainage systems cannot adequately handle. Low Impact Development (LID) practices are becoming a new approach in helping to better mimic the pre-development discharges. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of LID and Best Management Practices (BMP) under different rainfall conditions. Vegetative swale and detention pond were selected to represent LID and BMP. Simulations of four main scenarios namely, base case, LID, BMP, and combined LID-BMP were performed using Stormwater Management Model (SWMM). Results show that among the scenarios simulated, the combined LID-BMP is most effective with average peak flow reduction of 54%. This is followed by BMP that achieved 37% in average peak flow reduction as compared to 27% peak flow reduction by LID. The findings indicate the need for integrated strategy when dealing with stormwater management measures.



CENVIRON 2020: 015-009

Development of rainfall-runoff modelling using the HEC-HMS at the catchment of Kelantan River, Malaysia

M Z S Armain1, Z Hassan1,2 , Mohd Remy Rozainy M A Z3, S Harun4, N S Azam1, A W Mahyun1, M

Z M Salwa1, A N Kamarudzaman1 and N A Seman1

1 Faculty of Civil Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Perlis, Malaysia. 2 Water Research Group, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Perlis, Malaysia.

3 School of Civil Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.

4 School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM Skudai, 81310 Johor, Malaysia.


Abstract

The simulation of rainfall-runoff is important to be analysed at the Kelantan River catchment as flood is one of the common natural disasters in Kelantan. Sustainable water management in this region is only feasible following the availability of reliable information on the rainfall-runoff and other hydrological determinants that affect the water system. This study aims to evaluate the effects of extreme rainfall on the runoff at the catchment of the Kelantan River where recurrent floods have been occurring since 1988 to 2019. The study employs the remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS) integrated with the Hydrologic Engineering Center–Hydrologic Modelling Systems (HEC-HMS) to delineate the catchment line and simulate the river discharge. The observed discharge is used during the calibration and validation process to evaluate the performance of the integrated model. The model performed satisfactorily by obtained R2 with the range of 0.80-0.97 and 0.64-0.93 in each sub-catchment during the calibration and validation period. The finding indicates that the developed HEC-HMS model has the ability to simulate event-based runoff.



CENVIRON 2020: 014-041

A Review: Removal of Sediment in Water Reservoir by Using Siphon

W N Rizzuan1, Mohd Remy Rozainy Mohd Arif Zainol*1,2,6, Mahyun Ab Wahab3, Choong Wee Kang4 and Ikhsan Setiawan5

1 School of Civil Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal,

Penang, Malaysia. 2 River Engineering and Urban Drainage Research Centre (REDAC), Universiti Sains Malaysia,

14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia. 3 School of Environmental Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kompleks Pusat

Pengajian Jejawi 3, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia. 4 University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, 43500 Selangor, Malaysia.

5 Department of Civil Engineering, Universitas Muhammadiah Yogyakarta, Indonesia. 6 Center of Excellence Geopolymer and Green Technology (CEGeoGTech), School of Materials

Engineering, University Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 01000 Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia


Abstract Reservoir was the main sources in order to get basic needs in daily life but due to human activities the quality of water environment affected. A reservoir ordinarily formed by the construction of dam to store water. The most commonly purposed of this reservoir is to provide flood control, supply water for domestic purpose and to generate hydroelectric power. Reservoirs provide the most effective control for unexpected floods when reservoir waters levels are low, so that excess runoff can be storage. However, trapping sediments have been identify due to some of the environmental damages. Reservoir sedimentation is a very serious problem that will cause capacity reduction and water quality deterioration. This paper provides a framework to understand deeply the principles of siphon and to improve the design of the siphon to remove the sediment in reservoir.



CENVIRON 2020: 037-082

Analysis of annual maximum and partial duration rainfall series

Jing Lin Ng1, Soon Kim Tiang1, Yuk Feng Huang2, Nur Ilya Farhana Md Noh1 and Ramez A. Al-Mansob1

1Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Technology and Built Environment, UCSI

University, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 2Department of Civil Engineering, Lee Kong Chian, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universiti

Tunku Abdul Rahman, Selangor, Malaysia


Abstract

Kelantan River Basin is affected by two significant monsoon seasons, namely the Northeast and Southwest monsoons that lead to flood and heavy downpour events. Consequently, analysis of rainfall series is gaining more attention from researchers. The aim of this study is to analyse the annual maximum series (AMS) and partial duration series (PDS) by fitting different probability distributions. Generalized Extreme Value (GEV), Generalized Pareto (GP), Log Pearson Type 3 (LP3), Log Normal (LN) and Log Normal 3 (LN3) were used in this study. The performances of these probability distributions were evaluated using different goodness-of-fit tests, namely the chi-square (χ2), Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) and Anderson-Darling (AD) tests. Subsequently, the performances of probability distributions were compared and the best fit probability distribution was selected. The GEV and GP distributions were selected as the best fit probability distributions for AMS and PDS, respectively. The findings can provide useful information for flood mitigation and water resources management.



CENVIRON 2020: 034-032

Acid mine drainage and heavy metals contamination of abandoned and active mine site at Old Repas Dam in Bentong, Pahang, Malaysia

Kishan Gunasegaran1,2, Md Rowshon Kamal1, Hasfalina Che Man1, Aimrun Wayayok1, Syed

Ali Haider2

1Department of Biological Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Universiti Putra Malaysia

2Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Quantity Surveying, INTI International University, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia


Abstract

Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) occurs as a result of mining activities during mineral exploration. Interaction of the minerals in the presence of atmospheric oxygen and water produces AMD as an end product. AMD can also be produced by weathering of sulphide minerals through series of process, which includes oxidation and hydrolysis. The main aim of the study is to determine the presence of Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) and contamination of the active and abandoned mining sites with heavy metals in Bentong Pahang. This study deals with the identification of heavy metal toxins traces in water bodies that result in discoloration of the water catchment, downstream of the Old Repas dam. Any discoloration of the water present proves the occurrence of AMD. In order to have better comprehension of the scenario, site reconnaissance and survey is carried. This is to examine the areas affected and thus recognising two different sampling points that have traces of AMD contamination. Water sampling and testing are carried out in the chosen sampling point using four in-situ parameters and five selected heavy metals. The chosen parameters are water pH, dissolved oxygen content, total dissolved solids and ammoniacal nitrogen. The selected heavy metals are Zinc, Lead, Tin, Mercury and Arsenic. Four samples were collected each from two sampling point on two different sampling days. In addition to that, the surface water with sediments was also collected and analysed for the presence of heavy metals. From the results, it was found that the pH of the sampling point was ranging from 5 to 7 indicating the presence of AMD, which is the major finding in this study. Based on the heavy metal analysis, it was found that the concentration of Pb, Sn, Hg, As & Zn was present in greater than the allowable standard limits for treated water by the Malaysian Ministry of Health. This concludes an urgent intervention required to treat the site to prevent any further environmental deterioration.



