R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011 Source: Available_Energy-2.jpg in 2005 absorbed by land and ocean Solar...
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Transcript of R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011 Source: Available_Energy-2.jpg in 2005 absorbed by land and ocean Solar...
R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011 Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Available_Energy-2.jpg
in 2005
absorbed by land and ocean
Solar Energy
R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011
Solar Thermal
Solar panels heat up water
without involving
generating electricity.
Solar heating capacity was 145 GW-thermal in 2008.
R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011
Solar energy trapped by the solar
troughs heats the thermal oil.
Oil circulating in a closed loop heats
high volumes of water to generate
steam at high temperatures (up to
400oC).
Steam turbine generates electricity.
Solar Thermal Typical Solar Trough System for Power Generation (heat to work)
Steam Turbine
Steam Generator
ElectricGenerator
Condenser
Cooling Tower
Thermal oil is circulated in a closed loop
Solar Troughs
Source: http://www.solarpanelsplus.com/parabolic-trough-collectors/
R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011
Solar Thermal
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parabolic_trough
A parabolic trough is a solar thermal energy collector. It is constructed as a long parabolic mirror (usually coated silver
or polished aluminum) with a Dewar tube (vacuum flask) running its length at the focal
point. Sunlight is reflected by the mirror and concentrated on the Dewar tube.
The trough is usually aligned on a north-south axis, and rotated to track
the sun as it moves across the sky each day.
R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011
- 354 MW installed capacity - power 232,500 homes- have a total of 936,384 mirrors - cover more than 1,600 acres (6.5 km2) - lined up, the parabolic mirrors would extend over 370 km.- 3000 broken mirrors (mostly by wind) per year are replaced
Solar Thermal
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_Energy_Generating_Systems
Solar Energy Generating Systems (SEGS) is the largest solar energy generating facility in the world.
It consists of nine solar power plants (built between 1984 and 1990) in California's Mojave Desert,
where insolation is among the best available in the US.
R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011
Solar Thermal
Source: http://www.sunspot.org.uk/ed/
The solar cooker has a parabolic reflector to
concentrate more than a m2 of sunlight into an area about
17 cm in diameter.
The control arm allows the reflector to be set facing the sun and holds the pot at the focal point regardless of the
reflector tilt angle.
The stand holds the other two together and allows the
cooker to be rotated to follow the sun as it moves across
the sky.
R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011
Solar Thermal
Florida legislation specifically protects the 'right to dry' and
similar solar rights legislation has been passed in Utah and Hawaii.
Wind and sunlight are used for drying instead of fuel or electricity.
R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011
Photovoltaic (PV) cell turn light directly into electricity.
Total of installed PV was more than 16 GW in 2008.
Solar irradiance
PV module
Charge controller
DC loads AC loads
Inverter
Battery
Stand Alone System
Solar Energy – Photovoltaic Cells
R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011
Solar Energy – Photovoltaic Cells
£5.5 million
CIS Tower, Manchester, England is 118 m skyscraper with a weatherproof cladding (replacing the mosaic tiles) around the tower made up of PV cells (alive & dummy cells).
It generates 21 kW electricity (enough to power 61 average 3-bed houses) and feeds part of it to the national grid.
R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011
Solar Energy – Photovoltaic Cells
The Pocking Solar Park is a 10 MWp photovoltaic solar power plant. - started in August 2005 - completed in March 2006
sheep are now grazing under and around the
57,912 photovoltaic modules
US$87 million
R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011
Solar Energy – Photovoltaic Cells World's 5 largest Photovoltaic Power Stations
1. Olmedilla Photovoltaic Park, Spain – 60MW Completed Sept 2008
2. Puertollano Photovoltaic Park, Spain – 47MW Completed 2008
3. Moura photovoltaic power station, Portugal – 46.4MW Completed Dec 2008
4. Waldpolenz Solar Park, Germany – 40MWCompleted Dec 2008
5. Arnedo Solar Plant, Spain – 30MWCompleted Oct 2008
R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011
Solar Energy – Photovoltaic Cells
Large Photovoltaic Power Stations in planning - Rancho Cielo Solar Farm, USA - 600MW
- Topaz Solar Farm, USA - 550MW - High Plains Ranch, USA - 250MW
- Mildura Solar concentrator power station, Australia -154MW
R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011
Solar Energy – Photovoltaic Cells
Photovoltaic Power for
Rural HomesIn Sri Lanka
R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011
Solar Energy – Photovoltaic Cells
Solar lanternAbout Rs 2500/=
7W CFL, 12V Electronics, 10Wp Panel7Ah MF Battery Backup: 3 to 4 hoursSolar Panel Warrantee: 10 yearsLantern Warrantee: 1 year
R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011
Solar Energy – Photovoltaic Cells
PV cells could complete with biological plants.
