Ukrainian lessons.doc

8/14/2019 Ukrainian lessons.doc

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Lesson One: Introduction

Ukrainian is one of Slavoniclanguages (others include Polish, Russian, Bulgarian, Czech, etc.). Itshares quite a few things with its closest neighbors, Belorussian, Russian, and Polish, but it also has

its own unique graar rules, !ocabular", and usage.

#s an" other language, Ukrainian has its !arieties and dialects that are s$oken in different $arts ofthe countr". # ost coonl" recognized distinction is between the language of %estern Ukraine(roughl" west bank of the &ni$ro ri!er), which is a bit closer to Polish, and that of 'astern Ukraine(roughl" east bank of the &ni$ro) ore influenced b" Russian. 'astern Ukraine and southern

$eninsula Criea also ha!e a large $ercent of the Russian s$eaking $o$ulation.Please note that the"linguistic" geographic line between the "East" and the "West" is much finer. These language

differences have very deep historical roots. his $aragra$h should gi!e "ou a general idea aboutUkrainian language !ariations.

#nother i$ortant difference is between $o$ular Ukrainian and standard Ukrainian. *anguageinfluences ha!e $la"ed their roles here, too, but for our $ur$oses it is i$ortant to know that$o$ular Ukrainian significantl" de!iates fro the standard nors described in graar booksand dictionaries and a" in fact be a i+ture of Russian and Ukrainian, or diluted with a goodan" Polish words. his is of course a natural $rocess found in an" language. tandardUkrainian, which is taught in this course, does not e+clude colloquial fors, but generall" adheresto language nors. In other words, "ou won-t be taught belles lettresUkrainian, which would soundirrele!antl" fine in e!er"da" s$eech. ou will find here lessons of educated s$eech that will beuni!ersall" understood in Ukraine. he author of this course li!es in /"i! (the ca$ital of Ukraine)and will tr" to teach "ou standard Ukrainian as defined b" her en!ironent and, of course,

Ukrainian language rules.0a1or differences of the Ukrainian language fro 'nglish include2

C"rillic writing two fors of "ou address2 foral and inforal (3eran, 4rench, $anish, Russian and

other languages also ha!e that) absence of articles a relati!el" loose word order in sentences three genders of nouns (co$are with 3eran, which also has three genders) nouns change their endings (cases) de$ending on their functions in the sentence (co$are

with 3eran (four cases) or Russian (si+ cases)) besides graatical tenses ($resent, $ast, future), fors of !erbs e+$ress the idea of

co$leted or $rogressi!e action.

$ecial graar lessons that "ou-ll take u$on astering soe si$le !ocabular" will failiarize"ou with ost of these differences. ou will learn soe basic rules for nouns, !erbs, and sentencestructure, as well as new !ocabular".

o, off we go. 'n1o" and good luck5

Lesson Two: Letters and Sounds
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Ukrainian has a Cyrillic alphabetalost identical to soe other la!onic languages (Russian,Bulgarian). oe of its letters look e+actl" like those of the *atin al$habet used in 'nglish6howe!er, ost of these are $ronounced differentl" than in 'nglish and a" in fact reseble other'nglish sounds. 4or instance, letter B in Ukrainian re$resents a sound siilar to the 'nglish !.7ther Ukrainian letters look quite different. here are 88 letters altogether.

Please re!iew the following transliteration table to get an idea about Ukrainian letters and their

sounds.

Source: Ukrainian Transliteration Table.

oe i$ortant $oints2

9) ou-!e seen that the 'nglish yin transliterated words (these are usuall" geogra$hic and $eo$le-snaes) a" in fact re$resent two quite different sounds2 the one is siilar to the !owel yin "th,and the other to the consonant yin "olk. :ow can "ou know when it-s the one and when theother;


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before or after it, it-s a consonant like in "olk, "acht, "ou, or "ield, and when yissurrounded b" consonants, it is a !owel like in "th.

=) he soft sign, unlike all other letters, does not re$resent an inde$endent sound but rather affectsthe consonant before it, softensit. ou can listen to $airs of hard and soft consonants2

(9)

ounds ya, yu, yeha!e a siilar softening effect on the consonant that $recedes the. It is eas" tosee that although re$resented b" one letter, each of these sounds in fact cobines two sounds

$ronounced fast one after the other. he first is the short consonant ydiscussed abo!e, and thesecond is a regular !owel a, o, or e. he ysound is distinctl" $ronounced after a !owel, but if itfollows a consonant, the ysoftens it and $racticall" disa$$ears itself. *isten to the followingcobination of sounds6 there will be hard>soft $airs again.

(=)

In transcriptions, the soft sign will be indicated with an apostrophe '. In transliteration forother purposes, since transliteration rules vary, it ay or ay not be used, depending on thetranscriber's preferences. !"a, yu, ye# will be transcriptions of respective Ukrainian lettersafter vowels$ after consonants, their softening effect will be again indicated by the apostrophe!'a, 'u, 'e#.?ote that we-ll use the - in transcri$tion for stud" $ur$oses onl". %hen transliteratingUkrainian naes for other $ur$oses (e.g., docuents), "a, "u, "e should be s$elled so throughout.

8) 4or us the a$ostro$he will onl" be a transcri$tion trick that has becoe custoar". heUkrainian language also uses the a$ostro$he, but for different $ur$oses2 it se$arates "a, "u, "e, "ifro the $receding consonant, in which case the consonant is notsoftened, and the ysound in theseletters is distinctl" heard. ou will see the a$ostro$he in Ukrainian originals6 in transcri$tions it will

be indicated b" a quotation ark .

es, it is co$licated but nonetheless i$ortant. :owe!er, once "ou-!e learned Ukrainian letters,tr" to refer to the transcri$tion in this course as little as $ossible and listen hard to the acco$an"ingsound files instead.

ou should learn the transliteration rules because the" will hel$ "ou to read transcri$tion and willalso be "our ke" to reading and writing Ukrainian $eo$le-s and geogra$hic naes in the 'nglishal$habet. light !ariations in transliteration that a" occur are discussed in lesson 99.

%&ercise. #fter "ou ha!e wellfailiarized "ourself with the Ukrainian al$habet and transliteration,

listen to the following $assage. It is also gi!en below in Ukrainian, as well as transcribed. r"re$eating it sentence b" sentence after the s$eaker. ou will hear the line nuber, which will hel$"ou identif" the res$ecti!e lines in the te+t $rinted on "our screen. &o this e+ercise se!eral ties,until "ou learn to follow the $rinted te+t and identif" b" ear (without referring to the 'nglishtranscri$tion) which word is being $ronounced b" the s$eaker.

or your convenience, fro now on we will ark the accented (stressed) vowels in ulti*syllable words in red.