CENVIRON 2020: 055-052

Rehabilitation of Stormwater Runoff Analysis for Integrated BIOECODS using EPA-SWMM

N Z Kian1, H Takaijudin1 ,M Osman1

1 Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Bandar Seri

Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia


Abstract

Urbanization is becoming a global trend as the risen of the impervious area caused severe flooding around the world, including Malaysia. Management actions are required to accomplish the desired results in flow mitigation. Software and modelling tools can support the selection of suitable options specifically. This study was conducted at the academic complex of Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP), where it faces flooding issues as the surface runoff water does not drain efficiently during rainy days. The integrated BIOECODS was designed in front of Block 13 and Block 14 using EPA-SWMM Model. The existing drainage system was simulated using a model to identify the potential flash flood area. A new diversion flow was designed to allow surface runoff discharge into artificial lakes to act as temporary storage before they flow out to the outlet. The interconnection of the drainage network and artificial lakes in UTP was assessed in this project. For the simulation model input parameters, rainfall of 50-year ARI with 30 minutes duration was assumed as rain intensity. Hyetograph produced to input time-series data during model development. The analysis showed that node RS12-274 and node RS113-275 exceed the maximum depth of surface runoff during storm events. Hotspot flooding area was determined at a lower elevation level of roadside drain. Mitigation proposed to realign slope of drain and provide new diversion flow channel. The new model developed in EPA-SWMM, including bioretention pond, was shown that overflow issues do not occur. A recommendation could be considered when using a simulation model, such as looking for some modifications on the EPA-SWMM simulation to adopt BMPs practice in Malaysia.



CENVIRON 2020: 044-036

The vertical recycled concrete aggregate filter for removal of phosphorus in wastewater

N Abd Roni, S H Adnan, N Hamidon and T N H T Ismail

Department of Civil Engineering Technology, Faculty of Engineering Technology, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 84600 Pagoh Branch, Muar, Johor, Malaysia


Abstract

The irresponsible disposal of untreated wastewater into waters, soil and groundwater results in polluted water resources. Moreover, nutrients such as phosphorus have become culprits of concern in accelerating eutrophication. Besides, this issue could cause water poisoning and the degradation of recreational opportunities. Therefore, for justifying this problem, it is important to understand the quantity of phosphorus (P) flows by using recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) as filter materials. RCA used as a filter system has emerged as an alternative technology for phosphorus removal. This can overcome the problem of construction site waste by converting the waste into valuable products. Thus, this study aims to investigate the physical and chemical characteristics of RCA that influenced adsorption of P and the percentage of phosphorus removal from synthetic wastewater by using two different sizes of RCA. A total of five vertical recycled concrete aggregate filter was designed. The samples taken from influent and effluent were tested once a week and analyzed to determine pH and percentage removal phosphorus. RCA was analyzed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) testing to determine chemical composition. The results show that RCA primarily contained aluminium, calcium, and magnesium that could enhanced the phosphorus adsorption. The RCA with size 5 to 10 mm is shown to have high potential to remove phosphorus up to 99.57%. The higher the size of RCA, the higher percentage of phosphorus removal. In conclusion, RCA has the potential to remove phosphorus from wastewater.



ABSTRACTS

[ THEME: TECHNOLOGIES FOR WATER MANAGEMENT]

CENVIRON 2020: 061-056

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle for Eutrophication Process Monitoring in Timah Tasoh Dam, Perlis, Malaysia

L Y Sheng1,2, A W Azhari1,2 and A H Ibrahim1,2

1Water Research Group (WAREG), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Perlis, Malaysia.



Abstract Manual monitoring of the eutrophication status of water bodies such as a dam is a challenging task. Hence, drone technology can be used in assisting the monitoring work of any water bodies. This study was conducted to develop UAV-based remote sensing to derive indicators in lake water bodies. Four sampling points were chosen for testing where the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Normalized Difference Turbidity Index (NDTI) were assessed. DJI Phantom 4 Pro drone was used for the aerial data acquisition. Ex-situ data were also acquired, such as nitrate concentration (N) and phosphate concentration (P). The hyperspectral UAV images were ortho-rectified and geo-referenced in Agisoft PhotoScan software and NDVI value estimation in ArcGIS. Results show the correlation between NDVI values and N and P concentration with coefficients values of 0.7079 for P concentration and 0.7004 for N concentration, respectively. This study confirmed the applicability of remote sensing for water resource management using UAVs, characterized as a quick and easy methodology.



CENVIRON 2020: 045-039

A study on early detection of sewer pipeline blockage using CCD tomography approach

J Jamaludin1*, R A Rahim2, M H F Rahiman3, W Z W Ismail1, I Ismail1, M Sahrim1, S R Balakrishnan1, S N Raisin1, F M Rahalim1, and B Naeem4

1Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, 71800 Bandar Baru

Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. 2School of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310

Skudai, Johor, Malaysia. 3Tomography Imaging and Instrumentation Research Group, School of Mechatronic Engineering,

Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Pauh Putra Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia. 4Faculty of Information and Communication Technology, Balochistan University of IT, Engineering

and Management Sciences (BUITEMS), Takatu campus Quetta, Pakistan.


Abstract In a sewage system, congealed mass is created by mixing non-biodegradable solid matter with fat, oil and grease. Congealed mass might cause a sewer blockage and overflow. This issue may impose a risk to public health and environment. It also leads to increased operational and maintenance costs of sewer system. A robust and durable sensor system are required to monitor the sewer network blockage which could cause a fluctuation in the data. CCD tomography approach will be used to detect the congealed mass forming in sewer network at early stage. The main concept of CCD tomography approach is to analyze the structure and composition of congealed mass by examining the light intensity after penetrated. Therefore, the location and size of the sewer blockage can be predicted. Light reflection from the congealed mass will strikes onto CCD surfaces. This light source will be converted into an electrical signal which is in voltage output value. Filtered images of Linear Back Projection (LBP) algorithm will be applied to reconstruct the image and identify the characteristic of congealed mass either fat, oil or grease. The location and the size of the congealed mass forming also can be identified using this CCD tomography approach



CENVIRON 2020: 009-002 Effect of Sonication on ZnO and ZnO-Fe Catalyst for Colour and COD Removal from Methylene

Blue Solution

A H Ibrahim1,2, M Y A Bakar1, C Z A Abidin1,2, F M Ridwan1,2, M F A Jalil3

1Water Research Group (WAREG), Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 02600, Arau, Perlis, MALAYSIA. 2Faculty of Civil Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 02600, Arau, Perlis, MALAYSIA.

