Prof. R. Shanthini 09 Nov 2012 Introduction to Biological Process Engineering CP504 – ppt_Set 01 -...

Prof. R. Shanthini 09 Nov 2012

Introduction to Biological Process Engineering

CP504 – ppt_Set 01

- learn about the need of biological process engineering

- learn about the role of C&P engineering in it


Reference texts used for CP504 ppt preparation:

1) Lee JM, 1992, Biochemical Engineering, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall

2) Shuler ML and Kargi F, 2005, Bioprocess Engineering - Basic Concepts, Second Edition, New Delhi: Prentice-Hall of India

3) Aiba S, Humphrey AE and Millis NF, 1973, Biochemical Engineering, Second Edition, New York & London: Academic Press


- Biological process engineering is about the application of chemical and process engineering principles to study about the kinetics of bioreactions, design of bioreactors and recovery bioproducts.

- Bioreactions are reactions involving living cells (such as bacteria, fungi and molds) or cellular components (such as enzymes).

- Biological process engineering is used in chemical industry (lactic acid, acetic acid, ethanol, etc.), foods industry (yogurt, beer, etc.) and pharmaceutical industry.


RAW MATERIALS

UPSTREAM PROCESSES

InoculumPreparation

EquipmentSterilization

Media Formulationand

Sterilization

BIOREACTOR - FERMENTER

Reaction Kineticsand Bioactivity

Transport Phenomenaand Fluid Properties

Instrumentationand Control

DOWNSTREAM PROCESSES

SeparationRecovery andPurification

Waste Recovery,Reuse and Treatment

THE BOTTOM LINE

REGULATION ECONOMICS HEALTH AND SAFETY

Genaralized view of bioprocess:


Penicillin is an example of the need and success of biological process engineering.


- In 1928, Alexander Fleming was trying to isolate the bacterium, Staphylococcus aureus (which causes boils)

- He did it by growing the bacterium on the surface of a nutrient solution

- One of the dishes was contaminated by a common mold of the Penicillium genus (Penicillium notatum)

Penicillium notatum colony

Staphylococcus aureus colony

Penicillin:


- It did not allow the bacterium, Staphylococcus aureus, to grow close to its colony

- Fleming realized that Penicillium notatum had antimicrobial properties

- So that was the discovery of penicillin

Penicillium notatum colony

Staphylococcus aureus colony

Penicillin:


- Fleming grew the mold, extracted it and managed to obtain tiny quantities of penicillin

- Large-scale production was not possible for another decade to come (why?)

- Fermentation process was not successful for large-scale production

- low rate of production required large reactors- diluted product (1 ppm) was difficult to recover - too fragile and unstable to purify and recover

- chemical synthesis was tried for commercial production, which was however not a commercial success

- went back to fermentation process for large-scale production

Penicillin:


- a better medium (corn steep liquor-lactose based medium) was developed to increase productivity by 10 fold

- A new strain Penicillium chrysogenum was used

- progress involved better understanding of mold physiology metabolic pathways penicillin structure methods of mutation and selection process control reactor design

- a chemical engineer and a microbiologist were assigned to work together on the engineering and biology aspects, respectively

- biological process engineering was born

Large-scale production of Penicillin:


Large-scale production of Penicillin:Penicillium

chrysogenum

Fermentation tanks

Seed fermenter

Surge tanks

Rotaryfilter

Nutrient tanks

Spentmold

Centrifugal extractor

SolventSpent

solvent

Purificationcolumn

Centrifugal extractor

Spentsolvent

Evaporator

SlurryCrystalwash

Evaporator

Crystalline potassium penicillin

Mixtank

Solvent

Mixtank

Procaine, HCl

solution

Centrifuge

Solvent

ScreenVacuumfreezedryer

Procaine penicillinproduct


RAW MATERIASNutrients and Reactants

in Aqueous Solution(may contain insoluble

organic and/or inorganicmaterials)

Air

CELL SEPARATION

1). CELL DISTRUPTION2). PRODUCT EXTRACTION

PRODUCT CONCENTRATION

PROCESS

FINAL PRODUCT

DRYING

PURIFICATION

PRODUCT SEPARATION

PREPARATIONOF BIOMASS

Innoculum Stages

FOAM CONTROLAntifoam Addition

pH CONTROLAcid-Alkali Addition

Extracellularproduct

Intracellularproduct

STERILIZATION

BIOREACTOR

Free Cells,Immoblized Cells

or Enzyme Bioreactor

PRODUCT RECOVERY

Typical bioreactor flowsheet:


You could learn about biological systems for the

production of commercial goods and services (such as

foods, drugs, chemicals, fuels, equipment, diagnostics,

and waste treatment) in the literature.

Prof. R. Shanthini 09 Nov 2012 Introduction to Biological Process Engineering CP504 – ppt_Set 01 -...

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