(8) *isten to the whole $assage (@) *isten sentence b" sentence and re$eat
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A(9) /""i! stol"ts-a Ukra"in". (=) se na"bil-she ukra"ins-ke isto. (8) U n-ou eshka"ut- $onadd!a z $olo!"no"u il-"on" cholo!ik. (@) /""i! roztasho!an"" na berehakh richk" &ni$ro. ()hchoroku isto !id!idu"ut- bahato ukra"ins-k"kh ta inozen"kh tur"sti!. () ut "e, na shcho

$od"!"t"s-a. (D) Ch"alo $a"atn"kh ists- nahadu"ut- $ro znaenni $odi"i z istori"i /""e!a ta!si"e"i kra"in".E

(9) /"i! is the ca$ital of Ukraine. (=) It is the largest Ukrainian cit". (8) 7!er two and a half illion$eo$le li!e there. (@) /"i! is located on the banks of the &ni$ro ri!er. () '!er" "ear an"Ukrainian and foreign tourists !isit the cit". () here arethings to see here. (D) Fuite a feweorable $laces reind of outstanding e!ents in the histor" of /"i! and the whole countr".

his is not a wordGb"Gword translation, so "ou should ?7 tr" to learn !ocabular" fro thise+ercise. It-s $ur$ose is to solidif" "our abilit" to recognize C"rillic letters and associate the withtheir sounds. hat is, "ou-re actuall" beginning to read in Ukrainian5 7n the other hand, "ou nowha!e a good idea about what Ukrainian sounds like.
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Lesson Three: +asic hrases

Everyday courtesy words

A&obr"" den-E () :ello6 good da"6 good afternoon.

APr"!itE() :i.

(Use this onl" with $eo$le who "ou know well and feel to be "our$eers. 7r better still, sa" it to those who sa" it to "ou. hus "ou can besure to a!oid i$ro$er inforalit".)

A&o $obachenn-aE(D) B"e.

ABud- laskaE

(H) Please6 "ou are welcoe.

AProshuE() Please6 "ou are welcoe.

APere$roshu"uE(9J) '+cuse e.

AK"bachteE(99) '+cuse e6 sorr".

A&-aku"uE

(9=) hank "ou.

Introductions and formalities

Aak !ashe i"a;E(98) %hat is "our nae;

Aak !as z!at";E(9@) %hat is "our nae;

Aak !ashe $riz!"shche;E

(9) %hat is "our last nae;

A0enez!at" Richard itE(9) 0" nae is Richard ith.

A0o"e$riz!"shche itE(9D) 0" last nae is ith.

APokazhit- bud- laska dokuent"E(9H) Please show e "our

docuents.

AProshu $okazat" $as$ortE(9) Please show e "our

$ass$ort.

(=J) our docuents ($ass$ort)
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AKashi dokuent" (!ash $as$ort) bud- laskaE $lease.

In a store

Besides %esternGt"$e su$erarkets where "ou ha!e access to goods, choose what "ou need andbring the to the cashier to $a" on "our wa" out, there are still an" o!erGtheGcounter stores in

Ukraine where "ou ha!e to ask the sales$erson to gi!e "ou the thing "ou want to see closer. In thissituation the following $hrases a" be useful2

APokazhit- bud- laska chornu$arasol-ku za $"atdes-at tr" hr"!niE

(=9) Please let e see the black ubrellathat costs 8 hr"!n"as.

Akil-k" tse koshtu"e;E(==) :ow uch does it cost;

Aa tse ku$u"uE(=8) I-ll bu" this.

If "ou si$l" want to ask to sell "ou soething without looking at it closer, "ou sa"2

A&a"te bud- laska kartu istaE(=@) Please gi!e e a cit" a$.

A&a"te bud- laska telefonnu kartku na $i!tor"hod"n"E

(=) Please gi!e e a J inute tele$honecard.

#nd a sall but i$ortant e+$ression in a restaurant>cafe2

AProshu rakhunokE(=) Bring the bill $lease.

Taxi and public transportation

If "ou need a ride, "ou don-t ha!e to necessaril" look for a regular cab but hitchGhike instead.%hen a car sto$s, o$en the door and sa", for instance2

A#ero$ort Bor"s$il- bud- laskaE(=D) Bor"s$il air$ort $lease.

(It is the largest international air$ort inUkraine (close to /"i!)).

A:otel- &ni$roE(=H) &ni$ro hotel.

(&ni$ro hotel, fro what I heard, is oneof the best hotels downtown /"i!,

which foreign !isitors often $refer. If"ou-re sta"ing in a different hotel, 1ustre$lace the wordDniprowith the
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a$$ro$riate hotel nae.

oe dri!ers a" tr" to negotiate the $rice right awa", but an" will take whate!er "ou offer whengetting out. If "ou are $lanning to use ta+is often, tr" to find out first what the regular hitch hikerates in the cit" of "our sta" are. oe dri!ers ight tr" to nae an o!erl" high $rice if the" seethat "ou-re a foreigner. ou a" also wish to check out local ta+i co$anies that take $hone orders.

If "ou need to use $ublic trans$ortation, there a" often be $eo$le in "our wa" when getting out. Inthis case, it is custoar" to sa" when "ou know the bus>trolle"bus>tra is a$$roaching "our sto$,

AK" !"khod"te na nastu$ni" zu$"ntsi;E(=) #re "ou getting off at the ne+t sto$;

A&oz!ol-te $ro"t"E(8J) Please let e through.

(ou can sa" it if the $erson in front of"ou res$onded negati!el" to the

$re!ious question but still hasn-t o!ed

to gi!e wa".)

Exchanging money

A&e "a ozhu $oin-at" !al-utu;E(89) %here can I e+change one" (foreign

currenc");

Aobin !al-utE(8=) CURR'?C 'LC:#?3'

(his is the usual sign "ou often see in urbanareas.)

hese e+change offices are bank outlets and are co$letel" safe. #!oid changing one" in thestreets e!en if "ou-re offered a higher $rice.

Other needs

APere$roshu"u de tut tualet;E(88) '+cuse e, where is the restroo here;

A0eni$otribn"" likarE(8@) I need a doctor.

To view the ne&t lessons properly, you ust have -yrillic fonts installed. If you need help, goto the -yrillic fonts enu ite.
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Lesson our: ender of /ouns. 0ingular and lural /ouns

To view this page and all other lessons properly, you ust have -yrillic fonts installed. If youdo not see -yrillic letters in the table below and need help, go to the -yrillic onts enu ite.

Ukrainian nouns are distinguished b" gender2 asculine, feinine, and neuter6 therefore the" canbe re$laced with $ronouns he she or it, de$ending on their gender. 'ach noun is of a $articulargender regardless of whether it-s a li!ing creature, a thing, or an abstract idea. 'ndings of nouns,which change as required b" their $ositions in a sentence, can ser!e as an indicator of gender.:owe!er, generall" endings are ?7 entirel" gender s$ecific. %hen "ou learn nouns, "ou usteorize their gender as well. his will at first be tedious, but with tie "ou will de!elo$ a feel forthe language and will be able to guess the gender of unfailiar nouns in an" cases. :owe!er,whene!er $ossible, "ou should check "our guesses in the dictionar".

'ndings of Ukrainian nouns can also indicate whether the noun is single or $lural. his is siilar to

'nglish, where letter s is added to ost nouns to ake the $lural. #nd, 1ust like in 'nglish, notall nouns can be $lural. 4or instance, there are no tendernesses or goodnesses. In graarters, nouns that can for a $lural are called countableand those that can-t are called uncountable.:owe!er, nouns that are countable in Ukrainian a" not necessaril" be such in 'nglish and !ice!ersa. #lso, there are soe nouns that are alwa"s $lural.

