NATO ARW “Life Cycle Analysis for Assessing Energy and Environmental Impacts of Information Technology”

1 Sep 2003 - 3 Sep 2003. Budapest, Hungary

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Systematic Approach (SA) as the theoretical base of

information and communications technology (ICT) facilities production: Tools and Methods

for Cleaner Production (CP) and Pollution Prevention (P2P)

Prof .William ZadorskyUkrainian Ecological Academy of SciencesUkrainian State University of Chemical Engineering

CP concept (as and sustainable development concept) CP concept (as and sustainable development concept) includes three aspects: ecological, economic and includes three aspects: ecological, economic and social. Only mutually balanced simultaneous social. Only mutually balanced simultaneous comprehensive tackling of the three tasks (economical comprehensive tackling of the three tasks (economical growth with simultaneous improvement of ecological growth with simultaneous improvement of ecological conditions and decision of social problems) will allow conditions and decision of social problems) will allow realizing progressive CP strategy. The system analysis realizing progressive CP strategy. The system analysis shows strong interaction and feedback among the shows strong interaction and feedback among the mentioned three factors of CP strategy. mentioned three factors of CP strategy. Underestimating any of these facets will lead to a Underestimating any of these facets will lead to a distortion in this equilateral triangle and to a deviation distortion in this equilateral triangle and to a deviation from the overall strategy of sustainability. This strategy from the overall strategy of sustainability. This strategy can only be implementedcan only be implemented when the threewhen the three ta tasks are sks are

fulfilled simultaneously.fulfilled simultaneously.

Systematic approach Informatic

Ecology Economy Sociality

Ukraine’s “Aheading of Development”

(similar Chinese “Large Jump”)

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Life cycle assessment (LCA) is the systematic analysis and assessment “from the cradle to the grave” not only of an information and communications technology (ICT) facilities, but and of the ICT processes. Analyses of LCA application shows that this method already has wide using especially for quantitative assessment and choose of solving variants.

Statistic analysis of LCA implementation shows that there are some difficulties with and barriers to the LCA application, first of all methodological problems:

Methodology complexity; Definition of system boundaries; Collection and quality of data; Difficulties with assessment/interpretation; Cost of recourses involved.

Statistic analyses shows that further

dissemination of LCA will be successful only if LCA will be combined with other methods and instruments (first of all with systematic approach - SA) and if this methodology will be clearer and will be written simple manual on LCA using. As it will be show LCA can be combined with SA only on the tiers “Consumption sector” and “Manufacturing”. In the bottom it will be shown that every period of life requires own methods of CP and P2P problems solving.

Following are the basic assumptions underlying the LCA concept for transfer economy countries:

At this time of a deep economic crisis, the economic and environmental challenges must be met simultaneously, in keeping with LCA strategy.

A move towards a cleaner economy must focus not on consumption, but rather on perfecting those entities that are actual or potential polluters.

The success of LCA promotion will be largely determined by the availability of professionals well trained in the LCA theory and practice.

Every period requires own methods of Management

Q

Systematic approach. Life Cycle Assessment. Logistics Systematic approach. Life Cycle Assessment. Logistics (for every project/object)(for every project/object)

1

2

3

2 - “childhood”4

1 – latent period

3 – “maturity”

4 - degradation

Following are the basic Following are the basic assumptions underlying the assumptions underlying the cleaner economy concept for cleaner economy concept for transfer economy countries:transfer economy countries:

·        At this time of a deep economic crisis, the ·        At this time of a deep economic crisis, the economic and environmental challenges must be economic and environmental challenges must be met simultaneously, in keeping with one strategy of met simultaneously, in keeping with one strategy of cleaner economy. cleaner economy. ·        A development towards a cleaner economy ·        A development towards a cleaner economy must focus not on consumption, but rather on must focus not on consumption, but rather on perfecting those entities that are actual or perfecting those entities that are actual or potential polluters. potential polluters. ·        The success of a cleaner economy policy will ·        The success of a cleaner economy policy will be largely determined by the availability of be largely determined by the availability of professionals well trained in the theory and professionals well trained in the theory and practice of „economy clean-up“ and environmental practice of „economy clean-up“ and environmental management. management. ·        No cleaner economy will be possible without ·        No cleaner economy will be possible without creating an environmentally sound market. creating an environmentally sound market.   