3Department of Environment (DOE), Ministry of Environment and Water, Aras 1-4, Podium 2 & 3, Wisma Sumber Asli, No. 25, Persiaran Perdana, Presint 4, 62574 Putrajaya, MALAYSIA.


Abstract

Textile and cosmetics industries are among the industries which produce huge volume of dyes wastewater. Photocatalysis is of the methods that effectively treating dye wastewater. Semiconductor such as zinc oxide (ZnO) is one of the photocatalyst which is widely used in photocatalysis treatment method. In this research, removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and colour from Methylene Blue (MB) solution using ZnO were compared with ZnO doped with Fe. In addition, ultrasonic cavitation was also applied during the preparation of the catalyst. The catalysts were successfully synthesized through sol-gel method. By comparing all catalysts, sonocatalyst ZnO doped Fe produced the highest efficiency for colour removal. During the experiments, the colour removal from MB solution with 10 ppm and 30 ppm concentration were 99.65% and 51.3% respectively. This study concluded that the presence of ultrasonic cavitation during the catalyst preparation did change the physical and chemical characteristics of ZnO doped Fe. As a result, the catalyst worked better during the treatment system to remove colour from MB solution.



CENVIRON 2020: 074-074

Fabrication of ceramic membrane from local raw materials for treatment different wastes

Aimi Ilyani Muhamad, Fatin Farhanah Zulkipli, Amri Hj Mohamed, Nabihah Abdullah, Ahmed H. A. Dabwan*

Faculty of Engineering Technology, University College TATI, Jalan Panchor, Teluk Kalong, 24000,

Kemaman, Terengganu, Malaysia


Abstract Ceramic membrane is a membrane with high chemical and physical stability. In addition, it is very stable chemically, thermally and mechanically and it has a very high selective process without phase transformation. In this work successful fabrication of ceramic membrane through dry compaction method at rather low temperature from, local and available materials such as; local kaolin, fly ash from palm oil mills, chipboard powder wastes, and sand. was achieved. Materials used were classified into 4 different composites with different proportions since ratios of the materials significantly affect the membrane properties. All samples were fabricated using mould mainly prepared to make cylindrical shape and pressing machine at approximate pressure of 10kN. After fabrication, all samples were subjected to further processing to increase the membrane physical, chemical and thermal properties. Sintering was applied to achieve this goal. Gradual increase in temperature was applied during the sintering process till it reached 1000 °C for almost 16 hrs. After the samples get into the desired shape, they are tested for different contaminants. UV-spectrophotometer was used to evaluate the removal efficiency of dyes whereas conductivity meter for the removal of ions. Best results obtained for the treated samples for methylene blue, methylene red and sodium chloride ion, were 96, 76 and 44% respectively. Throughout this study, it can be concluded that ceramic membrane provides physical treatment which is much better than chemical treatment as it does not produce any by-product.



CENVIRON 2020: 035-055

Kinetic and Isotherm Studies of Empty Fruit Bunch Biochar on Ammonium Adsorption

R. Ahmad1, K.S.A Sohaimi 2, A.R. Mohamed2, S.N.Zailani2, N.H.M. Salleh2 N.H. Azizan2


2Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Perlis, Malaysia.


Abstract

The presence of excessive ammonium in wastewater due to agriculture and other industrial activities affects the aquatic plants, animals and human health. Common wastewater practice offers high cost and maintenance as well as low performance. The adsorption technique offers an efficient, economically favourable and reliable physicochemical treatment method. Despite the efficiency, the studies on Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB) biochar as an adsorbent for ammonium removal is under discovered. The conducted study described the characterization of EFB biochar together with its kinetic and isotherm studies for ammonium removal. EFB underwent conventional pretreatment using fixed bed reactor at temperature of 350, 450,550 and 650 °C for 60 min of holding time prior for characterization and kinetic studies. For characterization studies, moisture, ash and pH anlysis were performed before proceed with adsorption and kinetic studies. It was found that the increment of temperature resulted in high content of ash and low content of moisture while optimum pH was in the range of pH 7. The optimum condition for ammonium adsorption was 2.5 ppm of EFB, 0.05g of ammonia dosage and time exposure of 200 minutes. The ammonium adsorption followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model which suggests that the ammonium adsorption process is controlled by the chemical adsorption mechanism. The finding suggests the utilization of EFB biochar as a good alternative for ammonium removal through adsorption process while increasing the biomass value.



CENVIRON 2020: 038-065

Comparison between activated carbon and sand filtration method for water quality enhancement: A case study

M R A A Chan1, N Kasmuri2, R Ahmad3, R Santiagoo4 and S Ramasamy5





Abstract

Urbanization is regarded as the development of a country, and this process brings modernization of society with a positive impact. Nowadays, housing developments need to include green spaces towards a sustainable lifestyle. Thus, some of the developers choose to build projects near the existing recreational area or surface water environments. Hence, the transformation and expansion of residential and economic activities near waterbodies such as lakes and rivers have lowered the quality of this surface water system. Moreover, severe environmental pollution has been worsened especially in surface water located in urban areas. This study aims to determine the water quality status of Metropolitan Lake, Kuala Lumpur before and after the treatment of activated carbon and sand filtration method. Here, physical and chemical characteristics were conducted for in-situ and laboratory analysis. Temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), total dissolved solids (TDS) and turbidity of water samples were taken in-situ. Meanwhile, parameters of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS), ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) were determined in the laboratory. Before the treatment process, the classification of water quality index (WQI) for the sample of Metropolitan Lake, Kuala Lumpur was in class IV. However, after the two treatments of activated carbon and sand filtration, the water class of WQI has improved to class II. Thus, it is important to enhance the water quality through pre-treatment on the surface water system as this source of water is vital for water security and ecosystem surroundings.