Please re!iew nouns in the following table $a"ing s$ecial attention to their endings (blue letters) orlack of such. Reeber that a graatical ending is the last letter or s"llable that changesde$ending on its connection with other words in the sentence. ?ouns in their basic for ("ou willlearn other fors later) ha!e onl" one*vowel endings(one last letter) or no changeable endings atall.

?7'2!s in the previous lesson red letters show which syllable is stressed. lue letters identifychangeable noun endings. #f there$s no red in a word it either has only one syllable or the stress

falls on the ending mar%ed in blue.

ender 0ingular nouns Their plural fors Translation

4einine

MNOQaAkra"inaESTVWXAstol"ts-aEQYZ AnichE(no changeableending)

MNOQVAkra"in"ESTVWiAstol"tsiEQoZiAnochiE(soe words also change ste !owels in the $luralfor)

countr"ca$ital cit"night

0asculine[TON AdolarE(no changeableending)

[TONVAdolar"E dollar

?euter \TN]AoreE

^YMQT A!iknoE

T_VZZXAobl"ch-aE

\TNXAor-aE(note the stress change)^YMQa A!iknaE(note the stress change)T_VZZXAobl"ch-aE(no changes)

sea

window

face

&our rule of thumb can be that feminine nouns normally end in a12 masculines have bareconsonants at the end 'no changeable endings( and usual neuter endings are e1o. :owe!er, "ou-!eseen that feinine nouns can also end with a bare consonant and 2can be the ending of neuters. In
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fact, a12can also be the endings of asculine nouns, in $articular, naes (e.g., a an-s nae)*+o,-), but these nouns are not an". #gain, for best results "ou should consult the dictionar"and learn the gender of a noun when "ou learn the noun itself.

%&ercise 3.Use our rule of thub to identif" the gender of the following nouns. r" reading theout loud without transcri$tion. ou should know soe of the nouns fro the $re!ious lesson.

(8) `]SNT(subwa"), \OVQO (car), [Y^ZVQO (girl, "oung woan), NV^QX (the name of%rainian currency), OTNS ($ass$ort), NY^V] (last nae), ONOTMO (ubrella), S]]TQ(tele$hone), O^ST_ (bus), ^VWX (street), MONSMO (card), VQMO (sto$), TQW] (sun), QT\]N(eans both nuber and hotel roo), TS] (hotel), O]NTTNS (air$ort).

/e" to the e+ercise

%&ercise 4.7ur rule of thub won-t work for the followng nouns since soe of the fall out of thegeneral $attern. Use a dictionar" to translate and identif" the gender of the following nouns. If "oudon-t ha!e a UkrainianG'nglish dictionar", use our 3lossar".

\-X Ai"aE, _OSMT Abat-koE, M^VSTM Ak!"tokE, Y\-X Asi"aE, ^TTX A!olos-s-aE.

/e" to the e+ercise

%&ercise 5.Please re!iew the table that e+$lains gender endings again noting how singular endingsare changed in the $lural for. ?ow tr" foring the $lural of the following nouns. %e ha!e chosenwords that follow our rule of thub, so "ou should be able to identif" noun genders easil".

(8) j]STQ (subwa" tocken), TY (office), MT\-S]N (co$uter), NZMO ($en), ]T(!illage),MY\QOSO (roo), YMT (bed), X_MT (a$$le), MONSO (a$), T] (field).

/e" to the e+ercise
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10/31

Lesson ive: -ases Of /ouns

In the last lesson "ou ha!e learned that a Ukrainian noun can ha!e different endings in its singularand $lural fors, which in fact hel$ to distinguish whether the noun is $lural or singular. ?ow "ou

will see that endings of a noun also change de$ending on the function of the noun in sentences.:ere-s a si$le e+a$le. In 'nglish sentences, he girl sees the bo" and he bo" sees the girl,we can easil" understand who does the action of seeing and who is being seen. he word orderhel$s us to understand it without confusion, while the words bo" and girl do not change in an"wa" regardless of whether the" are the ob1ect or the doer of seeing. It-s different in the Ukrainianlanguage, which has a fle+ible word order. he word bo" (and the word girl, too) in Ukrainiantranslations of the two sentences will ha!e different endings indicating that in the first sentence it isthesub/ectand in the second one the ob/ect. In graar ters, a change in the ending indicates thatthe noun has changed its case, that is, it has occured in a different situation.

Ukrainian nouns ha!e se!en different cases (we-!e 1ust re!iewed two of the GG sub1ect case and

direct ob1ect case, or nominativeand accusative). ou a" be wondering wh" we need so an"while the 'nglish language has none. %ell, a$art fro it being a feature of the Ukrainian language,which it, b" the wa", shares with soe other languages (e.g., 3eran with four cases and Russianwith si+), there are two good reasons. 7ne was alread" entioned2 the word order in 'nglish hel$sto identif" the sub1ect and the ob1ect easil", while a fle+ible word order in Ukrainian can be of nouse here. #nd secondl", where Ukrainian has changeable endings that identif" cases the 'nglishlanugage a" ha!e $re$ositions that basicall" do the sae. 4or instance, in $hrases like he hit theknife (it sounds awkward but is graaticall" correct) and he hit with a knife the word knifeis first the ob1ect and then the instruent of action, and the difference is clearl" arked b" the

$re$osition with in the second sentence. Ukrainian equi!alents will ha!e different endings insteadof the $re$osition.

he Ukrainian language has $re$ositions as well, and a good deal of the. he e+a$le abo!eillustrates that, besides $re$ositions, endings of nouns in Ukrainian also ha!e their eanings.

*et-s take a look at s$ecific e+a$les. %e will decline the noun ]SN O(sister). Please note how theendings change and $a" attention to the !erbs and $re$ositions thatgovern(i.e., require, regulate)the case of the noun.

?7'2!s in the previous lesson red letters show which syllable is stressed. lue letters identifychangeable noun endings. #f there$s no red in a word it either has only one syllable or the stress

falls on the ending mar%ed in blue.

-ase%&aples inUkrainian

Translation -oents

?oinati!e ]SNO sister his is the case of the sub1ect in asentence and the for in which nounsare listed in the dictionar". ?ouns"ou-!e learned in the $re!ious lessonwere also gi!en in this for.

3eniti!e m \]Q] Q]\O]SNV.

NVO^ _] ]SNV.(8D)

I ha!e no sister.

I cae without (")sister.

ou should learn the m \]Q] Q]\O

(I don-t ha!e...) cobination as awhole since it has a different structure(not a word b" word translation b"far). he geniti!e case is often used
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with negati!e !erbs. It can also followsoe $re$ositions, as in the seconde+a$le here.

&ati!e S]]TQ ]SNY.(8H)

I- calling (") sister.

#ccusati!e SNYQ ]SNQO

^TMOY. MO ]SN. [V^X QO ]SN.(8)

I-ll eet (") sister at

the train station.I- looking for (")sister.I- looking at (")sister.

his case is used with (8rd e+a$le

here) and without (9st p =nde+a$les) $re$ositions.

Instruental OTX]SNT.