The system approach prescribed in the The system approach prescribed in the base of proposed strategy for systematic base of proposed strategy for systematic reduction of environmental loads. It reduction of environmental loads. It expects that previously, than problems on expects that previously, than problems on methods of industrial waste conversion or methods of industrial waste conversion or utilization choose will be solve, it is utilization choose will be solve, it is necessary to consider questions for necessary to consider questions for systematic reduction of environmental systematic reduction of environmental loads at the tier of strictly production.loads at the tier of strictly production.

It’s very important to realize economic justified variants of removal or essential waste reducing by selectivity of main process raising at the lowest hierarchical object tiers. CP algorithm is a sequence of following actions:

1.DECOMPOSITION of hierarchical tiers (levels);

2.IDENTIFICATION of limiting tier;3.Transition from macro- to micro-level;4.SELECTIVITY&INTENSITY INCREASING.   

DECOMPOSITION.

Hierarchy level determination and technical system decomposition. The analysis of the initial information including inspection of industrial manufacture, with the purpose of its decomposition on typical levels of hierarchy (for example, manufacture – plant item - installation –apparatus or machine - contact device - molecular level)

Two aspects of the system approach to cleaner

production are addressed:

Vertical hierarchy. It implies that any subsystem of a system may be regarded either as a lower-level system in relation to the upper tier or as an upper-level system for the lower tier.

Match between a tier in a hierarchy and the methodology of characterization, assessment or influence used at this tier. This aspect does not seem to have been sufficiently covered previously and deserves a closer look. The tools used to analyze, study and influence an object should match the respective tier dimensions and frequency in the order of magnitude.

HIERARCHY of SYSTEM, HIERARCHY of SYSTEM, CP Tools and MethodsCP Tools and Methods

№ TIER OFHIERARCHY

Frequency order Dimensionorder, m

CLEANER PRODUCTION TOOLS ANDMETHODS

1 Manufacturing 0.001-0.01 s-1 102 Industrial Symbiosis, Waste Management.2 Plant item 0.1-1 s-1 1 Pollution Prevention, Recirculating, Local

neutralization of emissions3 Installation 0.1-1 s-1 1 Flexibility and adaptability of technology and

equipment

4 Apparatus ormachine

1-104 s-11 Recirculating flow of the least hazardous agent,

Isolation (close-looping in structure) of flows ofsubstance and energy

5 Contact device 1-104 s-1 10-3...10-6Synthesis and separation in an aerosol, Controlledheterogenization of the contacting phases

6 Molecular level 105...108 s-1 10-9...10-12Minimization of time of processing, Surplus less toxicreagent, Oscillation of reacting phase flows, Separativereactions organizing

 IDENTIFICATION of an initial level. Revealing of the bottom level of hierarchy limiting from the point of view of pollution to an environment. Definition of limiting/limitings hierarchical level/levels. Herewith reasonable move on the hierarchical stairway from top to bottom and use methods of expert evaluations

SELECTIVITY&INTENSITY INCREASE.

Increase of selectivity and intensity of actually technological stages of processing at a limiting level of hierarchy. Choice of CP methods depending on the limiting level scale (defining size) corresponding with parameters of influence method to the system from the database

Engineering techniques and methods for Cleaner Production: Flexible synthesis systems and adaptive equipment to embody them.Process engineering for high throughput to cut processing time and reduce byproducts and wastes, and industrial symbiosis as a basis for management of secondary materials and energy.Minimization of time of processing and surplus less toxic reagent, resulting all to increase of selectivity and reduction of formation of by-products.

•Synthesis and separation in an aerosol to Synthesis and separation in an aerosol to increaseincreaseintraparticle pressure and reaction rate.intraparticle pressure and reaction rate. •Self-excited oscillation of reacting phase Self-excited oscillation of reacting phase flows at frequencies and amplitudes flows at frequencies and amplitudes matching those at the rate- limiting tiers of matching those at the rate- limiting tiers of the system. the system.

•Recirculating flow of the least hazardous Recirculating flow of the least hazardous agent taken in excess over its agent taken in excess over its stoichiometric value. stoichiometric value.

•Isolation (close-looping in structure) of Isolation (close-looping in structure) of flows of substance and energy by flows of substance and energy by recirculating, resulting to “idealization” of recirculating, resulting to “idealization” of modes of synthesis and significant modes of synthesis and significant reduction of speed of by- processes.reduction of speed of by- processes.

