Table of contents1. Welcome to Procreate 31.1 What is Procreate? 42. Gallery 102.1 Create a new canvas 112.2 Organising artwork 162.3 Sharing artwork 232.4 Gallery groups 34!3. Gestures 383.1 General use 393.2 Advanced use 49!4. Brushes 574.1 The Procreate brush system 584.2 Tweaking your brush settings 694.3 Making custom brushes 76!5. Smudge 845.1 Smudging colours 856. Erase 886.1 The Eraser tool 896.2 Other ways to correct artwork 92!7. Colours 957.1 Selecting colours 967.2 Saving colours 1017.3 Loading more colours 1057.4 Fill with colour 1128. Layers 1168.1 Building up layered artwork 117 8.2 Extra layer options 124 8.3 Blending modes 128 8.4 Quick layer actions 134 8.5 Advanced layer features 138 !9. Adjustments 1419.1 Applying an effect 142 9.2 Image adjustments 147 !10. Transform 15610.1 Basic manipulation 157 10.2 Advanced manipulation 165 !11. Selections 17111.1 Making a basic selection 172 11.2 Modifying a selection 178 !12. Actions 18712.1 Importing images 188 12.2 Canvas actions 191 12.3 Sharing artwork 195 12.4 Connecting devices 206 12.5 Preferences 210 12.6 Finding help 212 !13. Reference 21813.1 Artwork credits 219 13.2 Light reading 224!!Welcome to ProcreateWhat is Procreate?Procreate is the most powerful and intuitive digital illustration App available for iPad. Its packed with features artists love, including advanced layer blending, 64-bit performance and a uniquely powerful brush engine.Because Procreate is iPad exclusive, its been designed to take advantage of every ounce of power the iPad can offer.Procreate Artists' HandbookWelcome to Procreate: What is Procreate? 2Apple Design AwardWe were honoured to win an Apple Design Award for Procreate, recognising the technical, aesthetic, and creative excellence of the product. Were pretty proud of this award. It's a reflection of the heart and brain that's gone - and continues to go - into every aspect of Procreate.Procreate Artists' Handbook Welcome to Procreate: What is Procreate? 3Exceptional performanceThe first thing youll notice is Procreate paints fast. Really fast.Procreate is one of the fastest and most precise creative software packages available today. This speed and accuracy comes from Procreates painting engine - Silica - and when combined with the iPad's impressive graphics processing unit, creates an App that is so powerful, it makes most desktop software blush.Procreate Artists' HandbookWelcome to Procreate: What is Procreate? 4Live brush previewSizeA giant step forwardProcreate is different to other digital painting apps: it puts the most-used tools right up front. Youll always find your brush size and opacity handy, in the form of 2 precision sliders.Precision is keyWhen you hold down a precision slider, a real-time preview will appear. Letting go will select the value and hide the preview.No matter what zoom level you work at, the preview will be relative to your canvas.Unlike normal sliders, these have been engineered to give you more control towards low values when extreme precision is required.Pull-away featureTry holding the slider and pulling away horizontally. The further you are away from the graphic of the slider, the smaller the increments will change, allowing miniscule changes to brush attributes. This pull-away feature works with all sliders in Procreate.Pro tipIn Preferences (via the Actions menu) you can swap which side the precision sliders and undo/redo appear on.OpacityProcreate Artists' HandbookWelcome to Procreate: What is Procreate? 5Fullscreen indicatorFullscreen modeTo cater for those moments when you only need one brush and zero distractions, enter fullscreen mode.To initiate Fullscreen Mode, tap 3 fingers on the screen. Youll notice the UI slide away to give a completely clean view of your canvas.To bring the UI back, tap 3 fingers again or tap the Toolbars icon in the top corner.To use the undo/redo and clear layer functions while in fullscreen mode, use the multitouch gestures. (page 36)Procreate Artists' HandbookWelcome to Procreate: What is Procreate? 6What youll learnIn this guide you will find a basic walkthrough of the Procreate application for iPad. Youll quickly pick up how to: Create a new canvas and organise your Gallery with Groups. Tweak the brushes to your liking. Control brush results with the precision sliders. Create your own brush from your own textures. Use the smudge tool to blend colours effortlessly. Erase mistakes and use the undo/redo system. Layer artwork, isolate and merge elements. Manipulate colours via layer blend modes. Use Transform to easily create accurate 3D environments and move, scale and rotate layers. Export JPEG, PNG & PSD files to your camera roll, iTunes, Twitter and Dropbox.Procreate Artists' HandbookWelcome to Procreate: What is Procreate? 7GallerySection 1Create a new canvasLearn how Procreate stores your artwork, how to import existing artwork, and how to create your very own custom canvas.Procreate Artists' HandbookGallery: Create a new canvas 9Procreate Artists' HandbookGallery: Create a new canvas 10Introducing the .procreate artwork formatEvery artwork you make in Procreate is stored as a unique .procreate file format on your iPad.Having a native file format brings many benefits to you, the artist: Your UHD artwork takes up less space on your iPad Loading times significantly reduced Layered artwork files Super-easy to share Painless backing up and restoringCreate new canvasPreset canvas sizesProcreate has a few standard sized canvases to make creating a new artwork quick and easy.RetinaThis size canvas is the same proportion as your iPad to exactly fit the screen.SquareThe square canvas is perfect for creating your own custom brushes.4KThis ratiofamiliar to storyboard artistsis capable of capturing incredible detail due to the generous size.1080pThe standard 16:9 ratio seen in modern day movies.A4The ISO standard size of 297mm by 210mm at 300dpi, which is perfect for printing.Layers scale with the size of the canvas. The smaller the canvas the more layers you will be offered.Procreate Artists' HandbookGallery: Create a new canvas 11Procreate Artists' HandbookGallery: Create a new canvas 12Custom sizeWhen preset sizes dont suit the job, create your own!To edit the canvas size tap either canvas width or height readouts. Enter your size and tap Create.Custom canvas sizes can be anywhere between 1 x 1px and whopping 4096 x 4096px. Keep in mind that the larger the canvas size, the fewer layers you will have to play with.Pro tipExperiment with different shapes to create dramatic effects such as an extreme panorama, tall-skinny, or square.Procreate Artists' HandbookGallery: Create a new canvas 13ImportCreate a new canvas by importing an existing artwork or image straight to your Procreate Gallery.ImageiTunesUse an artwork from