NV[ Y ]SNT.(@J)

I adire (") sister.I will coe with (")sister.

his case often indicates the eans ofdoing soething, e.g., [ T[T\ GI- going b" train G the asculinenoun train is in the instruentalcase. It is also used with soe

$re$ositions (e+a$le =).

Pre$ositional O ]SNYMNOVÔMQX.(@9)

0" sister is wearing abeautiful dress.(literall"2 here-s a

beautiful dress on 'my(sister.)

Used onl" with $re$ositions. #lsocalled locuti!e, this case oftendescribes a $lace in its broadest sence2location, destination, etc.

Kocati!e ]SNT5 (@=)0ote the stress shift

ister5 Used to address $eo$le.

%&ercise 3.he following nouns are gi!en in the noinati!e case. %rite down in "our notebook the

reaining si+ cases. Refer to the table abo!e6 the nouns in the e+ercise follow e+actl" the saedeclination $attern (ha!e the sae endings). 0eorize the new nouns.

Ò\O (o), MÔNSVNO (a$artent), MOÔ (koffee), mMNOQO (Ukraine).(@8)

/e" to the e+ercise

#lthough we-ll re!iew !erbs a bit later, the i$ortant thing is to reeber that when "ou use a !erb(e.g.,see) and want to use a noun with it (e.g., see a girl), ideall" "ou should know what case thatnoun has to be in. herefore cases are not onl" about eorizing the correct endings, but alsoknowing what !erbs (and $re$ositions5) the" go with. ou should tr" to eorize !erbGnoun

cobinations rather than single words and $a" attention to cases of nouns that follow this or that!erb ($re$osition) whene!er "ou can figure it out.

%&ercise 4.Re!iew the e+a$les in the table again and translate the following $hrases. It willbasicall" in!ol!e inserting new nouns ("ou-!e learned the in the $re!ious or this lesson) in thee+a$les abo!e. %ords in $arentheses are used in 'nglish but should be oitted in the Ukrainiantranslations. 0ake sure the nouns ha!e correct case endings5

9. I don-t ha!e an a$artent.=. I- calling (") o.8. I- eeting (") girlfriend at the train station.

@. I a going b" car.. I- looking for an a$artent.

/e" to the e+ercise
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13/31

Lesson 0i&: erfective and Iperfective 6erbs

'ndings of Ukrainian !erbs also change, de$ending on whether "ou-re taking about $resent, $ast orfuture and what the sub1ect of the sentence is (I, "ou, he>she>it, we, the" or res$ecti!e nouns). Kerbs

in the infinitivefor end with *786 the" can be found in the dictionar".

%&ercise 3.ou ha!e learned the following !erbs in the $re!ious lessons. o far "ou-!e seen thein soe other fors (with different endings), ostl" the fors that agree with the IGsub1ect. heinfiniti!es below should be recognizable des$ite the change in the ending. Please translate the.

9) ÔSV, T[TNTÔSV, S]]TQÔSV, MOSV, [V^VSVX, OTÔSVX.

=) |NVOSV, NV]SYSV, SNYSV, TQOT\VSVX, O_NTQÔSV.

/e" to the e+ercise

he !erbs in the e+cercise are di!ided into two grou$s for a reason2 the first grou$ includesimperfective!erbs, and the second one GGperfective. 4or an 'nglish s$eaker, this is soethingco$letel" new.

I$erfecti!e !erbs denote inco$lete, continuous, or re$etiti!e action6 $erfecti!e !erbs, on thecontrar", indicate that the action has been>will be co$leted. Perfecti!e !erbs can ne!er be in the

$resent tense. 4or each i$erfecti!e !erb, there-s usuall" a $erfecti!e counter$art (or e!en se!eralcounter$arts with !ariations in eaning). 4or instance, the !erbs to bu" and to write2

Iperfective erfective9;=78(@D) VVSO.

(I- writing a letter.)y^]Z]NY X VOSV\ VSO.(I-ll be writing a letter in the e!ening.)yZTNO X VO^ VSO.(esterda" I was writing a letter.)

?=;8>=78(@H)TT[QY X QOVVSO, O O^SNO ^Y[NO^.

(I-ll write a letter toda" and ail it toorrow.) ^] QOVO^ VSO.(I-!e written a letter alread".)

he usage of $erfecti!e and i$erfecti!e !erbs is regulated b" an" rules, and a feel for it coesonl" with lots of $ractice. our rule of thub for distinugishing when to use an i$erfecti!e !erband when its $erfecti!e counter$art can be outlined as follows2

I0P'R4'CIK' P'R4'CIK'focus on the process2 the action is inco$lete,continuous, or re$etiti!e6 whether it wasco$leted or not is not the issue here

focus on the action as soething that producescertain results
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15/31

T^]NSOSVX T^]NQSVX to return^]Z]NXSV T^]Z]NXSV to ha!e dinner[V^VSVX(S]]^YTN)

T[V^VSVX(S]]^YTN)

to watch (K)

ZVSOSV NTZVSOSV to read

XOSV OSV XSVOSVto go to bed 'literally4 to lie down to sleep 66 here youhave two verbs in a row8(

^SO^OSV ^SOSV to get u$

ou a" ha!e noticed that $erfecti!e !erbs either differ fro their i$erfecti!e counter$arts in acou$le of letters in the ste or addprefi5es.

oe !erbs end with*>2. hese are so called refle+i!e !erbs. 3raaticall" the" function siilarl"to nonGrefle+i!e !erbs, so if "ou see *78right before the *>2, "ou know that it-s a cooninfiniti!e.


16/31

Lesson 0even: Tenses of 6erbs

Ukrainian !erbs ha!e onl" three basic tenses2 $resent, $ast, and future. ou can e+$erss>identif"tenses through !erb endings. 7ne !erb ending "ou alread" know2 it-s *786 howe!er, since it-s the

infinitive ending, it con!e"s no eaning of tense. ou-!e also coe across soe tenseGrelated !erbendings in e+a$les and dialogues, and we will now e+$lore these endings in greater de$th.

The present tense.Reeber that it-s onl" i$erfecti!e !erbs that can be in the $resent tense.*et-s re!iew the following e+a$les2

'+a$le 92RS=78 ** to have lunch(9)

T_Y[O I ha!e>a ha!ing lunch

{V T_Y[Ov ou ha!e>are ha!ing lunch 'familiar you(

yYQ

yTQOT_Y[OvyTQT

:e

he has>is ha!ing lunchIt

`V T_Y[Ov\T %e ha!e>are ha!ing lunch

yV T_Y[OvS] ou ha!e>are ha!ing lunch 'formal and plural you(

yTQVT_Y[OS he" ha!e>are ha!ing lunch

wo essential things to learn fro this e+a$le2 Ukrainian $ersonal $ronouns and si+ !erb endingsto atch si+ $ossible sub1ect $ersons. ?ote that 'nglish !erbs in the si$le $resent tense do notchange regardless of the sub1ect $erson e+ce$t in third $erson singular (I>"ou>we>the" have, but

he>she>it has)6 howe!er, the !erb to behas ore fors (a>is>are) and is therefore soewhat closerto the $rinci$le of conVugation(ending changes according to the sub1ect $erson) that we-re nowe+$loring in Ukrainian. If "ou know 3eran, !erb ending changes should be quite failiar to "ousince the 3erans con1ugate their !erbs as well.