CENVIRON 2020: 038-066

Enhancement of water quality using natural coagulant in Shah Alam Lakes, Malaysia

R A Hassan1, N Kasmuri2, R Ahmad3, R Santiagoo4 and S Ramasamy5





Abstract

Drinking water shortage has become a significant problem in urban areas due to the growth of population and high economic activities. It is known that Shah Alam is the city and the state of Selangor, Malaysia. This city has the most manufacturing sector and services with a huge number of inhabitants. Thus, this urban area needs to have sufficient clean water supply. However, the raw water needs to undergo several water treatments processes before it can safely distribute to the residents. This untreated water from incoming surface waters contains suspended particles that need to go through the water treatment process, and most importantly, the coagulation and flocculation process. Normally, aluminum sulfate (alum) or polymer were added as the coagulant for the treatment of untreated water. However, due to health concerns, natural coagulants have been preferred to replace the conventional method. This natural coagulant is environmentally friendly and has no side effects if being consumed. This research aims to investigate the optimum condition of natural coagulant (Moringa oleifera) for the treatment of surface water from Shah Alam Lakes in Selangor Region, Malaysia. These lakes can be a potential source of water if water shortage occurs. At first, the characteristics of the water samples were determined. Later, the sample of surface water from the lakes was examined with the jar test for the coagulation-flocculation process using Moringa oleifera with different concentrations. The water quality parameters such as pH, turbidity, suspended solids, phosphorus and chemical oxygen demand were evaluated. From the results obtained, Moringa oleifera can be considered as suitable alternatives to replace chemical coagulants for a sustainable water treatment system.



CENVIRON 2020: 038-067

Heavy metals reduction using electrocoagulation in enhancing the water quality near unlined landfill: A case study

N Kasmuri1, N Adnan2, R Ahmad3, R Santiagoo4 and S Ramasamy5





Abstract

Leachate contributes to the contamination of surface water, groundwater, and soils around the unlined landfill area. The dark-coloured liquid has an unpleasant smell which is produced when moisture percolates through the solid wastes. Heavy metals are among the hazardous contaminants from leachate. This research was done to determine the concentration of heavy metals samples taken at nearby surface water in Ampar Tenang landfill before and after the electrocoagulation process was conducted. It can be observed that the surface water near the landfill site has been contaminated with cadmium, iron, and lead. From the results obtained, the value of cadmium was 0.015 mg/L while the standard set by the Department of Environment (DOE), Malaysia is 0.001 mg/L. Iron has a greater value, 3.81 mg/L, than the standard allowed, which is 1.0 mg/L. The concentration of lead was 0.06 mg/L, which is above the standard of 0.01 mg/L. After 3 hours of electrocoagulation treatment, the process managed to remove 40% of cadmium, 76% of iron and 81% of lead. The final concentrations of cadmium, iron and lead were 0.009, 0.92 and 0.011 mg/L. It can be concluded that electrocoagulation is efficient in removing heavy metals in the contaminated water.



CENVIRON 2020: 063-058

Applied Hotspot Analysis in Melaka River Basin

Ang Kean Hua1*; Paran Gani1; Syazwani binti Yahya2; Mohd Fadzil Ali bin Ahmad3; Mad Helmi

bin Ab. Majid3; Khairunnisa binti Mokhtar4; Junaidah binti Yusof5; Nurlisa Sarah binti Mohammad Azmi6; Juliana binti Jelani6

1School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Quest International University

Perak (QIUP) 2School of Computing, Faculty of Science and Technology, Quest International University Perak

(QIUP) 3School of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Quest International University Perak

(QIUP) 4School of Mathematics and Basic Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Quest International

University Perak (QIUP) 5School of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Quest International University Perak (QIUP)

6School of Psychology, General and Foundational Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, Quest International University Perak (QIUP)

E-mail address: [email protected]

Abstract

The unorganised expansion and uncontrolled urbanisation development had led to environmental issues involved with river water pollution that occurred within the Melaka River basin. This study aims to identify pollutant sources using GIS-based pattern recognition techniques of Hotspot analysis in the river basin. The selected study area was Melaka River basin, where independent and dependent variables were land use classification and river water quality data. Both data was obtained from government and private sectors for 2015 and 2029. The result indicated that hotspot analysis with the main contributor of Melaka River pollution were S1 (VA) and S5 (NIA and IA) for both years. The findings could benefit the planners and policy makers in understanding the relationship between land use and water quality within a catchment scale to prevent further deterioration that can cause severe pollution. Land resource management adopting a sustainable development concept is considered as one of the best solutions for long-term management of the resources.



CENVIRON 2020: 076-078

Investigation of Using Sand Filter in Treating Grey water

Farah Naemah Mohd Saad1,2 Siti Zaharatul Akmal Jamaludin2 and Tengku Nuraiti Tengku Izhar1,2

1Water Research Group (WAREG), Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 02600 Arau Perlis, Malaysia

2Faculty of Civil Engineering Technology, Kompleks Pusat Pengajian Jejawi 3, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 02600 Arau Perlis, Malaysia


Abstract

The ability of sand filter in treating grey water collected from the college residential is studied. Sand filter was used because it is among the most effective methods to clean the burden of pollution in the wastewater. Six sand filters with different compositions were set up in which three sand filters only consist of sand and gravel while another three sand filters were added with coconut shell activated carbon. These sand filters were used to treat the grey water based on water quality parameters which are pH, AN, TSS, BOD5, COD, and PO43-. The results show that concentration of AN, TSS, BOD5, COD, and PO43- was reduced up to 37%, 94%, 96%, 93% and 57% respectively while pH was neutral with a value of 7.60. Furthermore, the results also indicated that the sand filter added with coconut shell activated carbon was better in removing the pollutants as compared with sand filter without added activated carbon.



ABSTRACTS

[ THEME: ENERGY AND WATER]

CENVIRON 2020: 016-010

The Estimation of Greenhouse Gas Emission In Leachate Treatment Plant And Its Carbon Credit Revenue

Tengku Nuraiti Tengku Izhar1,2,3 and Lim Pei Xuan1


2Water Research Group (WAREG), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Perlis, Malaysia. 3Geopolymer and Green Technology, Center of Excellence (CoE), Universiti Malaysia Perlis

(UniMAP), Perlis, Malaysia.