 A databank on methods of influence on systems A databank on methods of influence on systems at various hierarchical tiers for purposes of at various hierarchical tiers for purposes of ecologization (this Russian termini integrates ecologization (this Russian termini integrates CP, EM, WM, P2P, LCA) will be available in CP, EM, WM, P2P, LCA) will be available in special table. The methods included in the bank special table. The methods included in the bank have passed industrial tests and/or are used in have passed industrial tests and/or are used in industrial conditions. There should be a match industrial conditions. There should be a match between a tier in a hierarchy and the between a tier in a hierarchy and the methodology of characterization, assessment or methodology of characterization, assessment or influence used at this tier. influence used at this tier.

Table. Tactical receptions of realization of systematic ecologization principles  

 

 

  

R

 

METHODS 

 Process-regime

 

 Equipment-structural  

CONCEPTS AND

PRINCIPLES OF

ECOLOGIZATION

Ex-cess of one of the rea-gents

Mini-mi-zation of treat- ment time

Recycling, closed-loop of substa-nce and energy fluxes

Combi-ning the synthe-sis and separa-tion

Hetero-geniza-tion

Ada-ptability

Intensi-fication

Clo-sed-loop struc-ture

Multi-functio-nali-ty

No-failure performance through selectivity

                 

Local pollution’s cleaning 

                 

 Recuperation 

                 

 Reclamation 

                 

Resource saving 

                 

Ecologization of the

consumption 

                 

 Flexibility 

                 

Complex character 

                 

 System character 

                 

Repeated use of resources and energy

                 

Maximum of synthesis and separation selectivity

                 

 Separative reactions organizing (synthesis and dividing processes organizing in the same palace and in the same time), allowing to reduce formation of by-products by removal of a target product from a reactionary zone at the moment of its formation.  Controlled heterogenization of the contacting phases for softer conditions and improved selectivity.

Flexibility and adaptability of technology and equipment allowing to ensure reliable work of technical system by "internal" reserves (flexibility) of installation using, that reduces an opportunity of harmful substances pollution or reception of a sub-standard product.

Chemical production ecologization supposes to use some special methods of ecologization sumaltenously with the traditional ones for any field of engineering (closed-loop structure and multifunctionality of equipment, intensification):  minimizing of treatment time and the excess of one reagents, resulting most frequently in the increase of selectivity and in the reduction of by-products formation;  recuperation, closed cycle of substance and energy fluxes, resulting as M.F.Nagyev had shown in "idealization" of the synthesis regimes and in a significant reduction of side reactions rate; combining the synthesis and separation, heterogenization, resulting in significant reduction of by-products formation by carrying the target product outside the reaction zone at the moment of its formation;   adaptability of the technique and equipment, allowing to secure a reliable operation of the technical system through the "intrinsic" reserves of the installation, resulting in minimizing the possibility of "volley" polluted ejections out of the installation.

•The specific conception of the ecologization of chemical productions is not to render harmless the mixed liquid or gas effluent "in general", but to make it harmless locally as near as possible to the source of its formation.

Some tools and methods for CP Transition from macro- to micro-level (on the samples for the optimisation of the capillary-porous compounds impregnation process)  

Jointly with my followers we were developing steps for the CP and technology optimisation of the capillary-porous compounds impregnation processes, that are applied not only in chemical practice, but many others. Earlier without the special success such processes they tried to optimize at a level of installation, individual device, individual product. We try to go on a limiting level of object (with macro level to level of capillaries). We have been able to solve a great number of practical tasks through non-traditional approaches.

CATALYST IMPREGNATION

The method eliminates vacuum or high pressure equipment and may require only minor, if any, modifications in the existing equipment. It relies on a simple three-step treatment of the catalyst support pellets directly before impregnation. The pretreatment removes all air trapped in the open pores and involves the following steps carried out in quick succession: heating the catalyst pellets, introducing a specific nonreactive gas, and removal of the gas. It activates every open pore and results in their quick and complete filling during subsequent dipping. The nonreactive gas characteristics and the timing are unique to each support/catalyst impregnant system. This necessitates their tailoring to the system at hand. The gas will invariably be selected among those inexpensive and readily available ones. Flexible modular units were developed that can be operated in a wide range of temperature, pressure etc. to process pellets of various materials and shapes.