:ere-s a slight odification of the ending !owels gi!en abo!e2

'+a$le =2;8>=78 ** to write(=)

V I write>a writing

{V V] ou write>are writing 'familiar you(

yYQyTQOV]yTQT

:ehe writes>is writingIt

`V V]\T %e write>are writing

yV V]S] ou write>are writing 'formal and plural you(

yTQVVS he" write>are writing

ou a" recall fro *esson = (*etters and ounds)that and Ware $arts of twoGsound letters Xand Y. herefore *1*X, *WZ1*YZ... *7[1*X7[are essential" the sae endings. ?ote that the endings

gi!en in the first e+a$le follow a vowel, while endings fro the second $attern follow aconsonant. te changes, like in e+a$le =, take $lace in soe !erbs. ou will ha!e to eorizeost of these.
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%hile the e+a$les abo!e a" be considered to belong to the sae $attern (it is calledCon1ugation 9 in graar books), con1ugation = !erbs ha!e another !owel in their endings. 4orinstance2

'+a$le 82a learning

{V ^ZV ou learn>are learning 'familiar you(

yYQyTQO^ZVSyTQT

:ehe learns>is learningIt

`V ^ZV\T %e learn>are learning

yV ^ZVS] ou learn>are learning 'formal and plural you(

yTQV^ZOS he" learn>are learning

If the ste ends with a !owel, the endings in this $attern take a different letter2

'+a$le @2>7R278 ** to stand(@)

ST I stand>a standing

{V ST ou stand>are standing 'familiar you(

yYQyTQOSTSyTQT

:ehe stands>is standingIt

`V ST\T %e stand>are standingyV STS] ou stand>are standing 'formal and plural you(

yTQVSTXS he" stand>are standing

o uch for the $resent tense. %e won-t elaborate on irregularities at this $oint but will draw "ourattention to the as we go along.

The future tense. 7nce "ou ha!e learned the $resent, the future tense will be eas". In fact, futureperfective verbs take on the sae endings which iperfective verbs take in the present tense.

%&ercise 3. Practice con1ugating !erbs2 for the future tense of the following $erfecti!e !erbs forall the si+ $ersons (refer to the e+a$les abo!e for correct endings).

(4ollow '+a$le 9)2 TT_Y[OSV, NTZVSOSV, T^]Z]NXSV.

(4ollow '+a$le =)2 NTMVQSVX 'two things to remember4 9( this pattern applies to verb stemsthat end in consonant: therefore person6specific endings in this case will replace not only theregular *786ending but the vowel before it will also drop out4 ;( *>2will remain as is in refle5iveverbs such as this one so changeable endings should be inserted right before it(, ^SOSV 'a bitirregular4 add letter ?before all endings(.

/e" to the e+ercise
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18/31

I$erfecti!e !erbs in the future tense can ha!e two fors2

;W]W9^==78 ** to translate()

_[]N]MO[OSV I will translate> will be translating

{V _[]]N]MO[OSV ou will translate> will be translating

yYQ

yTQO_[]]N]MO[OSVyTQT

:e

he will translate> will be translatingIt

`V _[]\T]N]MO[OSV %e will translate> will be translating

yV _[]S]]N]MO[OSV ou will translate> will be translating 'formal and plural you(

yTQV_[S]N]MO[OSV he" will translate> will be translating

his for is $racticall" identical to 'nglish si$le future (e.g., I will translate), e+ce$t that the !erbwill also has $ersonGs$ecific endings (sae as in '+a$le = abo!e).

or else()

]N]MO[OSV\ I will translate> will be translating

{V ]N]MO[OSV\] ou will translate> will be translating

yYQyTQO]N]MO[OSV\]yTQT

:ehe will translate> will be translatingIt

`V ]N]MO[OSV\]\T %e will translate> will be translating

yV ]N]MO[OSV\]S] ou will translate> will be translating 'formal and plural you(

yTQV]N]MO[OSV\S he" will translate> will be translating

:ere "ou see '+a$le = $resent tense endings again, but the" are added to the whole infiniti!e (theGSV ending doesn-t disa$$ear) $lus letter _.

'ach !erb can ha!e both fors. :owe!er, usage leans towards the latter6 use the willG$attern withlonger !erbs that would sound too bulk" with e+tra endings.

The past tense. ou~ll ha!e to reeber onl" four endings for the $ast tense, but the con1ugation$rinci$le has changed2 endings here are genderG and nuberGs$ecific rather than $ersonGs$ecific, asit is for the $resent and future tenses.

here are no differences between $erfecti!e and i$erfecti!e $ast tense foration. oeirregularities, like elsewhere, do occur, so $a" attention when "ou see new !erbs in sentences.

ake a look2

^W`=78 ** to lie (i.e., be in a horiontal position) (iperfective)(D)

]O^]OO]OT

I la"

{V]O^]OO]OT

ou la" 'familiar you(
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19/31

yYQyTQOyTQT

]O^]OO]OT

:e>he>It la"

`V ]OV %e la"

yV ]OV ou la" 'formal and plural you(

yTQV ]OV he" la"

#s "ou see, genders are not anifested in $lural. :owe!er, the !erb that agrees with the 2sub1ect inthe $ast tense will take one of the two endings, de$ending on the gender of the s$eaker (the neuterending graaticall" is also $ossible but is unlikel" conte+tuall" since hardl" an"one will s$eak ofhiself as +-2 G `TV^T, O T[VQ. Perha$s in an hour.

)*+T,-2 G x ^ QTT v \T_YQV S]]TQ; \ S]N\YQT^T QV\ TT^TNVSV.

&oes he ha!e a obile $hone; I ust s$eak withhi iediatel" (urgentl").

=?O>+-2 G [OvSX, ^YQ Q] ^X^ S]]TQO T_T.

It sees he hasn~t taken the $hone with hi.

)*+T,-2 G x M[V^YQ TO^; #nd where did he go;

=?O>+-2 G O ^TMO. yYQ ]N \OvMVSV M^VSMV, O TSY\ O[] QO TS.

o the train station. :e has to bu" tickets firstand then he~ll sto$ b" at the $ost office.

)*+T,-2 G ONO[. |]N][OS], _[ OMO,|]SNT^Y, T \V Q] \T]\T TT[QYSNYSVX.

7/. Please tell Petro that we won~t be able toeet toda".
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20/31

=?O>+-2 G |T^STNYS, _[ OMO, ^O]Y\~X.

Please tell e "our nae again. (Please re$eat"our nae.) '0ote a new verb form 66imperative(

)*+T,-2 G `VMTO TZM. XM. TT_OZ]QQX.

0"kola Bo"chuk. hank "ou. B"e.