Abstract Landfilling disposal method has led to the more concern environmental issue around the world, which are greenhouse gas emissions. According to IPCC (2006), the waste sector is a major contributor to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, which accounts for about 5% of the global greenhouse budget. This 5% is methane (CH4) emissions from the anaerobic decomposition of solid waste and carbon dioxide (CO2) from the decomposition of wastewater. Methane is one of the most important greenhouse gas (GHG) due to it has about 21–23 times global warming potential than CO2. The CH4 and N2O emissions released in leachate treatment systems are the second-largest sources of greenhouse gases. The study is aimed to estimate methane emissions in leachate treatment plant in Landfill Rimba Mas Perlis, Malaysia, and its carbon credit revenue. The CH4 emission from the leachate treatment plant was estimated by using the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) methodology AM0013 and its economic benefit was determined based on the Clean Development Mechanism. From the study, the greenhouse gas emission in a leachate treatment plant has contributes to a reduction in carbon emissions by 233.21 tonnes/yr which could attract the carbon credit of RM 8,162.35 based on RM35/tonnes of CO2. The results indicate the anthropogenic emission in the leachate treatment plant can bring direct economic benefits to the local.



CENVIRON 2020: 046-063

Enhancing the performance of solar stills for desalination of the sea water

S A M Saiful1, S Shams1, D M R Prasad2 and U Ratnayake1

1Civil Engineering Programme Area, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Brunei, Tungku Highway, Gadong, BE1410, Brunei Darussalam.

2Petroleum and Chemical Engineering Programme Area, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Brunei, Tungku Highway, Gadong, BE1410, Brunei Darussalam.


Abstract

The purpose of this research is to determine whether the production output of distilled water from desalination by distillation using a hybrid solar still coupled with Photovoltaic panels can enhance the overall efficiency of the system for desalinating the seawater. Desalination by distillation has not yet reached the global market as the output rate is significantly less compared to other methods such as reverse osmosis (RO). This research developed a working hybrid prototype solar still that utilized both passive and active heating sources to assess its performance and competitiveness with other solar stills in the market. The outcome of this research indicates that a solar still on its own is efficient enough in removing Total Dissolved Salts (TDS) for safe drinking water. However, it cannot compete with the performance of alternatives such as RO desalination units and is highly dependent on solar energy. Although, the results from this study show that the use of solar reflectors can increase the performance by 21%. This study concludes that a new technology/ concept is needed to fill in the gap between solar stills and RO units whereby it can match the performance of a typical RO desalination unit and maintain the same capital and running costs of a typical solar still.



CENVIRON 2020: 024-017 Effect of carbon materials as cathode on wastewater treatment and bioelectricity generation

in a double chambered microbial fuel cell

Kea-Lee Yap1, 2, Li-Ngee Ho1, 2, Soon-An Ong3, Kun Guo4

1 Frontier Materials Research, Centre of Excellence (FrontMate), Universiti Malaysia Perlis

(UniMAP), Perlis, Malaysia. 2 Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Perlis,

Malaysia. 3 Water Research Group (WAREG), Faculty of Civil Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia

Perlis (UniMAP), Perlis, Malaysia. 4 School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P.R.

China.


Abstract

Microbial fuel cell (MFC) is a promising and sustainable technology that has high efficiency to produce renewable energy and treat wastewater simultaneously. The effect of carbon materials on the removal of synthetic wastewater in the anodic chamber and electricity generation were investigated using a double chambered MFC. In this study, a double chambered reactor made up of anodic and cathodic chambers separated by proton exchange membrane has been developed. Carbon plate and carbon felt were characterized using scanning electron microscopy. Results revealed that 1.20 times higher chemical oxygen demand removal of synthetic wastewater using carbon felt (50.90%) as compared with that of carbon plate (43.52%). The maximum voltage output produced by carbon felt (280.20 mV) was 20.70% higher than carbon plate (222.20 mV) as cathode in MFC. The surface morphology of carbon materials has significant effect on the oxygen reduction reaction reactivity at cathodic chamber.



CENVIRON 2020: 024-018

A hybrid photocatalytic fuel cell integrated electro-Fenton system for Amaranth dye degradation and electricity generation

Shen-Hui Thor1, 2, Li-Ngee Ho1,2, Soon-An Ong3, Che Zulzikrami Azner Abidin3,

Cheng-Yong Heah2, 4

1 Frontier Materials Research, Centre of Excellence (FrontMate), Universiti Malaysia Perlis

(UniMAP), Perlis, Malaysia. 2 Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Perlis,

Malaysia. 3 Water Research Group (WAREG), Faculty of Civil Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia

Perlis (UniMAP), Perlis, Malaysia. 4 Geopolymer & Green Technology, Centre of Excellence (CEGeoGTech), Universiti Malaysia Perlis



Abstract A dual-chambered hybrid system of photocatalytic fuel cell (PFC) and electro-Fenton (EF) process has become an emerging sustainable green approach for organic pollutant degradation and electricity generation. This hybrid system of PFC and EF (PFC-EF hybrid system) is an integration of two popular organic pollutants treatment methods, PFC and EF process. The double-cathodes configuration of PFC-EF hybrid system enhanced the oxygen reduction reaction reactivity in both PFC and EF. PFC-EF hybrid system with double cathodes achieved colour removal efficiencies of 86.2% and 84.7% in PFC and EF. Power density of 1.2211 μW cm-2 was obtained in this PFC-EF hybrid system. Results revealed that this PFC-EF hybrid system was effective in the Amaranth dye degradation and power production simultaneously.



CENVIRON 2020: 062-057

The influence of photoperiod, light intensity, temperature and salinity on the growth rate and biomass productivity of Botryococcus sp.