 

IMPREGNATION OF ELECTRODES AND OTHER CARBON/GRAPHITE ARTICLES

The method requires only minor additions to the existing equipment. It relies on a simple three-step treatment of the carbonaceous material directly before impregnation. The pretreatment removes all air trapped in the open pores and involves the following steps carried out in quick succession: heating the charge, introducing a specific nonreactive gas, and removal of the gas.It activates every open pore and results in their quick and complete filling during the impregnating step. The nonreactive gas characteristics and the timing are unique to each carbon/impregnant system. This necessitates their tailoring to the system at hand. The gas will invariably be selected among those inexpensive and readily available ones. Laboratory and industrial-scale experiments with articles over 1 m in diameter like graphite electrodes revealed that the method may cut down the number of impregnation steps to unity. The impregnation step as such was effected very rapidly and resulted in complete filling of the pores. This increased production rate, enhanced product quality and reduced exposure time and emissions of pollutants. The method is believed to be patentable because it has not been disclosed and no analog to it has been found in the literature.

 

SOLID-LIQUID EXTRACTION FOR PHARMACEUTICS, FOOD PROCESSING AND PULP INDUSTRY

It relies on a simple three-step treatment of the starting material directly before contacting. The pretreatment removes al air trapped in the open pores and involves the following short-time steps carried out in quick succession: heating the charge, introducing a specific nonreactive gas, and removal of the gas.It activates every interstice and open pore and results in their quick and complete filling during the contacting step. An advantage of the pretreatment is that it can be conveniently combined with other means of activation like self-excited oscillations, pulsed pressure and acoustic fields.The nonreactive gas characteristics and the timing are unique to each solid/extractant system. This necessitates their tailoring to the system at hand. The gas will invariably be selected among those inexpensive and readily available ones. Laboratory experiments and commercial use with medicinal plants demonstrated that the method is both effective and readily adaptable to various production routes. The contacting step as such was effected very rapidly and resulted in complete contact between the solid and the solvent. This increased production rate, enhanced product quality and reduced wastes. The method is believed to be patentable because it has not been disclosed and no analog to it has been found in the literature.

IMPREGNATION OF TEXTILE FIBERS, AND FIBER REINFORCEMENTS OF RESIN-MATRIX COMPOSITES

The method eliminates vacuum or high pressure equipment and may require only minor, if any, modifications in the existing equipment. It relies on a simple three-step treatment of the fiber material directly before impregnation. The pretreatment removes all air trapped in the open pores and involves the following steps carried out in quick succession: heating the fiber material, introducing a specific nonreactive gas, and removal of the gas. It activates every open pore/interstice and results in their quick and complete filling during the impregnating step. The nonreactive gas characteristics and the timing are unique to each fiber/resin system. This necessitates their tailoring to the system at hand. The gas will invariably be selected among those inexpensive and readily available ones.The equipment will be the same for any system to be processed. The process allows continuous and batch operation alike. Experiments with graphite and glass reinforcements revealed that the method may improve the fiber surface area coverage by 30 % and shorten the impregnating step time 2-fold. Importantly, no selective sorption of any components of impregnant occurred

LEACHING AND EXTRACTION FOR WINNING OF METALS The project is aimed at developing a rapid, effective, environmentally friendly and low-cost method to ensure complete extraction of valuable components from solid materials. The method requires only minor additions to the existing equipment and may make expensive high-pressure equipment unnecessary. It relies on a simple three-step treatment of the starting material directly before contacting. The pretreatment removes all air trapped in the open pores and involves the following short-time steps carried out in quick succession: heating the charge, introducing a specific nonreactive gas, and removal of the gas.It activates every interstice and open pore and results in their quick and complete filling during the contacting step. An advantage of the pretreatment is that it can be conveniently combined with other means of activation like self-excited oscillations, pulsed pressure and acoustic fields.The nonreactive gas characteristics and the timing are unique to each solid/extractant system. This necessitates their tailoring to the system at hand. The gas will invariably be selected among those inexpensive and readily available ones. Laboratory and industrial-scale experiments revealed that the method is both effective and readily adaptable to various production routes. The contacting step as such was effected very rapidly and resulted in complete contact between the solid and the extractant. This increased production rate, enhanced product quality and reduced wastes.