21/31

Lesson %ight: /ubers (rices)

4irst let-s learn to count in Ukrainian. ?ote that one and two in Ukrainian ust agree in genderwith the noun that follows the2

()

9 T[VQ 'for masculine nouns(9 T[QO'for feminine nouns(9 T[Q]'for neuter nouns(= [Ô 'for masculine neuter nouns(= [^Y 'for feminine nouns(8 SNV@ ZTSVNV -XS YS

D Y\H ^YY\ []^-XS9J []XS99 T[VQO[WXS9= [ÔQO[WXS98 SNVQO[WXS9@ ZTSVNQO[WXS9 -XSQO[WXS9 YSQO[WXS9D Y\QO[WXS9H ^YY\QO[WXS9 []^-XSQO[WXS=J [Ô[WXS

=9 [Ô[WXS T[VQ== [Ô[WXS [Ô=8 [Ô[WXS SNV=@ [Ô[WXS ZTSVNV= [Ô[WXS -XS(and so on GG 1ust like in 'nglish)

...8J SNV[WXS89 SNV[WXS T[VQ

8= SNV[WXS [Ô...

@J TNTMJ -XS[]XSJ YS[]XSDJ Y\[]XSHJ ^YY\[]XSJ []^-XQTST9JJ ST9J9 ST T[VQ ...9@ ST -XS[]XS ZTSVNV ...9JJJ SVXZO9 JJJ JJJ \YTQ9 JJJ JJJ JJJ \YXN[

he bad news is that nuerals also decline (change their endings to agree with acco$an"ingnouns). he good news is that in ost usual situations where "ou would use nubers (e.g.,sho$$ing) "ou don-t ha!e to know how to decline the since the" are used in cases that don-t ha!echanges. here-s 1ust a few nuerals that do, and "ou will learn how to change the in this lesson.

Prices in Ukrainian would look as follows2

T[QONV^QX GG one hr"!n"a (]8


22/31

4or nubers that end in =, 8 or @, use the acco$an"ing noun in the noinati!e $lural. 4ore+a$le2

(J)


23/31

Lesson /ine: Tie and Pates

4or tie and dates Ukrainian use ordinalnubers, i.e., first, second, third, etc. In sentences thesenubers functions as ad1ecti!es, which eans that the" decline to agree with the noun the"

acco$an". 4or e+a$le, in a $hrase, OS]]TQ T ]NY T[VQY (I will $hone at oneo~clock), the Ukrainian for one o~clock is in fact first hour and both first and hour are in the

$re$ositional case. If we take the $hrase, SNYZ NVQOZ]QT QO ]N T[VQ (he eeting isscheduled for one o~clock), "ou see the first hour again, but his tie in the accusati!e. Co$aringthe two sentences, "ou can easil" notice a change in the endings of both the noun and the ordinalnuber. iilar changes take $lace in the endings of ad1ecti!es2 the" will also be in the case of the

governingnoun.

ince ordinal nubers (as well as ad1ecti!es) agree with nouns, the" are also distinguished b"gender and nuber. #gain, the distinction is arked b" the ending. ake a look at and listen to thenubers fro first to tenth2

(8)

asculine einine /euter

]NV[NVSN]SYZ]S^]NSV~XSVTSV

T\V^T\V[]^~XSV[]XSV

]NO[NOSN]SXZ]S^]NSO~XSOTSO

T\O^T\O[]^~XSO[]XSO

]N][N]SN]SvZ]S^]NS]~XS]TS]

T\]^T\][]^~XS][]XS]

It is eas" to discern the stes of cardinal nubers, which "ou learned in the $re!ious lessons. #lso,$a" attention to the endings2 *8for asculine, *=for feinine and *Wfor neuter (these are ofcourse endings for the noinative case). woGdigit nubers will add the sae ending dro$$ingthe final [2 T[VQO[WXSV (T[VQO[WXSO, T[VQO[WXS]), SNV[WXSV (SNV[WXSO, SNV[WXS]), etc.:igher nubers will also ha!e the sae endings, but there are slight changes in the ste2

TSV (9JJth), [^TTSV (=JJth), SNTTSV (8JJth), ZTSVNTTSV (@JJth), ~XSVTSV(JJth), ]SVTSV (JJth), ^T\VTSV (HJJth), []^~XSVTSV (JJth), SVXZQV (9JJJth),\YTQQV (9,JJJ,JJJth), \YXN[QV (9,JJJ,JJJ,JJJth), etc.

(his is 1ust asculine6 feinine and neuter will ha!e *=and *Wendings res$ecti!el".)

he onl" nuber to ha!e a slightl" different ending is third (see abo!e).

'ach ad1ecti!al gender and the $lural for ha!e their own declension $atterns. #s with nouns, "oudon~t ha!e to learn all these now. %e will show "ou the ost coon usage of ordinal nubersinstead.
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24/31

Time

#sking tie is $rett" si$le2

G TSNO T[VQO; (%hat tie is it;)G ]S^]NSO TNTM SNV. (@2@8) (@)

hat~s the noinati!e case. ?ote that the nuber of hours is ordinalwhile the nuber of inutes iscardinal(these "ou learned in the $re!ious lesson). he words o~clock and inutes arenorall" oitted in colloquial Ukrainian.

o sa" that soething will ha$$en at a certain hour, use $re$osition ofollowed b" a$$ro$riateordinal nuber and the feinine noun R8?=(hour6 o~clock) GG although the noun is o$tional,GG

both in the $re$ositional case)2

`V SNYQ]\TX T SN]SY (T\Y, [NY) T[VQY. (%e will eet at three (se!en, two) o~clock.)

#ll other nubers in siilar e+$ressions of tie will also ha!e the ending *(again, in graar

ters, it~s the ad1ecti!al feinine ending in the $re$ositional case6 it~s used for all feinine$re$ositional ad1ecti!es as well).

If "ou need to ention inutes as well, dro$ the word R8?and add the cardinalnuber ofinutes2

`V SNYQ]\TX T SN]SY [^O[WXS ~XS. (%e will eet at three twent"Gfi!e.)

hese are $rett" sure and si$le wa"s of e+$ressing tie. iilarl" to 'nglish quarter to three orhalf $ast fi!e, the Ukrainian language also has other fors of e+$ressing tie. #nd, siilarl" to!ariations in these e+$erssions in British and #erican 'nglish, there are regional !ariations inUkraine as well. :ere are soe sa$le e+$ressions that "ou ight hear2

()

|Y^ QO TS. :alf $ast si+.TQW]NS TZVQOvSX T Y^ QO TS. he concert starts at half $ast si+.|Y^ TST. :alf $ast si+ 'collo3uial(]XS ^VVQ QO SN]S. en $ast two.]XS ^VVQ T [NY. en $ast two.O Z^]NS []XSO. # quarter to ten.] ~XSQO[WXSV []XS. 4ifteen inutes to ten 'collo3uial in eastern parts

of %raine and totally wrong8 &ou have to be

able to understand it but please never use it8(

%&ercise 3. Rewrite the following sentences s$elling the tie in $arentheses in the correct for(add a $re$osition when necessar"). Use the si$le for. Consult the dictionar" or our glossar" forunknown words.

9) TQW]NS OMYQZV^X (9J28J).=) ONO H2@8.