P Gani 1, A K Hua 1, N M Sunar 2, H M Matias-Peralta 3, N Apandi 2

1 Faculty of Science and Technology, Quest International University Perak (QIUP), Malaysia

2 Faculty of Engineering Technology, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM), Malaysia 3 College of Fisheries, Freshwater Aquaculture Center, Central Luzon State University (CLSU),

Philippines


Abstract

Environmental factors such as photoperiod, light intensity, temperature, and salinity strongly influence the growth rate and biomass accumulation of microalgae in a culture. Therefore, the effects of photoperiod (24h light: 0h dark, 16h light: 8h dark, 12h light: 12h dark, 6h light: 18h dark and 0h light: 24h dark), light intensity (2.7, 48.6, 94.5, 176, 243 and 324 µmole m-2s-1), temperature (18, 23, 28, 33 and 38 ºC), and salinity (0, 0.15, 0.3, 0.45, 0.6 M of NaCl) factors on the growth rate and biomass productivity were studied for green microalgae, Botryococcus sp. Botryococcus sp. was found to experience optimum growth with a photoperiod of 24:0 hours, light intensity of 243 µmol m-2s-1, temperature of 23 °C, and 0 M salinity. It was also observed that optimum biomass productivity of Botryococcus sp. was the same as that for growth rate optimum environmental factors. However, a temperature of 33 °C was shown to be optimum for biomass productivity. Freshwater green microalgae from genus Botryococcus sp. were examined for environmental factors in this study and show great potential for adoption in tropical climates such as Malaysia for the bio-based feedstock and biofuels industries.



ABSTRACTS

[ THEME: COASTAL AND MARINE]

CENVIRON 2020: 075-081

Biocompatibility of Hydroxyapatite (HAp) Derived from Clamshell as Active Ingredients in Sunscreen Product

Saidatul Radhiah Ghazali1, Nur Hidayah Rosli1, Lili Shakirah Hassan1, Mohd Zul Helmi

Rozaini1 and Habibah Hamzah2

1Department of Chemical Engineering Technology, Faculty of Engineering, University College TATI,

Terengganu, Malaysia, 2 Institute of Marine and Biotechnology, University Malaysia Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia


Abstract

Commercially, Avobenzone and Oxybenzone act as absorber of UVA and UVB while titanium dioxide (TiO2) and zinc oxide (ZnO) are the physical "blockers" of UV radiation in sunscreen formulation. These active ingredients are known to cause photo-allergic reactions, while others are suspected as estrogen disrupters. Due to this concern, hydroxyapatite (HAp) is derived from clam shell in order to replace Avobenzone and Oxybenzone as organic component in UV absorber. The HAp has arisen as potential candidates to replace synthetic chemicals in sunscreens due to its properties that contain calcium, phosphate, chitin and protein that gives a great result in absorbing UV light. HAp is added into emulsion of sunscreen lotion and analyzed using thermal, spectroscopy and skin analysis in order to determine the potential results. The use of this biomaterial namely HAp is an alternative for the safe, organic, less chemical and good cosmetic product



CENVIRON 2020: 069-075

Multilayer Perceptron Model for the Prediction of Corrosion Rate of Aluminium Alloy 5083 in

Seawater via Different Training Algorithms

F. Zulkifli, S. Abdullah, M.J. Suriani, M.I.A. Kamaludin and W.B. Wan Nik

Faculty of Ocean Engineering Technology and Informatics, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia


Abstract

Corrosion inhibitor is often opted as a corrosion protection method for various industries worldwide. The development of eco-friendly corrosion inhibitor has become a trending concern due to the various environmental regulations impose by several countries. However, a laboratory testing would be such a tedious, costly and time-consuming process. Therefore, artificial neural network (ANN) has been used extensively to predict the verdict based on the experimental values. In this study, 3-layered Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) models were developed with 3 inputs (Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy, Ω.cm2), (Potentiodynamic polarization, A/cm2), (weight loss, %), and one output (corrosion rate, mm.yr-1). The data were divided into three parts; 70%, 15%, and 15% for model development, model validation and model testing, respectively. Three training algorithms were tested during the model development, including the Levenberg-Marquadt (LM), Bayesian Regularization (BR), and Scale Conjugate Gradient (SCG). Results revealed that the best MLP models during the development were using neuron number 4 (r = 0.99272), 6 (r = 0.99155), and 2 (r = 0.98624) for LM, BR and SCG, respectively. Among the three training algorithms, LM is opted as the best training algorithm for the corrosion rate prediction which executed high correlation coefficient (R) values during development (R = 0.99272), validation (R = 0.99905), and testing (R = 0.97908). These findings will be an essential tool for the model development with the sole purposes of predicting the corrosion rate in line to ensure the exact time for repair and maintenance schedule.



ABSTRACTS

[ THEME: OTHERS]

CENVIRON 2020: 047-087

Study of environmental awareness, practices and behaviours among UniMAP students

Salwa Zaini Makhtar1,2, A.S.N. Amirah1,2, Mahyun Ab Wahab1,2, Zulkarnain Hassan1,2 and Salah

Hamid2

1Water Research Group (WAREG), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Perlis, Malaysia 2Faculty of Civil Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Perlis, Malaysia


Abstract

Environmental awareness has received much attention in recent years due to human population growth, even though science is improving every day. Still, that improvement comes with risks that can be avoided with a little bit of knowledge. Understanding the public's environmental awareness is essential to inform government approaches to addressing this issue. This study presents a cross-sectional survey of young generations, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP) students between the ages of 20 and 25, to examine the perception, awareness and opinions of Malaysian students about the environment. The survey consisted of three sections, which included information on socio-demographic information, information on public perception of the environment, information on public awareness of the environment and its related impacts, and information on environmental attitudes and recommendations to address some of the related environmental issues. The results show that the value of environmental awareness and knowledge is good, which indicates that there is a high level of knowledge and awareness among university students. Of the 107 respondents, more than 70 per cent were positive and had an adequate level of environmental awareness, and 60 per cent showed positive environmental practices and behaviours.



CENVIRON 2020: 049-047

Environmental change needs behavioral change: consumer’s green purchase behavior in Vietnam

Thi Bich Diep Le 1

Department of Management and Business, HCMC University of Technology (HUTECH),


Abstract

To improve the environment, people need to change behaviors. Encouraging people to use the product is the way that is the most effective, sustainable. Therefore, this study seeks to aim the factors influence on green purchase behavior. This study proposes a new model in which the young's purchase behavior is affected by four factors through the mediator variable. The questionnaire sends to 369 consumers by using the convenience sampling method. Analysis of structural equation modeling (SEM) conducts to identify the affect of the relationship between concepts. The study results indicate that attitudes toward green products and green purchase intention are mediator roles in the effect of environmental concern, environmental knowledge, social influence, and price sensitivity on green purchase behavior. The findings also shed light on how potential factors influencing consumer's behavior. The study indicates that great personal concern and knowledge about the environment to increase the ability to purchase a green product. Besides, the study also finds that price sensitivity does not affect consumers' attitudes toward green products, but it has an impact on their purchase intention. This study provides recommendations to management to improve their strategic sales to increase consumption products and the Government to support businesses producing green products.