Photovoltaic 'tree' in Austria
R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011
Inorganic Solar Cells
Bulk
2nd GenerationThin-film
Germanium Silicon
Mono-crystalline
Poly-crystalline
Ribbon
Silicon
AmorphousSilicon
NonocrystallineSilicon
3rd GenerationMaterials
CIS
CIGS
CdTe
GaAs
Light absorbing dyes
Solar Energy – Photovoltaic Cells
R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011
Inorganic Solar Cells
Bulk
Germanium Silicon
Mono-crystalline
Poly-crystalline
Ribbon
Silicon
AmorphousSilicon
NonocrystallineSilicon
3rd GenerationMaterials
CIS
CIGS
CdTe
GaAs
Light absorbing dyes
Solar Energy – Photovoltaic Cells
CdTe (cadmium telluride) is easier to
deposit and more suitable for large-scale production.
Cd is however toxic.
2nd GenerationThin-film
R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011
Inorganic Solar Cells
Bulk
Germanium Silicon
Mono-crystalline
Poly-crystalline
Ribbon
Silicon
AmorphousSilicon
NonocrystallineSilicon
3rd GenerationMaterials
CIS
CIGS
CdTe
GaAs
Light absorbing dyes
Solar Energy – Photovoltaic Cells
Processing silica (SiO2) to produce silicon is a very high energy process, and it takes over two years for a
conventional solar cell to generate as much energy as was used to make the silicon it contains.
Silicon is produced by reacting carbon (charcoal) and silica at a temperature around 1700 deg C.
And, 1.5 tonnes of CO2 is emitted for each tonne of silicon (about 98% pure) produced.
2nd GenerationThin-film
R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011
2nd GenerationThin-film
Inorganic Solar Cells
Bulk
Germanium Silicon
Mono-crystalline
Poly-crystalline
Ribbon
Silicon
AmorphousSilicon
NonocrystallineSilicon
3rd GenerationMaterials
CIS
CIGS
CdTe
GaAs
Light absorbing dyes
Solar Energy – Photovoltaic Cells
Germanium is an “un-substitutable” industrial mineral.
75% of germanium is used in optical fibre systems, infrared optics, solar electrical applications, and other speciality glass uses.
Germanium gives these glasses their desired optical properties.
Germanium use will likely increase with solar-electric power becomes widely available and as optic cables continue to replace traditional copper wire.
R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011
Calculation of United States’ Sustainable Limiting Rate of Germanium Consumption:
Step 1: Virgin material supply limit
The reserve base for germanium in 1999 = 500 Mg
So the virgin material supply limit over the next 50 years
= 500 Mg / 50 years
= 10 Mg/yr
Source: Graedel, T.E. and Klee, R.J., 2002. Getting serious about sustainability, Env. Sci. & Tech. 36(4): 523-9
Solar Energy – Photovoltaic Cells
R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011
Step 2: Allocation of virgin material
Average U.S. population over the next 50 years
= 340 million
Equal allocation of germanium among the average U.S. population gives
(10 Mg/yr) / 340 million
= 29 mg / (person.yr)
Calculation of United States’ Sustainable Limiting Rate of Germanium Consumption:
Solar Energy – Photovoltaic Cells
Source: Graedel, T.E. and Klee, R.J., 2002. Getting serious about sustainability, Env. Sci. & Tech. 36(4): 523-9
R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011
Step 3: Regional “re-captureable” resource base
Worldwide germanium production from recycled material
≈ 25% of the total germanium consumed
Equal allocation of virgin germanium among the average U.S. population therefore becomes 1.25*29 mg / (person.yr)
= 36 mg / (person.yr)
The sustainable limiting rate of germanium consumption in U.S. is thus 36 mg / (person.yr)
Calculation of United States’ Sustainable Limiting Rate of Germanium Consumption:
Solar Energy – Photovoltaic Cells
Source: Graedel, T.E. and Klee, R.J., 2002. Getting serious about sustainability, Env. Sci. & Tech. 36(4): 523-9
R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011
Step 4: Current consumption rate vs. sustainable limiting rate
Germanium consumption in U.S. in 1999 = 28 Mg
Population in U.S. in 1999 = 275 million
So, germanium consumption rate in U.S. in 1999
= 28 Mg / 275 million = 102 mg / (person.yr)
which is about 2.8 times the sustainable limiting rate of germanium consumption in U.S.
Calculation of United States’ Sustainable Limiting Rate of Germanium Consumption:
Solar Energy – Photovoltaic Cells
Source: Graedel, T.E. and Klee, R.J., 2002. Getting serious about sustainability, Env. Sci. & Tech. 36(4): 523-9
R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011
Technological status 1G: mature
2G: market penetrating phase
3G: research phase
Average growth 40% per year
Major challenge - cost reduction and increased lifetime
- advanced manufacturing techniques
- working with limited resources
Total share of global energy mix
0.1% of electricity in 2007
1-2% of electricity in 2030 (potential)
Possible adverse effects
- harmful production materials
- disposal measures
- land use in some areas
Solar Energy – Photovoltaic Cells
R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011
Wind energy has a great potential and has rapidly developed over the past 25 years.