8) SNYZ ^Y[_[]SX ().@) T_TZV []Q TZVQOvSX (), O OMYQZvSX (9H).) }_Y[QX ]N]N^O ^ QO (98).
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25/31

/e" to the e+ercise

!ates

4or co$ound nubers (e.g., twent"Gtwo or one thousand fort"), it is only the last coponentthat is ordinal, the rest are regular cardinal nubers. 4or e+a$le2

[^O[WXS [NV (==nd), SVXZO ST SNV[WXS Z]S^]NSV (998@th), SNVSO YS[]XSV (8Jth),[^YSY Y\QO[WXSV (=9Dth), etc..

hese nubers would agree in gender with asculine nouns6 in dates in the noinati!e, howe!er,"ou should use the neuter ending G], for instance2

TT[QY ^YY\QO[WXS] ]NQX. (oda" is #ugust 9Hst.)]N] SV[]Q _[] [^O[WXS -XS] ]NQX. (It will be #ugust =th in a week.)

?ow it-s high tie to learn onths (\YXWY) and da"s of the week ([QY SVQX) in Ukrainian.

()

YZ]QSV_]N]]QM^YS]QSNO^]QZ]N^]QV]Q]N]Q^]N]]QT^S]QVSTO[N[]Q

will ha$$en on a $articular date, the genitivecase is often used fordates and accusativefor da"s of the week. 4or e+a$le2

{OQX QONT[VOX ^ _TS, YSQO[WXSTT _]N]QX SVXZO []^-XSTS ^YY\[]XS Z]S^]NSTTNTM. (an"a was born on aturda", 0arch 9th, 9H@).

:ere aturda" is in the accusati!e. 7n %ednesda", on 4rida", and on unda" will ha!esiilar endings (^ ]N][, ^ -XSQVW and ^ Q][Y), and the rest of da"s (since the" are asculineand therefore follow a different declension $attern) ha!e the sae fors in the accusati!e as in thenoinati!e.

4oring the geniti!e of onths is also $rett" si$le2 for those that end in G]Q, re$lace these threelast letters with GQX (e.g., ]N]Q GG ]NQX) and reeber that the geniti!e of SV is STT,and the geniti!e of VSTO[ is VSTO[O.

ou a" ha!e noticed in the e+a$le abo!e that the ending of four in 9H@ is again GTT GG this isthe geniti!e ending "ou should use for ordinal nubers in dates. #gain, it-s onl" the last co$onent

of a co$ound nuber that is declined6 the rest are cardinal nubers without an" changes. heword "ear in the geniti!e case (NTM) should also be included in dates. :ere are soe oree+a$les2
http://www.ukma.kiev.ua/pub/courses/UFL/k-les9-1.htmhttp://www.ukma.kiev.ua/pub/courses/UFL/k-les9-1.htmhttp://www.ukma.kiev.ua/pub/courses/UFL/sound/sound66.mp3http://www.ukma.kiev.ua/pub/courses/UFL/k-les9-1.htmhttp://www.ukma.kiev.ua/pub/courses/UFL/sound/sound66.mp3


26/31

(D)

mMNOQO NTTTVO Q]O]QYS [Ô[WXS Z]S^]NSTT ]NQX SVXZO []^-XSTS []^-XQTST]NTT NTM. (Ukraine declared its inde$endence on #ugust =@, 99).OQXSSX ^ MNOQMV MTO OMYQZSX [Ô[WXS -XSTT SNO^QX. (Classes in Ukrainianschools end on 0a" =th).`V SNYQ]\TX ^ Q][Y, SN]STT STT, T [NY T[VQY. (%e will eet on unda",

4ebruar" 8d, at two o-clock).|OTNS ^V[OQT [Ô[WXSTT SNO^QX [^TSVXZQTT NTM. (he $ass$ort was issued on 0a" =J,=JJJ).|OTNS [YQV [T SNV[WXS ]NTT VQX [^Y SVXZY Z]S^]NSTT NTM. (he $ass$ort is !aliduntil


27/31

Lesson Ten: 0entence 0tructure

ou a" ha!e noticed one thing alread"2 unlike 'nglish, there~s no fi+ed word order in Ukrainian.In 'nglish, sentences like 7!er the fence 1u$ed the horse would sound incorrect because it

should be the other wa" around2 the horse 1u$ed o!er the fence. In Ukrainian, "ou can sa" it bothwa"s and actuall" shuffle words around e!en ore. 'ach tie, the logical emphasisin the sentencewill be different.

ou alread" know that there are no articles in Ukrainian. # loose word order functions $artl" tore$lace the need for articles. In sentences with inverseword order the eleent that coes first isusuall" soething known fro the $re!ious conte+ts6 if it ha$$ens to be a noun, it~s 'nglishtranslation, whene!er a$$ro$riate, could well be with the definite article the. he last eleent in thesentence is usuall" new inforation that bears logical e$hasis6 since it~s new, a noun usedhere would coe with an indefinite article in the 'nglish translation. Certainl", this is 1ust a generalrule of thub. *ogical e$hasis, the word order and finall" the eaning are largel" defined b" the

conte+t.

# fle+ible word order could ake things $rett" confusing in sentences like he bo" sees a girl.his is where case endings $la" an i$ortant role. Reeber that the sub1ect will alwa"s be in thenoinati!e case. o, if "ou hear, N SNY^ QO ^TMOY _NOS, "ou will easil" understand that A]is the accusati!e case of a woan-s nae Ira and therefore she~s not the sub1ect of the sentence. Itwas the brother who et Ira at the train station, although the sub1ect word S]=7coes onl" at the!er" end of the sentence.

#fi5edword order a$$lies to $re$ositions, the negati!e $article ?Wand other $articles, con1unctions(and, but)2 the" are ore or less firl" fi+ed to the words that the" $recede. o, if the word order ischanged in the sentence, the words that are connected to $re$ositions, $articles or con1unctionsoccu$" their new $lace together with these $re$ositions, $articles, or con1unctions. In e!er"da"s$eech, the sae goes for nouns that are connected (agreed in gender and nuber) with ad1ecti!es(e.g, red car).

he feel for the word order will coe onl" with ore $ractice, so at this $oint "ou should think notso uch about what word order youshould use, but rather focus on what "ou hear>read. ?ow "ouknow that the first noun or $ronoun in the sentence is not necessaril" the sub1ect, so "ou should $a"attention to its case ending.

%&ercise 3. Please translate using our UkrainianG'nglish glossar".

9) `VMTO OS]]TQÔ^ NY.=) YZON[ MV^ MÔNSVN.8) YZON[T^Y QO]VS MÔNSVNO.@) T YZON[O NVO^ YS.) |Y[NZQVM `VMTO ]N]MO^.

/e" to the e+ercise

Certain sentence $arts that are norall" $resent in 'nglish a" be oitted in Ukrainian. entences

like 0"kola is a student sound si$l" `VMTO S[]QS in Ukrainian6 the !erb is oitted.oeties there~s a $unctuation arkGG dashGG in such sentences and a res$ecti!e $ause in s$eech2`Y ZTT^YM GG YQ]Q]N (0" husband is an engineer). he !erb to be is also often oitted insentences with this is...
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28/31

In the e+a$le abo!e the verbwas oitted. here are also situations in Ukrainian where thesubVectis oitted, and the !erb a$$ears in a for that "ou ha!en~t seen so far. ou can easil"notice that it functions siilarl" to the 'nglishpassive voice2

`OOVQ OZVQ]QT. (he store is closed>locked.)|NT[ O_TNTQ]QT. (Passage b" !ehicle is !orbidden.)|NTY[ OMNVST. (%alking $assage is closed.)

ou a" at first belie!e that the starting noun in each of the three sentences is in the noinati!ecase. :owe!er, all these nouns are asculine inaniate, and this categor" of nouns has the saefor for both the noinati!e and accusati!e cases (in lesson "ou studied a different $attern ofdeclension and were alerted that there are soe ore). o in fact here "ou see nouns in theaccusati!e case (ob1ect of the action), and s$ecial !erb endings *?R, *7Rindicate that there~s nosub1ect. In the 'nglish translation, since in 'nglish both the sub1ect and the !erb ha!e to be in $lace,"ou see the $assi!e !oice2 although the nouns ha!e becoe sub1ects of sentences, the" are not doingthe action e+$ressed b" the !erb, but were rather subVectedto that action. #lthough graaticfors in the two languages are different, the graatic eaning is the sae2 we know about theaction (the !erb) but we don~t know (or don~t care) who did it.