CENVIRON 2020: 033-045

Removal of Cr (III) from industrial wastewater using coconut shell carbon and limestone as adsorbent

A A A Bakar1, N FA Razak1, N A Akbar1, N M Daud1 and K A M Ali1

1 Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Pulau Pinang, 13500, Permatang Pauh, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.


Abstract

Agricultural waste materials gained attention among researchers to study the effectiveness of adsorbent media in heavy metal treatment. In this study, application of coconut shell carbon and limestone as modified adsorbent was used to remove Cr (III) from industrial wastewater. Synthetic industrial wastewater sample containing 2 mg/L of Cr (III) was prepared using distilled water and standard solution of Cr (III). Batch adsorption study was conducted to determine the effect of varied contact time (0 to 120 minutes) and pH (pH3 to pH7). The result shows that at 60 minutes of contact hour, the removal of Cr (III) from the synthetic industrial wastewater is about 98% with optimum adsorption capacity is 0.000019 mg/g at 250 rpm of agitation speed in pH5 as optimum pH. The kinetic data obtained specified that the data follow closely the pseudo-second-order. Thus, this indicates that mixing coconut shell carbon and limestone as a modified adsorbent has a potential in reducing Cr (III) concentration in industrial wastewater.



CENVIRON 2020: 014-042

Relationship between WQI, heavy metal and sedimentation in Sg Kenau, Kuantan, Pahang using WQ-HeMeS Model

A A G Nadiatul Adilah1, Z Siti Aisyah1, P J Ramadhansyah1, R Noram Irwan1 and A W Mahyun2

1 Civil Engineering Department, College Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300, Kuantan,

Pahang, Malaysia 2 Faculty of Civil Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 02600, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia


Abstract

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between water quality of river with heavy metal and sediment content in Sungai Kenau at Pahang using new developed model named WQ-HeMeS. Through this study, water quality has been analysed by using Water Quality Index (WQI) & National Water Quality Standard for Malaysia (NWQS). Water quality of river in Sungai Kenau have been observed by several test which are Dissolve Oxygen, Biochemical Oxygen Demand, Chemical Oxygen Demand, Ammoniacal Nitrogen, Total Suspended Solid, Phosphorus and Nitrogen as Nitrate. Meanwhile, the sedimentation rate was determine using Schoklistch method and Duboy method. There are 2 condition for heavy metal considered in the analysis which are heavy metal in water and heavy metal in sediment. Heavy metal in water was tested using laboratory tools named as Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) while heavy metal in sediment have been determined by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS).The classification of heavy metal in water have been done based on NWQS meanwhile heavy metal in sediment were observed based on Index of Geo-Accumulation and Metal Contamination Factor. After collecting all result from lab testing, the the relationship of water quality, sedimentation rate and heavy metal rate both in water and sediment was determine using generated model. Based on Malaysia WQI Standard, the result shown that water in Sungai Kenau is classified as Class I which means as for water supply, there are no treatment is necessary.



CENVIRON 2020: 016-031 The estimation of greenhouse gas emission in leachate treatment plant and its carbon credit

revenue

Tengku Nuraiti Tengku Izhar1,2,3 and Lim Pei Xuan1

1 Faculty of Civil Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Malaysia. 2 Water Research Group (WAREG), Faculty of Civil Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia

Perlis, Perlis, Malaysia. 3 Center of Excellence Geopolymer and Green Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau, Perlis,

Malaysia.


Abstract Landfilling disposal method has led to the more concern environmental issue around the world, which are greenhouse gas emissions. According to IPCC (2006), the waste sector is a major contributor to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, which accounts for about 5% of the global greenhouse budget. This 5% is methane (CH4) emissions from the anaerobic decomposition of solid waste and carbon dioxide (CO2) from the decomposition of wastewater. Methane is one of the most important greenhouse gas (GHG) due to it has about 21–23 times global warming potential than CO2. The CH4 and N2O emissions released in leachate treatment systems are the second-largest sources of greenhouse gases. The study is aimed to estimate methane emissions in leachate treatment plant in Landfill Rimba Mas Perlis, Malaysia, and its carbon credit revenue. The CH4 emission from the leachate treatment plant was estimated by using the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) methodology AM0013 and its economic benefit was determined based on the Clean Development Mechanism. From the study, the greenhouse gas emission in a leachate treatment plant has contributes to a reduction in carbon emissions by 233.21 tonnes/yr which could attract the carbon credit of RM 8,162.35 based on RM35/tonnes of CO2. The results indicate the anthropogenic emission in the leachate treatment plant can bring direct economic benefits to the local.



CENVIRON 2020: 085-092

Oil palm in the face of climate change: a review of recommendations

Ahmed A1, Mohd Y B I1, Abdullah A M1

1Faculty of Forestry and Environment, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400 Serdang, Selangor,

Malaysia


Abstract Climate change imposes serious challenges in oil palm production and the current pace of adaptation and mitigation cannot continue to support oil palm production. We reviewed and analysed literature that reports sustainable recommendations, adaptation and mitigation measures to deal with impacts of climate change. Literature spanning the period 2000-2020 were systematically reviewed and several consistent recommendations emerged which require time frame and actionable plan for sustainability. The review categorized the identified recommendations into groups; fertilizer, policy, soil management, sustainability, water management, research and development, best development practices and agroecological practices. Sustainable implementation of adaptation requires collaboration from diverse disciplines to come together and work toward defined objective(s) through certain principles that guide adaptation; these principles must be consistent, operational and more specific, must be practical and achievable recommendation for inclusion into policies and must be embrace by all and sundry for sustainable development.