INFILTRATION OF CARBON/GRAPHITE COMPACTS IN MAKING METAL-CARBON COMPOSITES  

Metal-graphite materials and refractory metal and carbide-base composites are among the most common in sliding electric contacts. Another major area of their application is sliding bearings. Infiltration is used extensively for making such composite materials. Powder of graphite, a refractory metal or a carbide is first compacted into a skeleton of the desired shape. Silver or copper is then infiltrated into the pores of the skeleton. Infiltration with copper alloys is also employed to improve properties of ferrous powder metallurgy materials. The project is aimed at developing a quick, effective and low-cost method enabling perfect infiltration of skeleton bodies with metals like copper and silver. The method eliminates the need for vacuum or high pressure equipment and may require only minor, if any, modifications in the existing equipment. It relies on a simple three-step treatment of the skeleton directly before impregnation. The pretreatment removes all air trapped in the open pores and involves heating the skeleton body, introducing a specific nonreactive gas, and removal of the gas. It activates every open pore and results in their ready and complete filling during infiltration. The nonreactive gas characteristics and the timing are unique to each powder/infiltrant system.  The cost of equipment adaptation to the new process is negligible as is the running cost for the new appliances. At the customer's side, the gain will come directly from reduced prices and also indirectly from improved service properties and extended life of product. Sliding bearings for various machines and sliding contacts for electric locomotives etc. are among prospective applications.

IMPREGNATION IN MAKING ELECTRODES FOR NICKEL-CADMIUM CELLS

The project is aimed at developing a rapid, effective, environmentally friendly and low-cost method to ensure perfect impregnation of porous substrates with aqueous impregnants. The method requires only minor additions to the existing equipment. It relies on a simple three-step treatment of the porous material directly before impregnation. The pretreatment removes all air trapped in the open pores and involves the following short-time steps carried out in quick succession:heating the porous piece, introducing a specific nonreactive gas, and removal of the gas. It activates every open pore and results in their quick and complete filling during the impregnating step. The nonreactive gas characteristics and the timing are unique to each substrate/solution system. This necessitates their tailoring to the system at hand. Laboratory and industrial-scale experiments with substrates intended for making metal-ceramic nickel oxide electrodes revealed that the method is both effective and readily adaptable to various production routes. The impregnation step as such was effected very rapidly and resulted in complete filling of the pores. This increased production rate and enhanced product quality. 

IMPREGNATION OF WOOD AND PAPER

Wood and paper are routinely impregnated with protectants like antiseptics and insecticides, with various processing liquids, and also with high-molecular compounds to make laminates and wood plastics. A simple, inexpensive, environmentally friendly, precise and rapid method to impregnate intermediate and processing products, including paper, is thus desired. The method eliminates vacuum or high pressure equipment and may require only minor, if any, modifications in the existing equipment. It relies on a simple three-step treatment of wood and products directly before impregnation. The pretreatment remove all air trapped in the pores and involves the following steps carried out in quick succession: heating the material, introducing a specific nonreactive gas, and removal of the gas. It activates every pore and results in their instantaneous and complete filling during subsequent dipping. The nonreactive gas characteristics and the timing are unique to each product/impregnant system. This necessitates their tailoring to the system at hand. The gas will invariably be selected among those inexpensive and readily available ones. Railroad sleepers were impregnated with creosote using the process at hand. The production rate of the dipping step was found to increase by a factor of 2 to 100. In experiments with railroad sleepers, the depth of penetration in one dip was increased 1.7- to 2.2-fold depending on wood species. Some reduction in the amount of antiseptic absorbed was observed. Possibilities to control the coverage in the range from 2 to 25 % by use of special measures were revealed. Importantly, no selective sorption occurred, so the processing liquid composition was maintained throughout the processing period.

GETEROGENIZATION

- is the highest results we have when geterogenization is used as a part of Reactive Separation Processes (RSP) ideology (will be below). It is below discussed also number of possible mechanisms of chemical reactions improving with increasing of their selectivity when mass transfer process joints with chemical one in particularities at bubbles mode of phases interaction

 It is below discussed number of possible mechanisms of chemical reactions improving with increasing of their selectivities when mass transfer process joints with chemical one in particularities at bubbles mode of phases interaction. Such approach allows to enlarge a concentration of reagents in the reactionary area, modificated a system in heterogenous one and remove products of reaction in that phase, where reaction does not go that reduces a possibility of forming the by-products to the account parallel running reactions with products of main reactions.