Wind Energy
Technological status mature
Average growth 17.1% per year
Total share of global energy mix
3.3% of electricity in 200729.1% of electricity in 2030 (potential)
R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011
Wind Energy
The project was commissioned in
March 1999.
The total project cost was around Rs. 280 million.
It consists 5 wind turbines of
600 kW each.
3 MW pilot wind power project at Hambantota
R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011
Wind Energy
Villagers are trained to do all the installation and
maintenance work themselves.
Turbine parts are made by local people,
from local materials.
Small-scale Wind power in Nikeweritiya, Sri Lanka
- by Practical Action
R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011
Wind Energy The small wind system is approximately 12 m tall, produces 250 W at a rated wind speed of 8 m/s.
It costs approximately $550, and should last about 20 years.
It powers compact fluorescent light bulbs, a radio, and/or a television.
At peak wind times there is excess power that can be used to charge batteries.
Small-scale Wind power in Sri Lanka
- by Practical Action
R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011
Wind Energy
- spinning in the lightest of breezes!- low rotation speed!- magnetic levitation alternator- higher reliability - silent output - max power 2500 W
1.8m
2.7m
R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011
Direct CO2 emissions from burning
(in grams CO2 equivalent / kWh)
1017
575
362
790
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
Coal Gas Hydro Solar PV Wind Nuclear
Upper rangeLower range
IAEA2000
Direct CO2 emissions from burning
(in grams CO2 equivalent / kWh)
1017
575
362
790
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
Coal Gas Hydro Solar PV Wind Nuclear
Upper rangeLower range
IAEA2000
R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011
Indirect CO2 emissions from life cycle
(in grams CO2 equivalent / kWh)
4 2148
236 280
1306
688
439
910
966
100
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
Coal Gas Hydro Solar PV Wind Nuclear
Upper rangeLower range
IAEA2000
R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011 Source: http://www.energy.gov.lk/
Primary Energy Supply in Sri Lanka (in million toe)
Petroleum
Biomass
Hydro
Biomass Energy
R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011
Biomass Energy
Primary Energy Supply in Sri Lanka in 2005(in kilotonne oil equivalent)
Source: http://www.energy.gov.lk/
Non-conventional3.91
Biomass4,626.13
Hydro828.18
Petroleum4,172.25
R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011
Biomass Energy
Primary Energy Supply in Sri Lanka in 2005(in percentage)
Non-conventional<0.1%
Biomass48%
Hydro8.6%
Petroleum43.3%
Source: http://www.energy.gov.lk/
R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011
Biomass Energy
Primary Energy Supply in Sri Lanka in 2005(in percentage)
Renewable Energy56.7%
Petroleum43.3%
Source: http://www.energy.gov.lk/
R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011
Biomass Energy
Secondary Energy Supply in Sri Lanka in 2005(in percentage)
Biomass56.5%
Electricity9.7%
Petroleum33.8%
Source: http://www.energy.gov.lk/
Who use the biomass?Who use the electricity?Who use the petroleum?
R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011
Biomass Energy
Secondary Energy Supply in Sri Lanka in 2005(in percentage)
Agriculture<0.1%
Household, Commercialand Others
48.1%
Transport25.4%
Industry26.3%
Source: http://www.energy.gov.lk/
R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011
Biomass Energy
Dendro power generation
Grow fast growing tree species, having high energy yield. Eg: Gliricidia Sepium tree
Harvest biomass from the forest using coppicing techniques (the tree as a whole is not cut down, but pruned systematically)
Transport biomass to the power plant
Fed into the furnace of the conventional steam turbine / electrical generator system
Or, fed into a gasifier to produce a combustible gas that could be burnt in a diesel engine coupled to an electrical generator.
Source: http://www.efsl.lk/details.aspx?catid=3
R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011
Biomass Energy
Dendro power generation
Every MW of dendro power installed creates employment for 300 people in rural communities.
Unused land and agricultural smallholds are ideal locations for the establishment of biomass plantations and people can enhance their earnings by selling fuel wood to dendro plants.
Employment opportunities are also generated out of the need to establish and manage fuel wood plantations and for plant construction and maintenance work.
Source: http://www.efsl.lk/details.aspx?catid=3
R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011
Biomass Energy
Dendro power generation
Biomass is a renewable energy source which is almost carbon neutral as the carbon emissions released during combustion are recaptured during re-growth.
However in practice not all biomass generation will be carbon neutral as transportation to the generation plant will generate carbon emissions.
The leaves of the Gliricidia Sepium tree can also be used as cattle feed or as a substitute for urea as a soil nutrient.
Source: http://www.efsl.lk/details.aspx?catid=3