CENVIRON 2020: 025-024

Characteristic of Groundwater Well Quality using bivariate analysis: A Case Study at USM Engineering Campus, Penang

N.A.Akbar 1, H.A.Aziz2,3 and M.N. Adlan2,3

1Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Pulau Pinang, 13500

Permatang Pauh, Pulau Pinang 2School of Civil Engineering, University Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia

3Solid Waste Management Cluster, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia

Email:[email protected]

Abstract

This study was carried out to determine the water quality at USM tube well based on the physico-chemical and biological characteristics. In this paper, the groundwater sample was extracted from the USM tube well through pumping process. The sample was collected twice a month for one year (n=24). Water quality analysis was conducted by in-situ and laboratory testing. Ten (10) water quality parameters such as turbidity, colour, total dissolve solid (TDS), conductivity, pH, total hardness, heavy metal (Fe & Mn), total coliform and E-Coli were analysed and compared the result with Raw and Drinking Water Quality Requirement established by Malaysian Standard (MS2320). The relationship between parameters was also analysed statistically using Spearman’s correlation coefficient (r2). Result shows that Fe has a strong positive correlation with Mn and conductivity. The correlation between conductivity- Fe and conductivity- Mn have a strong positive correlation with r2 between 0.6 and 0.79. This indicates that cation minerals in soil, sediment and rock such as Fe and Mn leach out into groundwater and thus contribute to the electrical conductivity of groundwater. Moreover, Mn demonstrated a significant positive correlation with conductivity and TDS. The strong relationship between Mn-TDS (r2 = 0.77) and Mn- conductivity (r2 = 0.75) respectively, suggested that the concentration of Mn in USM tube well was influenced by dissolution minerals in groundwater. On the contrary, the correlation between turbidity-hardness, turbidity- E-coli and turbidity-total coliform showed a very weak positive (r2 < 0.2) and negative (r2 < - 0.2) significance, which indicates that turbidity was not significant with all parameters present in USM tube well. Overall, it can be concluded that the water quality from USM tube well is not recommended for drinking, which did not comply the Malaysian standard of drinking water. However, it can be used for other purposes such as irrigation and industrial activities.



CENVIRON 2020: 030-033

The Impact of High Biodegradable COD Fraction in Poultry Processing Wastewater to SBR Performance

Sam Le Eh Kan1, Muhammad Ridwan Fahmi1, Abdul Haqi Ibrahim1, Che Zulzikrami Azner

Abidin1 and Andy Surin Khoo2

1Faculty of Civil Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, (UniMAP), Perlis, Malaysia. 2Public Work Department Hulu Perak, 33300 Gerik, Perak.


Abstract

The present study investigates the impact of high biodegradable COD fraction in poultry processing

wastewater on the performance of lab-scale SBR. The SBR’s reactor was operated under 3 phases with different airflow rates namely 2.5 L/min, 5.0L/min, and 7.0L/min; and each phase would have a constant 21days of Sludge Retention Time (SRT). The sample of poultry processing wastewater consists of 84.06% of biodegradable components and 15.94% of the non-biodegradable component. It was observed that high readily biodegradable soluble COD (rbsCOD) had caused a rapid bacteria’s metabolism to consume nutrient as fast as possible which consequently tuned the COD removal efficiency from 85.0% to 92.9% and increased the SVI from 51.66 mL/g to 66.96mL/g (2nd phase) and 110.1 mL/g (3rd Phase). The removal efficiency of Ammonia Nitrogen and Total Suspended Solid was observed in the range from 69.3% to 81.2%, and 61.8% to 81.7% respectively. The fluctuation of the biodegradable COD component in poultry processing wastewater was observed to affect the oxygen demand, where the oxygen transfer efficiency dropped from 3.82% to 0.63% as the airflow rate increase from 2.5L/min to 7.0L/min along with the increase of biodegradable COD fraction. Hence, this experiment provides a clear perspective of poultry processing wastewater behavior to SBR performance.



CENVIRON 2020: 018-008

Biodiesel wastewater treatment by coagulation process for chemical oxygen demand reduction

C M Lee1,2, N A Lutpi1,2, Y S Wong1,2, S A Ong1,2, M A Malek3

1Water Research Group (WAREG), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 02600 Arau, Perlis,

Malaysia. 2Faculty of Civil Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 02600 Arau, Perlis,

Malaysia. 3Institute of Sustainable Energy (ISE), Universiti Tenaga Nasional, 43000 Kajang, Selangor,

Malaysia.


Abstract

Biodiesel wastewater contained residual of alkali catalyst, soap and glycerol which causing in high chemical oxygen demand (COD). The optimum conditions of aluminium sulphate (alum), poly-aluminium chloride (PAC) and laterite soil (silifloc) in the coagulation of biodiesel wastewater for COD reduction were explored through a sequence of studies including the effects of pH and dosage of coagulants. Coagulation process were conducted in the fixed conditions of mixing rate, mixing time, settling time and anionic polymer aid as flocculant. Silifloc could treat acidified biodiesel wastewater with 32.35 % at pH 2 and dosage of 4000ppm, the highest among these three coagulants. This was due to the silifloc rich in silica component had a higher rate law at sufficient dosage and had an effective range of at around pH 2. Whereas, PAC had a highest efficiency with 61.58% at pH 6 and dosage of 1100ppm in coagulation of raw biodiesel wastewater due to its solubility and elements of higher ions content. On other hand, alum had a moderate performance in acidified and raw wastewater with 26.42 % at pH 6 and 57.63 % at pH 4, respectively.



LI S T O F O RG AN I Z I N G C O MMI TTEE ME MBE RS

Patron : Prof. Ir. Ts. Dr. R Badlishah Ahmad

Prof. Ts. Dr. Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah

Advisor : Ts. Dr. Afizah Ayob

Chairman : Dr. Abdul Haqi Ibrahim

Co-Chairman : Assoc. Prof. Dr. Fahmi Muhammad Ridwan

Secretary 1 : Ts Dr. Ayu Wazira Azhari

Secretary 2 : Ms. Rushaniza Idawaty

Treasurer 1 : Dr. Salwa Mohd Zaini Makhtar

Treasurer 2 : Dr. Ain Nihla Kamarudzaman

CONFERENCE COMMITTEE :

Technical Review:

Assoc. Prof. Ts. Dr.Farrah Aini Dahalan

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ho Li Ngee

Assoc. Prof. Ts. Dr. Ong Soon An

Conference secretariat : Ts. Dr. Nabilah Aminah Lutpi

Publication committee : Dr. Tengku Nuraiti Tengku Izhar

Dr. Naimah Ibrahim

Publicity and promotion : Dr. Zulkarnain Hassan

Ms. Wan Amiza Amneera Wan Ahmad

Logistic : Ms. Azlinda Abdul Ghani

Liaison officer : Ts. Dr. Farah Naemah Mohd Saad

Technical and special task : Mr. Nazerry Rosmady Rahmat

Mr. Ahmad Nazrin Hashim

Sponsorship : Ts. Dr. Che Zulzikrami Azner Abidin

Mr. Mohd Faizal Ab Jalil (JAS)

Souvenir : Ms. Masitah Hasan



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