RSPs are in principal distinguished from chemosorption processes as reaction products promotes an increasing of a velocity of reversible process in according with Le Chatelier principle, but for inconvertible - in consequence of the law of action of masses, since in the reactionary mass at the product tap to reactions increases reagents concentration.Increasing a RSP velocity promotes a faster change of surface tension on the border among the phases and their density that causes a reinforcement of a surface turbulence which accelerates a mass-transfer process - a reaction product evacuating from the liquid phase in gas that, in turn, makes more intensive a chemical process in the liquid. On hand strong mutual influence of reactionary and mass-transfer processes. This phenomena can be not described by dependencies, tinned by joint deciding the equations of diffusion and kinetics.

Since pulsation frequencies in bubbling zone (1...10)6 с-1) on much orders frequencies less than own molecule oscillations, probably, in the system must not occur chemical change in consequence of resonance phenomenas, and changing the dominating frequencies in the system in the specified range will hardly tell on dynamics of chemical conversion. However, appear acoustic currents, causing an intensive mixing of phases and accelerating in several times heat-mass-transfer processes, since action of acoustic flows turns out to be vastly more efficient, than hydrodynamic ones, because of the smaller boundary layer thickness. In the fluid phase herewith appear effects, similar cavitation ones, promoting to the bubbles growing and to its departure by acoustic currents. Formation and complex bubble moving (for sample, effect of "dancing" bubbles), change their once-measures, slamming, coalescence generate pulses of compression in liquids and can cause a local warming of the phase. So, under the adiabatic compression of cavitation bubble its temperature can reach 104 K. Increasing of temperature promotes the molecules transfer on the border and in bubbles in the agitate condition and fission them on radicals (relationship breakup and forming the radicals, according to different sources, occurs under 350-10000С), which can recombine and interact on the known mechanism. Velocity of formation and spending the radicals, probably, will render herewith significant influence upon the general integral velocity of process.

Parallel reactive separation processes (RSP)  Parallel reactive separation processes (RSP) are using as Clean Reaction Technologies for increasing a purity of production, Waste Reduction and for Pollution Prevention.Usually reactive zone and distillation zone is the separate zone in similar units. But we will have a lot of additional effects if these zones will be combined in joint volume. Then in the reactive-separation zone not only the reaction heat will cause additional mass transfer between vapor and liquid phases but it will be increase a rate of the chemical process. Running a chemical reaction in the same place and at the same time with some physical process of separation in the resultant reaction zone is an effective way to increase chemical processing rates. The reason is that removal of reaction products as they form promotes reversible processes in accordance with Le Chatelier principle, and irreversible processes in accordance with the law of mass action, because reagent concentrations in the reaction zone are increased as the products are removed. With increasing rates of reaction and mass transfer, the interface tension and phase densities change more rapidly, resulting in more vigorous surface turbulence. This promotes mass transfer, namely the removal of products from the liquid into the gas phase, which, in its turn, increases the rate of reaction in the liquid.

Using RSPs (on the example of 1.4-dioxane production).

  It is shown the increasing of production purity when using RSPs (on the example of 1.4-dioxane production). For increase of 1.4-dioxane manufacture cleanliness the above-stated algorithm was used. The system analysis has shown, that ecologization of this object by improvement of quality of burning of the resin results in significant complication and rise in price of manufacture. It was not possible to utilize the resin with the rest of perfecting catalyst - a sulfuric acid. Thus, at the expense of overlapping chemical and mass transfer processes we have received substantial growth of speed of target reaction of 1,4-dioxane synthesis, of chemical reactor intensity, increase of the process selectivity, and the reduction of asphaltization practically up to absence. Last circumstance has solved a difficult ecological problem of resin with the rests of the sour catalyst burning.Results of kinetics studies and their use for one of the most significant RSPs are illustrating considered approach to raising ecological efficiency chemist-technological objects.