the Procreate folder in your iPads iTunes directory.DropboxAccess artwork and images from your personal Dropbox account.PhotosUse any existing image from your Photos app as a base for your new artwork.ClipboardCreate a new canvas based on an image from your iPads clipboard. Procreate supports TIFF, JPEG, GIF and PNG file formats for importing. This option will be greyed out if there is no compatible data.Note: Images larger than 4096 x 4096 pixels will be scaled, to stay within the iPads capabilities.Section 2Organising artworkCreate order from the chaos with Procreates simple yet powerful artwork gallery. Use the Gallery Groups to keep your artwork tidy and improve your workflow.Procreate Artists' HandbookGallery: Organising artwork 14Single actionSwipe a thumbnail to the left to reveal actions.The single action gesture allows you to rapidly share, duplicate or delete an artwork.See page 21 to learn more about artwork sharing.Procreate Artists' HandbookGallery: Organising artwork 15Multiple actionsSwipe thumbnails to the right to select multiple artworks.Bulk actions save you time when you need to edit more than one canvas simultaneously.To carry out bulk actions, simply swipe a thumbnail to the right. Successfully selected thumbnails will appear blue. Once multiple items have been selected, the bulk action icons will automatically appear in the navigation bar. These actions allow you to delete or share multiple artworks at once.Procreate Artists' HandbookGallery: Organising artwork 16Bulk actionsRearranging artworkKeep your Gallery layout exactly how you like it.Moving artwork around is a snap. Just tap and hold on a thumbnail to lift it out of the grid, then simply move the thumbnail to your desired location and drop it.Pro tipYou can also move multiple selected items into a group or change the order of the gallery by holding down on one of the selected thumbnails.Procreate Artists' HandbookGallery: Organising artwork 17Gallery GroupGallery GroupsKeeping artwork arranged in groups can be very handy for creatives on the move.Groups can be easily identified by a set of small thumbnails, similar to groups in the iOS springboard. See Section 4 of this chapter for a detailed description on creating and arranging groups.Procreate Artists' HandbookGallery: Organising artwork 18Tap title to editRenaming artworkCapture the subject of your artwork with the perfect name.Tap the title in the artworks thumbnail to bring up the keyboard. Hit Done or dismiss the keyboard to save the title. Until you edit an artworks title it will be called Untitled Artwork.Procreate Artists' HandbookGallery: Organising artwork 19Procreate Artists' HandbookGallery: Organising artwork 20OrientationIts easy to change a canvas orientation after youve created it.If your artwork is sitting on its side or upside down, simply hold two fingers on the thumbnail and rotate until your artwork is the right way up.Section 3Sharing artworkProcreate provides several ways to share your masterpieces with clients and colleagues.Procreate Artists' HandbookGallery: Sharing artwork 21Choose your formatSharing from Procreate offers you 4 different filetypes.There are two ways to share artwork.For a single itemSwipe the artwork thumbnail from right to left and tap Share.For multiple itemsSwipe the desired artwork thumbnails left to right and tap the Share icon in the top left corner. This icon will only appear when multiple items are selected.Once you have selected the filetype you can choose how you would like to export it.Procreate Artists' HandbookGallery: Sharing artwork 22File formatsProcreate features several file formats with varying features suiting different purposes.PNGPNG will flatten your artwork and retain full quality (we call this lossless). While slightly larger in file size, PNG will also save any transparency you have in your artwork.JPEGA lossy format that will flatten your artwork into a single layer. JPEG format is great for quickly sharing an image as the file size is low.ProcreateThe native format used for storing all artwork data inside the app. If using the .procreate format, all layer information will be kept intact.PhotoshopA standard PSD that will export layers, layer names, opacity, visibility and blend modes exactly as per your Procreate doc.Procreate Artists' HandbookGallery: Sharing artwork 23Share DestinationsDepending on which filetype youve chosen, you will see a combination of the following:iTunes DropboxPhotosEmailProcreate Artists' HandbookGallery: Sharing artwork 24Facebook TwitterWeiboEmailEasily share your artwork using your iPads Mail app.Supported filetypesPNG, JPG, Procreate and PSD.Select the desired format and Procreate will load your artwork into an email, ready to send. If you select a PNG or JPG your image will be displayed inline. A Procreate file will show an icon.Pro tipWhy not collaborate with friends by sendinga .procreate file around to see what comes of it?Sharing by email requires an active account on your iPads Mail app. For maximum compatibility, Procreate will not limit your attachment size. If your emails don't send, ask your IT consultant about your email size limit.Procreate Artists' HandbookGallery: Sharing artwork 25TwitterTweet your latest artwork to your Twitter followers.Supported filetypeJPGSharing to Twitter will set up a tweet, ready to go to all of your followers on Twitter. Once the image has been prepared you can type your tweet, add your location and choose which account to send it from if you have multiple accounts set up.Twitter will be disabled if you have not set up an account on your device. Go to your Settings App > Twitter to link your account to your device.Twitter has a limit of 1 image per tweet.Procreate Artists' HandbookGallery: Sharing artwork 26FacebookEasily share your artwork with all of your Facebook friends.Supported filetypeJPGIf you have linked your Facebook account (Settings app > Facebook) just share to Facebook to prepare an image for upload. You can even share multiple images at once!Once the images have been loaded, you can enter a message to go with your images, choose the privacy settings or add a location.To change the album Procreate places the images into, tap the Album heading.Procreate Artists' HandbookGallery: Sharing artwork 27Sina WeiboIts just as easy to share your artwork on the popular Asian Facebook alternative.Supported filetypeJPGIf you have linked your Sina Weibo account (Settings app > Sina Weibo) just share to Sina Weibo to prepare an image for upload. Add a customised message if you wish and hit Post to publish it to your followers.To access the Sina Weibo Sharing option, you will need to set up a Weibo account in your iPads Settings app.Procreate Artists' HandbookGallery: Sharing artwork 28iTunesExporting to