%&ercise 4. Please translate using our UkrainianG'nglish glossar". Reeber that "ou ha!e to looku$ the infiniti!es of !erbs and nouns in the noinati!e case.

9) `Y [N GG _YQ]\]Q.=) ] \Y SY.8) |NTY[ [T^T]QT [T ]NT T[VQV.@) `Tv OSTZTNQ].) |Y[NZQVM ] ]N]MO[]QT.

/e" to the e+ercise

%ith a few e+ce$tions, we~!e until now had onl"simplesentences, i.e. sentences with one sub1ectonl". But we often use co$le+ sentences like I called " sister and she $icked e u$ at the trainstation or I know that "ou don~t like e which can be broken u$ into two se$arate sentenceseach2 I called " sister, he $icked e u$ at the train station and I know, ou don~t likee. he second s$lit, although $ossible, affects the eaning uch ore than the first. In graarters, here "ou ha!e an independent clause(I know) and another $art of the sentence that isintegrall" connected to it GG a dependent clause. here are con1unctions that connect de$endent andind$enendent clauses in sentences2

that T QO, T TT[QY _TNV.I know that there~s a eeting toda".

becauseST\ T_T

`VMTO Q] NV[], ST\T (_T) ^YQ O^TNY^.0"kola won~t coe because he fell ill.

when MTV OS]]TQ, MTV [YQOX _Y].I~ll call when I find out ore.

where ($lace) []yYQ Q] QOv, [] \V SNYZOv\TX.:e doesn~t know where we eet.

where (direction) M[VO MONSY TQOZ]QT, M[V\V T^VQQY OSV.It is shown on the a$ where we ha!e to go.
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29/31

hese are basic con1unctions between inde$endent and de$endent clauses. here are ore of the,and soe of the e!en decline like ad1ecti!es, but these will be enough to begin with. 0oreo!er,"ou will now recognize soe of these con1unctions in a different role GG as question words.

It is !er" si$le to ask a question in Ukrainian. ou would build a general question e+actl" like anaffirati!e sentence, onl" sa" it with questioning intonation stressing the word that is $articularl"under question. *isten and co$are2

(H)

{V SS ?=2;{V 77QO^ZOvX;8SS QO^ZOvX;

&o "ou stud" here;&o "ou stud" here;Is it youwho studies here;

#sking a question with a question word, 1ust add it in front of the sentence. '$hasize the questionword. o finish the lesson, re!iew the following question words and do this si$le e+ercise2

%&ercise 5. Put questions to the following sentences ($ut the question word in front and oit the

$art about which "ou~re asking). Read the out loud.

%ho;ST; '3uestion aboutan animate sub/ect(

OSOMO OMYQZv NT_TS.

%hat;T; '3uestion aboutinanimate sub/ect or ob/ect(

yYQ ^ZVS MNOQM \T^.

%hen; MTV; `V SNYQ]\TX T TSY T[VQY.

%here; []; yYQ _OZV^ \]Q]^ \]SNT.

%here fro; ^Y[MV; yTQV NVOV mMNOQV.

:ow uch>an"; MYMV Y_ MTSv T[QNV^Q [^OQO[WXS MTYTM.

/e" to the e+ercise
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30/31

Lesson %leven: -losing Nearks

o "ou~!e coe to the !er" last lesson in our Ukrainian for Beginners course. It does~t ha!e an"s$ecial to$ic, it will indeed be a collection of rearks that "ou ight find useful on "our tri$ to

Ukraine or in futher Ukrainian language courses.

3. Transliteration.#s we entioned in lesson =,transliteration rules a" !ar". his is nothing toworr" about as long as "ou~re aware of !ariations and are consistent in "our own usage. In 9, an7fficial Resolution on ransliteration was issued6 howe!er, its rules are obligator" onl" fortransliteration of Ukrainian naes in the translations of Ukrainian laws and other officialdocuents. 0a1or differences of this transliteration guide fro what "ou learned in lesson =include2

Ukrainian

letter

ransliteration

used in lesson =

7fficial Resolution

suggests

v "e"e GG first letter in the word6ie GG in the iddle of the word

"i"i GG first letter in the word6i GG in the iddle of the word

"u"u GG first letter in the word6iu GG in the iddle of the word

X "a

"a GG first letter in the word6

ia GG in the iddle of the word

shch sch

ou can find the co$lete Resolution on the %eb. he Resolution is in Ukrainian, but "ou canscroll down a bit to the transliteration table.

In ore rare cases, "ou will see the consonant transliterated asV. ou should a!oid doing so sinceVin 'nglish has a co$letel" different $ronunciation.

ou~re ore or less free to choose which transliteration ethod "ou like best (it concerns $riaril"the !owels). It is hard to 1udge without a s$ecial stud" which st"le is used ore, but the author ofthis course fro her own e+$erience finds the one cited in lesson = custoar".

4. aVor Ukrainian cities. 4or "our inforation and reference, here~s a list of the largestUkrainian cities. he" are all cities of adinistrati!e i$ortance GG ca$itals of Ukrainian largeadinistrati!e districts (called oblasts), unless otherwise indicated.

V^ GG capital of %raineONMY^ '->+FGHending in othercases(

}[]OQYNT]SNT^M^Y^ 'IJGFGHending in other cases(TQ]WM

WM{]NQTY 'K=>LFMF,Hending in other cases(mTNT[

]NQY^WYY^Q]

]NMOV]NQYY^
http://www.ukma.kiev.ua/pub/courses/UFL/lesson2.htmhttp://www.ukma.kiev.ua/pub/courses/UFL/lesson2.htmhttp://www.brama.com/art/transliterationu.htmlhttp://www.ukma.kiev.ua/pub/courses/UFL/lesson10.htmhttp://www.ukma.kiev.ua/pub/courses/UFL/lesson10.htmhttp://www.ukma.kiev.ua/pub/courses/UFL/lesson2.htmhttp://www.brama.com/art/transliterationu.html


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OQMYNT^TNO[\V|TSOÔOTNYXyYQQVWX\]QVWMV

ÔQTGNOQMY^M`VMTO^]NTQjVST\VNY\]NTT 'capital of the !utonomous Crimea

2epublic(

]ÔSTT 'a large city in Crimea(

5. 8 and

Ukrainian lessons.doc

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Transcript of Ukrainian lessons.doc