The results of 1,4-dioxane RSP synthesis laboratory researches at As = 9,91 mole/m3, Us= 0,541 m3/s, reactor

volume 0,13 liter As

.10-3,mol/m3

Uf.107,

m3/sUd

.107, m3/s 

K. 105, s-

1

Kd. 105,

s-1

Gf . 107,

s-1

8,60 0,541 - 0 5,66 - - -

6,83 0,523 0,198 0,138   24 4,1 16,6

4,90 0,518 0,223 0,100   48,3 8,5 33,2

6,45 0,496 0,420 0,284   33,3 5,88 166

Imposition of bubbling separating process on chemical one can cause an increasing an observed velocity of process, stipulated of variety diffusion effects, in accordance with formation an interphase surface, breakup of ) continuity under gas bubbling in the liquid and forming the areas of increased pressure, phase transition at the interleaving of condensations and evaporations on each contact stage, introduction to the system of a quite numbers of energy with the gas flow from outside.At the homogeneous system transfer to heterogenous one, for instance, under bubbling, appear, as it is well known, pulsation of pressure and velocities, causing effects, similar effects, appearing at the influence to the ultrasonic fluctuation system. Appearance and collapse of bubbles under steam (gas) bubbling in the liquid is related to in than-that to the phenomena an cavitation, under which in liquids appear pulsing bubbles, pervaded by steam (gas) or their mixture (at desorption by the inert gas).

0,0

0,4

0,8

1,2

1,6

2,0

2,4

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Nitrogen Rate, G х 106,m3/sec

Re

ac

tor i

nte

ns

ity,

I, m

ole

/m3 .se

c

3

12C

B

A

Improving of nanocomposite materials production technique with treatment of gaseous/vaporous submicrometer particles-cleaned phases

The goal of the project is unification of technology and equipment for production of some of Innovative Products of nano-capillary porous materials with new impregnation technologies in module installations usage.

The main stages of the project are:

1. Creation of combine module and technology for air removing from capillaries and porous of matrix, multiple cycles of matrix impregnation/drying. The key principle of the advanced technology is based on the following approach: articles made from capillary-porous materials are preliminary heated by known means and subsequently treated with superheated vapours of the impregnating liquid (or vapours of other substances that readily dissolve in or react with the impregnating liquid). Then, the articles are immersed into the impregnating liquid which has the temperature lower than the temperature of vapour condensation. Implementation of this technology does not require complex technological equipment. It is sufficient to have an impregnating chamber operating under atmospheric pressure, loading/unloading devices and heating devices (aerodynamic, induction, convective, etc.). Also, the equipment should include an apparatus for evaporation and superheating of vapours of impreg

2. Creation of modules for removing of submicrometer particles from both gas/vapor phase and solvent for impregnation in nanocomposite production and for ultra-pure substances for the semiconductor and fibre-optic industries production.

3. Development of new nanocomposite materials production with usage p. 1-2 technologies and equipment.

4. Searching of application areas for new developed materials.

Advantages of the new advanced technology : Increase in the process rate (reduced process time) by

a large factor; Simplification of the process equipment (pressure /

vacuum equipment is not required); Low capital and operating costs; Ability to impregnate large items or large groups of

items, as the new technology has significantly lower requirements to strength and sealing of impregnating apparatuses;

Ability to control the depth and rate of impregnation; Improved environmental characteristics of the

impregnation process due to the reduction of process time and elimination of contamination threats associated with vacuuming systems.

Results of this work will allow to improve design and build materials and devices on an atomic scale for manufacturing of Nano- and Microfiber-Based Composites, Carbon, Metals, Ceramic and Polymer Matrix Composites. Developing synthetic nanostructures on this scale will lead to many new and improved technologies. It will be to develop Ukrainian microelectronics, glass-fiber optics, semiconductor, cermet, graphite-metal electric contacts production, to improve aero-space and wood-based production (furniture), construction building, paper production, High-surface Nanofibrous Materials for Medicine and etc.

Wide program of mutually beneficialcollaboration:

• joint scientific research, including participation in international scientific programs and joint developments for industrial enterprises and other organizations, •transfer of new high technologies, joint analysis of developments in science, industry, education and social policies in the NIS countries,• joint research in permanent areas of applied chemistry, chemical processing and chemical engineering, chemical industry, metallurgy, engineering, food-processing and pharmaceutical industries,• exchange of leading scientists and specialists, exchange of visiting professors that deliver lectures on the chosen themes.

We can observe the tendency to come to an agreement about nature, man and industrial complex interaction by the way of natural-technical systems creation, which allow reaching higher technical indexes under favourable ecological indexes. System analysis of complex system “man – industry – environment” shows the necessity of ecologization conception combination with human adapting to life conditions, partly even under ecologically non-favourable conditions and with human life support system application to the environment to guarantee human survival.