iTunes is great for speedy transfers and backups to your Mac or PC.Supported filetypesPNG, JPG, Procreate and PSD.After youve shared your artwork to iTunes, head over to your computer. Plug your device in using your cable and open iTunes. Once your device is detected select it on the left pane. With your device selected, choose the Apps heading along the top and scroll down. You should see a list of apps inside a box. Select Procreate and drag the artwork out of iTunes or use the buttons to save the artwork to your computer.You can import a canvas back to Procreate by dropping it back into this folder and using the Create > Import > iTunes feature.Choose the Apps tabProcreate Artists' HandbookGallery: Sharing artwork 29Select ProcreateView exported filesPhotosSaving to Photos is a great way to save work in progress, finished art or frequently used items.Supported filetypesPNG and JPG.Sharing to Photos will place your flattened artwork into your Camera Roll.Pro tipIf you keep using the same assets in your artwork, why not save them out to Photos so you can keep importing them and saving time? This works great for characters, objects and your own signature.Procreate Artists' HandbookGallery: Sharing artwork 30Choose either JPG or PNGDropboxExport to your personal Dropbox account in style.Supported filetypesPNG, JPG, Procreate and PSD.If you have the Dropbox app installed, it will open and ask you to link your account. After doing so, you are good to go.If you dont have the Dropbox app installed, a dialogue box will pop up asking you to enter your details to access your Dropbox account.Procreate is only a browser for your Dropbox and as such does not modify your existing structure. If you experience problems with Dropbox please contact the Dropbox team or try unlinking and relinking your account via Settings app.Procreate Artists' HandbookGallery: Sharing artwork 31Section 4Gallery groupsGrouping artwork is another great feature of Procreates Gallery. Stay on top of your gallery by learning how to make and name groups.Procreate Artists' HandbookGallery: Gallery groups 32Creating a GroupGroups are a great way to combine artworks and stay organised.To create a Group, drop a thumbnail on top of another. From here, you can name the Group just like any other thumbnail by tapping the title.Procreate Artists' HandbookGallery: Gallery groups 33Moving artwork out of a GroupA Group doesnt have to be permanent. Its just as easy to move art out of a Group as it is to move it in.To move artwork out of a Group, drag one or more thumbnails to the title bar and let go.Procreate Artists' HandbookGallery: Gallery groups 34Renaming a GroupFor those big projects, naming a Group is imperative.Rename the gallery Group exactly the same way as you would rename your singular artwork: tap the title to invoke the keyboard.Tap Group title to editProcreate Artists' HandbookGallery: Gallery groups 35GesturesSection 1General useThe following gestures are commonly used throughout Procreate and are important to get you started.Procreate Artists' HandbookGestures: General use 37Paint, Smudge & EraseTap or drag your finger on the canvas to apply paint, erase or smudge your art. Try varying the speed of your finger, as many brushes are affected by how fast you paint.Procreate Artists' HandbookGestures: General use 38Undo an actionProcreate comes with 250 undo states to make painting a little less stressful. Just swipe with 3 fingers from right to left to go back one step at a time.Procreate Artists' HandbookGestures: General use 39Redo an actionTo redo an action when you press Undo too many times, swipe from left to right with 3 fingers.Procreate Artists' Handbook Gestures: General use 40Clear layerInstantly clear your layer by scrubbing out the layer using 3 fingers in a back-and-forth motion anywhere on the canvas. This is very handy when youre speed painting or sketching concepts.Procreate Artists' HandbookGestures: General use 41Zoom in/outPinching the screen allows you to zoom in and out of the canvas. The Procreate zoom feature is based largely on speed, so try alternating your speed to suit your style.Procreate Artists' HandbookGestures: General use 42Rotate CanvasBy simply rotating your fingers while pinching the screen, you can change the orientation of your canvas. This is great for getting the perfect angle on those difficult strokes.See page 209 for settings regarding canvas rotation.Procreate Artists' HandbookGestures: General use 43Fit to screenTo instantly fit the canvas to screen, quickly pinch inwards. For best results, try lifting your fingers off the screen as your pinch finishes.To return to the exact place you were before you quick-pinched, simply reverse your quick-pinch.Procreate Artists' HandbookGestures: General use 44Hide or show toolbarsTo go into fullscreen drawing, tap 3 fingers on the canvas. The toolbars will disappear to reveal a small icon in the corner.Tap 3 fingers or press the icon to bring the toolbars back.Procreate Artists' HandbookGestures: General use 45Cut/Copy/Paste shortcutsSwipe 3 fingers downwards to reveal shortcuts for cut, copy and paste.Procreate Artists' Handbook Gestures: General use 46Section 2Advanced useThe following gestures are much more task specific and once learnt will save a lot of time with repeated tasks.Procreate Artists' HandbookGestures: Advanced use 47Procreate Artists' HandbookGestures: Advanced use 48Merge multiple layersSimply pinch two layers together to merge those layers and any layer in between.Procreate Artists' Handbook Gestures: Advanced use 49Creating layersPinch apart 2 layers to insert a new layer between.Procreate Artists' HandbookGestures: Advanced use 50Layer opacityTap a layer thumbnail with two fingers to instantly engage the opacity controls for that layer.See page 142 for more info on layer opacity.Procreate Artists' Handbook Gestures: Advanced use 51Alpha LockSwipe a layer from left to right to quickly toggle Alpha Lock.See page 137 for more info on Alpha Lock.Reference LayerSwipe a layer from left to right with two fingers to define your ColorDrop Reference Layer.See page 110 for more info on ColorDrop.Procreate Artists' HandbookGestures: Advanced use 52Canvas orientationWhile in the Gallery, rotate an artwork with two fingers to change between portrait and landscape orientation.Procreate Artists' HandbookGestures: Advanced use 53View canvas 1:1Tapping the canvas with 4 fingers will frame your artwork at a 1:1 pixel view, meaning 1 pixel onscreen equals 1 pixel on your canvas.Procreate Artists' HandbookGestures: Advanced use 54BrushesSection 1The Procreate brush systemThe following section will teach you about Procreates next generation brush system. Learn how to navigate between brush sets, share and import brushes, and how to customise your library.Procreate Artists' HandbookBrushes: The Procreate brush system 56Game-changing brushesYoull notice the brushes feel different in Procreate. Thats because they are different.For the last 30 years, brushes in digital painting have been done the same way. Procreate takes a step forward, putting serious power into its brush system. We do this by splitting our brushes into 2 core elements; Shape and Grain.The following section will teach you about Procreates next generation brush system. Learn how to navigate between brush sets, share and import brushes, and how to customise your library.For more info on shapes & grains see later in this chapter.ShapeGrainProcreate Artists' HandbookBrushes: The Procreate brush system 57ResultTap twice to open popoverProcreate Artists' HandbookBrushes: The Procreate brush system 58Using the Brush toolTapping the paintbrush icon will switch to paint mode. This where you will spend most of your time.Your selected tool will appear blue to indicate it is active. Tap it again to show the brush library.Your brush library is a collection of brushes shared between all of your tools. This means quick and easy access to an incredible arsenal for painting, smudging or erasing.At the top of the popover youll notice the Brush Sets. These keep your brushes neatly organised. You can swipe the Brush Sets Panel left and right to navigate.Once youve selected a brush, tap outside the popover to close it and begin painting.Each tool will remember your last settings, so frequently switching between brushes isnt a hassle.Pro tipTap and hold an unselected Paint, Smudge or Erase icon to transfer the active brush settings over from the selected icon. This method can be great for painting and erasing with exactly the same brush.Procreate Artists' HandbookBrushes: The Procreate brush system 59Swipe left and rightNavigating your Brush SetsEnjoy the many brushes Procreate has to offer through neat, organised Brush Sets.Multiple SetsProcreate comes with many exciting brushes organised into convenient themes.To navigate the different pages, swipe left and right over your Brush Set icons.To the far right youll find an option to create your own Brush Set.Drag and drop amongst brush setsRearranging your BrushesDrag and drop Brushes and Brush Sets to improve your workflow.Procreates shared brush library can be rearranged to your liking with a drag and drop feature. They can even be moved in and out of different sets if you require.Moving brushesTap and hold the brush you wish to move. Drag it to the new position and let go to drop it in place. If you hover over a brush set you can drop it into a new set.If the brush you drag is a default brush (that was there when you bought Procreate) it will duplicate it so you dont misplace the original.Procreate Artists' HandbookBrushes: The Procreate brush system 60Brush ActionsSwipe a Brush from right to left to reveal context-sensitive actions.ShareIf you have a brush youre finding useful, share it with friends. See next page for more info.DuplicateIf you want to further experiment with a brush while retaining the original, use the duplicate option.DeleteDelete a custom brush. Be careful, this is final.ResetDefault Procreate brushes cannot be deleted, only reset to their original settings.Procreate Artists' HandbookBrushes: The Procreate brush system 61Sharing brushesShare your best brushes with your friends or find someone elses on the internet.It couldnt be easier to share your brushes: just swipe the Brush thumbnail and select the Share option. Procreate will package your brush intoa .brush file and you can choose how to share it from there.ImportingSearch the internet or the Procreate Forums for new brushes to download. See the next page for more info on importing brushes.Procreate Artists' HandbookBrushes: The Procreate brush system 62Procreate Artists' HandbookBrushes: The Procreate brush system 63Tap to import through DropboxImporting brushesBring other useful brushes into your own Procreate app via two methods:In-app ImportThe other half of sharing is receiving! You can import other brushes straight to your app. Tap the New Brush icon then locate the Import button in the top right to import a brush from Dropbox. The new brush will be placed in the currently selected set.File AssociationIf you have a .brush file online or in an email, tap and hold it to be prompted to import the new brush to Procreate. Your newly acquired brush will be placed in a specially created folder called Imported. Swipe to the last Brush Set panel to find it.Editing optionsNew Set iconProcreate Artists' HandbookBrushes: The Procreate brush system 64Custom setsOrganise your Custom Brushes into your own Brush Set.Creating a new Brush SetIf you keep swiping from right to left inside the Brush Sets panel, youll find the icon to create a new Brush Set.Tap the icon to name your group and once confirmed you can drop and drag the new group wherever you like.Renaming or deletingTo change the name of the Brush Set down the track, double tap the icon and choose rename.Thinner paint Amount of paintEmulate traditional mediaAlthough Procreate is all about digital painting, it also has the ability to mimic real-life painting behaviour - without the mess.DilutionIncreasing the dilution value will simulate a thinner paint with lots of water. It will apply paint and smudge at the same time, giving a very fluid result.ChargeJust like when using a real brush, you can set how much paint your brush will apply before it runs out.Charge cannot be used with Glaze turned on or when Dilution is zero.Procreate Artists' HandbookBrushes: The Procreate brush system 65Glaze settingThe digital standardTo paint in a purely digital manner, enable the Glaze setting.GlazeWhen you turn Glaze on (Advanced Brush Settings > Dynamics tab) your brush will behave in a purely digital manner much like Adobe Photoshop. It will not build up on itself until you release your finger and paint again.Glaze and Dilution cannot both be on at the same time.Procreate Artists' HandbookBrushes: The Procreate brush system 66Section 2Tweaking your brush settingsTap a selected brush to see the 25+ settings that control your brush. The following pages will briefly describe how each slider will affect your brush.Procreate Artists' HandbookBrushes: Tweaking your brush settings 67Stroke settingsWhat is a Stroke?When you move your finger or stylus across the screen, Procreate is plotting your stroke using many points - much like a curve on a graph. These points all join together to form a line which can vary greatly depending on your brushs settings.Stroke plotSpacingSpacing is the amount of space added between each plot point in your stroke. Increasing the space will create more gaps in your brush.JitterJitter refers to the amount of distance by which your shape will be offset from the stroke plot. Smaller values will look more like a solid line, while higher values will spread the shape out and hide the visible line you draw.Stroke taper:Start stroke taperThis will apply a taper to the start of your stroke. The higher the value the greater the taper.End stroke taperThis will apply a taper to the end of your stroke. The higher the value the greater the taper.Opacity stroke taperOpacity stroke taper allows you to adjust the amount of opacity applied to a taper.Size stroke taperSize stroke taper allows you to adjust the size of the taper.Procreate Artists' HandbookBrushes: Tweaking your brush settings 68Shape settingsWhat is a Shape?A shape is just like a stamp. The image you select as the Shape will be repeatedly 'stamped' over the course of a stroke. You could also think of the Shape as a container for the grain.ScatterChanging scatter will change the orientation of your brush as your stroke progresses. Higher values will give a messy, rough feeling while low values will be like a streaky brush. Scatter is not affected by brush direction.RotationThe rotation slider affects how your brush reacts to directional change. A range of unique effects can be achieved from a flat calligraphy brush, to ribbon effects. The rotation slider has three main points: 100% Inverse makes the shape rotate inversely to stroke direction. 'Static' locks shape direction to remain static. 'Follow stroke' causes the shape to follow your painting direction.Randomised When OFFInitial shape direction is based on the strokes beginning. When ONdirection is different for the beginning of every stroke. This can give each stroke a unique behaviour and a more organic feel.Procreate Artists' HandbookBrushes: Tweaking your brush settings 69Grain settingsWhat is a Grain?Procreate brushes are created using dual images. One image is for the shape of the brush, and the other is for the texture. We call the brush texture, the grain.Think of the brush shape, as a container for the grain. And think of the grain, like a paint roller. When you paint a stroke, the grain is rolled inside the shape and on to the canvas.Grain BehaviourMovementWhen set to 'Stamp' the grain texture will not roll at all. Instead it will smear the grain. When set to 'Rolling' the grain will apply its texture just like a repeating paint roller.ScaleGrain scale adjusts the size of the grain texture inside the shape.ZoomWhen set to 'Follow size' the grain will scale with your brush shape. When set to 'Cropped' the grain is locked and the brush shape will scale independently, from the grain. A great way to understand how zoom works is to use the precision slider preview.RotationGrain rotation is very similar to Grain movement. This setting will smear and slur the grain imagebased on directional stroke changes. The rotation slider has three main points along the slider: 100% Inverse makes the grain rotate inversely to stroke direction. 'Static' locks grain direction to remain static. 'Follow stroke' causes the grain to follow your stroke direction.FilteredON applies Antialiasing to your grain texture. OFF can cause the grain to become jagged and coarse.Procreate Artists' HandbookBrushes: Tweaking your brush settings 70Dynamics settingsWhat are Brush Dynamics?As the name suggests these settings are applied on-the-fly and allow for very unique and organic results.Colour mixFalloffAffects the overall length of the stroke. All effects will be applied within this setting. For example you might have a brush with maximum wetness but if the falloff value is high, it will only be applied over a short stroke.DilutionDilution is directly related to the Paint characteristic. Varying values of dilution will create different levels of water in your paint. When a high amount of dilution is applied to your brush, the brush will mix and pull more paint as you drag it around.ChargeCharge refers to the amount of virtual paint applied to a brush. For instance, when set to 0 the virtual paint will run out almost instantly. The Charge setting is great for traditional artists!GlazedWhen ON, your brush will paint in a uniform transparent manner and will no longer 'build up' over time. Because of this, the Glaze effect behaves exactly the same as default Photoshop brushes.Opacity varianceSpeedOpacity will vary depending on the speed of your stroke.PressureOpacity will vary depending on the pressure of your smart stylus.JitterThe stroke will vary in opacity as it is stamped across the canvas.Size varianceSpeedSize will vary depending on the speed of your stroke.PressureSize will vary depending on the pressure of your smart stylus.JitterThe stroke will vary in size as it is stamped across the canvas.Procreate Artists' HandbookBrushes: Tweaking your brush settings 71General settingsHere you will find characteristics that apply to the brush as a whole.PropertiesOrient to iPad ScreenWhen ON, oriented will cause the brush to orientate itself according to the iPad screen orientation.Use stamp previewWhen ON, stamp view will cause your brush preview to display only the brush shape file. Stamp view can be very useful when the grain is not a significant part of the brush.Size limitsMax sizeMaximum size is responsible for determining the maximum radius that the brush can reach. By default, all brushes can reach 100% radius. However, if a brush has a spacing value greater than 12%, the brush can reach an incredible 400% radius. Essentially, more spacing allows bigger sized brushes.Min sizeMinimum size is responsible for determining the minimum radius the brush can be lowered to.Opacity limitsMax opacityMaximum opacity is responsible for determining the maximum amount of opacity the brush can reach.Min opacityMinimum opacity is responsible for determining the minimum amount of opacity the brush can be lowered to.Procreate Artists' HandbookBrushes: Tweaking your brush settings 72Source settingsWhat are source textures?Procreate brushes are created using dual images; One image for the shape of the brush, and one image for the texture. Think of the brush shape as a container for the grain. And think of the grain, like a paint roller. When you paint a stroke, the grain is rolled onto the canvas. Using the below settings, you can modify the image source files used to create the brush.Import shape/grain from:iTunesUse an image from Procreates iTunes folder on your iPad.DropboxImport an image from your personal Dropbox account.PhotosLoad an image from your Photos library.Pro LibraryTapping this option will load the Procreate source library. This library contains the shapes and grains used to create the great tools that ship with Procreate. The Pro library is a great way to familiarise yourself with the Procreate brush system and see what kind of image makes an interesting brush!Pro tipShape and grain files should generally be round in nature. Note that white areas of the image will cause the brush to apply paint and black areas be transparent.Procreate Artists' HandbookBrushes: Tweaking your brush settings 73Section 3Making custom brushesNow that youve learnt about navigating your brush library and the many characteristics behind each brush, youll be ready to make your very own brushes in Procreate!Procreate Artists' HandbookBrushes: Making custom brushes 74Tap to create a custom brushProcreate Artists' Handbook Brushes: Making custom brushes 75Grain SourceShape SourceCreate your own brushExperimenting with new brushes can be a lot of fun, with great results!Tapping the + icon will take you to the brush creation screen, where you can import images for the foundations of a Procreate brush; Shape and Grain.Procreate Artists' HandbookBrushes: Making custom brushes 76The pieces that make up a Procreate brushShapeThe brush shape is a container that houses the grain. Whatever your grain is, it will fit inside the shape just like a stencil.GrainThink of the grain as a paint roller. When you paint a stroke, the grain is rolled onto the canvas.You can load an image from the Pro Library, Dropbox, iTunes or your own Photos camera roll. The images found in the Pro Library are those used by the Procreate default brushes.Once you have entered both Shape and Grain, the icons for brush settings will appear along the bottom of the pane, allowing you to start editing your brushs behaviour. You must enter both Shape and Grain to save your brush.ShapeGrainProcreate Artists' HandbookBrushes: Making custom brushes 77ResultUse 100% black for pure transparencyCreate your own grain/shapeThe most amazing brushes can come from experimenting. A couple of things to remember so you keep making the best possible brushes:With Procreates square canvas size creating a brush has never been easier. Here are a couple of tips to make your brush creation easier:Pure black will be 100% transparent, while 100% white will be solid. Anywhere in between will be semi-transparent.Remember, grains work better when they are seamless. There are some great tutorials online on how to make seamless textures.The key to discovering great brushes is to experiment. Put a random photo into grain or shape, tweak a few sliders and see what happens!Procreate Artists' HandbookBrushes: Making custom brushes 78Use 100% white for pure opaquenessInverting source imagesWithin the Source tab of the Advanced Brush Settings popover you can invert your source image.Tap the thumbnail of the source image with two fingers to invert it. This will make blacks white and vice versa. This will greatly impact the way it paints your canvas and can be great for reversing the effect of a grain.Procreate Artists' HandbookBrushes: Making custom brushes 79Rotating source imagesWithin the Source tab of the Advanced Brush Settings popover you can rotate your source image.Pinch and rotate the thumbnail of the source image to rotate it in 90-degree increments. This is particularly handy for when you have a specialty brush that needs to follow an exact path or direction.Procreate Artists' HandbookBrushes: Making custom brushes 80Sharing custom brushesSharing your custom brush is simple!By swiping the thumbnail of the brush in the Brushes popover you will reveal the Share option. Tap Share to package your custom brush into a .brush file to sent to friends via email, push to your Dropbox account or export to iTunes.Procreate Artists' HandbookBrushes: Making custom brushes 81SmudgeSection 1Smudging coloursFind out how to get the most responsive colour-blending on a mobile platform. Procreate uses 64-bits per pixel to smudge and once youve tried it you wont go back to anything less.Procreate Artists' HandbookSmudge: Smudging colours 83Smudge toolProcreate Artists' HandbookSmudge: Smudging colours 84Smudge toolSelect the smudge icon and tap it again to bring up the smudge popover. Once you have selected your smudging brush, tap outside the popover.Remember that Smudge shares the same library as Paint, so why not experiment smudging with weird brushes for unexpected results.Full strengthDifferent strengths, different effects.The Smudge tool gives varying effects depending on the value of the opacity slider.Higher strengthsBy using Smudge at full pressure, colour will really be pushed around, like wet paint. It will mess up colours very quickly and quite often give harsh drag lines as you smear the paint.Lower strengthsAt lower strengths smudge will be smoother and softer. This is particularly useful for creating very smooth gradients or smudging pencil drawings.Procreate Artists' HandbookSmudge: Smudging colours 85EraseSection 1The Eraser toolFixing mistakes has never been easier. Youll also learn how to match erasing with artwork.Procreate Artists' HandbookErase: The Eraser tool 87Procreate Artists' HandbookErase: The Eraser tool 88Eraser toolFixing mistakesSlip-ups happen to the best of us. Luckily, Procreate has the same great brush control when using an eraser.Eraser toolThe eraser tool is controlled just like the paint and smudge tools. Tap the icon once to select it, or twice to choose your brush.Pro tip:Using the eraser with a hard brush shape can be great for making rough edges smooth and sharp.Alternatively, try a rough brush at a low opacity to blend a layer without seeing an obvious edge.Procreate Artists' HandbookErase: The Eraser tool 89Match your eraser with the style of the artBy matching your eraser with your painting brush, youll hide obvious areas that youve touched up.Using the example of the artwork to the left, we might choose something with very little texture, as the strokes are quite smooth and flat.Or, if youre sketching, pick an eraser that has a similar texture to the pencil. That way, if you happen to go over any lines you wont get an obvious, harsh line like you would with a flat eraser.You can also use this technique to fade off or lighten areas where the pencil is too dark.Section 2Other ways to correct artworkRead about how to quickly manage your mistakes using undo/redo and clearing a layer.Procreate Artists' HandbookErase: Other ways to correct artwork 90Procreate Artists' HandbookErase: Other ways to correct artwork 91Undo and redoProcreate comes with up to 250 undo and redo states. Thats a lot.Tap the undo/redo arrow to find where you went wrong, and try again. When cycling through your undo/redo states a notification will let you know which action was last affected by the undo/redo.Alternatively, you can use the gestures. See page 37 for more information on gestures.Once Procreate has been exited from Multitasking or you return to the Gallery, all undo and redo states will be cleared.Clear the selected layerProcreate Artists' HandbookErase: Other ways to correct artwork 92Clearing a layerThere are two ways to quickly clear an entire layer and be sure there are no traces remaining.Open the Layers popover and select the layer you wish to clear. Tap it again to reveal the Clear option.For an even quicker solution, you can also use the Clear Layer gesture. See page 37 for more information on gestures.ColoursSection 1Selecting coloursPress the colour swatch in the top right of the toolbar to access the Procreate Colour popover.From here you can play with colour or use a favourite colour that youve saved as a swatch.Procreate Artists' HandbookColours: Selecting colours 94Previous colourNew colourColour selectionSaturationCurrent colour reticleBrightnessHueCurrent palette titleFavourite swatches. Swipe right to left to reveal more palettes.Playing with colourProcreate comes with a colour picker that encourages you to play and experiment.Colour RingTap on the colour icon in the top right, to open the colour popover. By default you will see the Colour Ring.The previously selected colour will be displayed on the left split of the preview to compare with the new colour. You can return to the previous colour by tapping in this area.Once youre happy with the colour, tap off the pane to close it or see the next section on how to save your colour as a favourite.Procreate Artists' HandbookColours: Selecting colours 95Procreate Artists' HandbookColours: Selecting colours 96Even more controlWhen youve found the perfect hue, use the zoomable colour disc to get even more colours to choose from.Zoomable saturation discPinch the saturation disc to expand it out to full size. Once expanded, the saturation disc will work just the same as the smaller size but youll have much more control over fine adjustments. Procreate will remember if you prefer to work in this mode which can be great for complex shading using similar values.Current ColourNew colourColour selectionHue Saturation BrightnessFavourite swatches. Swipe right to left to reveal more palettes.An alternate colour pickerProcreate also comes with a classic colour picker thatll be familiar to veterans of digital art.Classic colour pickerTo enable this colour picker, head to Actions > Prefs > Classic colour picker.Tap on the colour icon in the top right to open the colour pane. Choose your colour using the HSB sliders.The previously selected colour will be displayed on the left split of the preview to compare with the new colour.Once youre happy with the colour, tap off the pane to close it or see the next section on how to save your colour as a favourite.Procreate Artists' HandbookColours: Selecting colours 97Sampling from the canvasRapidly select a new colour from anywhere on your canvas.EyedropperTap and hold anywhere on the canvas to invoke the Eyedropper. If you find the gesture too quick, head to the Actions popover > Prefs tab to change the delay.Your new colour is displayed on the top half of the loupe and the current colour on the bottom half. As soon as you let go, your new colour is selected.See page 185 for more info on the Actions popover.Procreate Artists' HandbookColours: Selecting colours 98Section 2Saving coloursFinding the perfect colour can be a difficult task. Swatches make things easier by allowing you to save an exact colour to a Swatch Palette for later use.Procreate Artists' HandbookColours: Saving colours 99Currently selected colourSwatch paletteSaved swatch Empty swatchSaving a colourWhen its important to keep a particular colour, save it as a swatch for quick access later.Save a colourBelow the colour picker youll notice a grid. This is a swatch palette. To save the currently selected colour tap an empty swatch in the swatch palette.Selecting a saved colourTapping a saved swatch will load that colour, ready for use.Procreate Artists' HandbookColours: Saving colours 100Reordering a swatchTo create an idea of how colours might work together you may prefer to change the order of how the swatches sit within the palette.Move your swatchTap and hold a saved swatch to pick it up and drop it in the new location.Procreate Artists' HandbookColours: Saving colours 101Removing unwanted swatchesWhen youre done with a particular swatch, remove it from your palette.Delete your swatchTap and hold on the unwanted swatch, drag it outside the Colour popover and let go. The swatch will fall off-screen and be permanently deleted.Alternatively, double tap a swatch to be greeted with the pop up menu to delete.Procreate Artists' HandbookColours: Saving colours 102Section 3Loading more coloursProcreates palette library allows you to save multiple colour schemes for quick, app-wide access in every artwork.You can even share your own or import another artists favourite swatch palette.Procreate Artists' HandbookColours: Loading more colours 103Accessing more PalettesQuickly load and unload swatch palettes through Procreates simple Palette Library.Open the Palette LibraryWith the Colour popover open, swipe from right to left over the currently loaded swatch palette to reveal the Palette Library. Alternatively, tap the title of the currently loaded palette.Procreate Artists' HandbookColours: Loading more colours 104Choosing a new PaletteSwap Palettes in and out as you need.Loading the PaletteTap the header of the swatch palette (where the title sits) to select that palette. Youll see a tick appear on the right to say that it has been loaded.To exit the Palette Library, swipe anywhere in the popover from left to right. Youll notice that your selected palette has now replaced the old one.Pro tipYou can directly select a swatch in this view without selecting the whole palette by tapping on it. This can be very handy to work between several palettes without having to constantly switch them out.Procreate Artists' HandbookColours: Loading more colours 105Organising swatch palettesAs your collection of swatch palettes grows, keep them organised in a few easy steps.Renaming your swatch palettesTap the title of a selected palette to invoke the keyboard and rename it.Arranging your palettesTap and hold a palette to pull it out of the stack. Drag and drop it to the desired location.Procreate Artists' HandbookColours: Loading more colours 106Sharing your palettesProcreate allows artists to share and import their favourite swatches.Share a swatch paletteSwipe from right to left over the palette you want to share. This will expose the Share option.From here you can share to iTunes, Dropbox or Email. Your swatch palette will take the title of the palette and add a .swatches file extension.Procreate Artists' HandbookColours: Loading more colours 107Using other artists palettesUse the Import Swatches function to expand your library of colour schemes.Import a swatch paletteSwipe from top to bottom in the swatch palette popover to reveal the Import Swatches button. Tap the button to be greeted with the options to import from iTunes or Dropbox.Alternatively, while using your iPad you can just tap the file in your email client or internet browser to import it directly. Procreate will recognise the file and automatically place it in your Palette Library.Procreate Artists' HandbookColours: Loading more colours 108Removing unused palettesWhen you no longer need or use a colour scheme, delete a whole palette in one action.Delete a swatch paletteSwipe from right to left over the palette you want to delete. This will expose the Delete option.Tap Delete, and then confirm that you still want to delete the palette. Be careful, because once you delete a swatch palette there is no way of getting it back.Procreate Artists' HandbookColours: Loading more colours 109Section 4Fill with colourColorDrop is Procreates answer to the well known paint bucket. Its been fine tuned to give amazing fills when you quickly need to block out colour. Read on to see how to fill your shapes, adjust the threshold and keep your ink and colour separate.Procreate Artists' HandbookColours: Fill with colour 110Drag from hereColorDropA great timesaver for graphic artists who often work with large blocks of flat colour. ColorDrop lets you quickly fill in shapes and build your artwork.Engage ColorDropDrag the Colour icon out onto the canvas and let go. Youll see the colour drop onto the canvas and fill out until it finds a boundary.If your ColorDrop leaks through a gap, try closing the gap before filling again. You could also tweak the ColorDrop threshold, which determines how aggressively the algorithm detects edges.Pro tip:To cancel ColorDrop, drop the colour anywhere in the top toolbar.Procreate Artists' HandbookColours: Fill with colour 111Threshold readoutColorDrop ThresholdTweak the way ColorDrop detects edges to get the best results.Adjust the thresholdBegin your ColorDrop by dragging your colour to your canvas. Without lifting your finger, pause over the desired fill area. ColorDrop will activate and, before you lift your finger, slide left and right to adjust how aggressively it attacks edges.Lifting your finger will commit the ColorDrop and from then on ColorDrop will remember the threshold setting until you change it again.Procreate Artists' HandbookColours: Fill with colour 112Reference LayerAn advanced feature designed for cartoonists and concept artists that keeps colour fills and ink separate.Reference Layer works exclusively with ColorDrop to reference the active ref layer (indicated by a purple layer) and fill to the normal selected layer.Swipe a layer with two fingers to activate it as the Reference. Select another layer, and ColorDrop can fill into the selected layer, based on the Reference.To turn the Reference Layer off, simply swipe it the same way you did to activate it.Procreate Artists' HandbookColours: Fill with colour 113LayersSection 1Building up layered artworkLayers are an extremely versatile benefit, unique to digital painting. Tap the second icon from the right in the toolbar to access the Layers popover. This section will cover the basics of working with layers.Procreate Artists' HandbookLayers: Building up layered artwork 115Procreate Artists' HandbookLayers: Building up layered artwork 116Create new layerCreating a layerCreate new layers with the + icon. A new layer will automatically be inserted above the current layer.You can also create a new layer between two layers by pinching them apart. See page 49 for a guide to this gesture.Moving layersRearrange layers with a tap and hold.To change the order of the layers, hold the layer and drag up or down. Release to set the new order.Procreate Artists' Handbook Layers: Building up layered artwork 117Procreate Artists' HandbookLayers: Building up layered artwork 118Visibility OFFLayer visibilityTurn a layers visibility on or off by tapping the left-aligned circle.If a layer is hidden it cannot be drawn on. If you try to draw on a layer that is hidden youll be notified via a simple dialogue.Procreate Artists' HandbookLayers: Building up layered artwork 119Blending layersArtists familiar with desktop painting will be at home with Procreates many blend modes.Blend modes are based on old photographic and new digital techniques to add interesting effects to an image.To change the blend mode, tap the small letter in the circle on the right of each layer. See section 3 of this chapter for a more detailed explanation of Blend modes.Procreate Artists' HandbookLayers: Building up layered artwork 120Merging LayersMerging is a great way to free up layers in your artwork.To merge, pinch together the top layer you want to merge and the bottom layer. Every layer in between will be merged into one.Merging layers will apply any blending mode to the pixels below and will also disregard any alpha lock.If you reach your layer limit, look through your layers for any you are happy with to merge together. Its best to merge only once youre happy with what youve drawn.Background layerProcreate gives you a free layer to place a solid colour of your choosing underneath your canvas.To change the colour, tap on the Background layer at the bottom of the layers panel. You can choose any colour you like and access any favourites you have saved along the way.In some cases, you may want to turn the layer off to export a PNG with transparency. To do this, tap the Layer Visibility icon, as per turning off a normal layer. You will then see the grid background, indicating transparency.Tap the Background layer to change the colourProcreate Artists' HandbookLayers: Building up layered artwork 121Section 2Extra layer optionsOnce you have the Layers popover open, select a layer by tapping on it and tap it again to access the layer options. Read on for explanations of each feature you can tweak per layer.Procreate Artists' HandbookLayers: Extra layer options 122Tap title to editProcreate Artists' HandbookLayers: Extra layer options 123Renaming a layerNaming layers can make working in complex artwork even quicker.Your layers will be given sequentially numbered titles until you choose to change them. If you have 3 layers already and create a 4th, that layer will be called Layer 4.Selecting the Rename option will invoke the iPad keyboard. When you are finished editing, tap the return or dismiss keyboard key.Clear and FillProcreate Artists' HandbookLayers: Extra layer options 124Clear and Fill layerQuickly clear a layers contents or fill it with the currently selected colour.Clear layerJust like it suggests, it will clear the entire layer. It will not, however, reset the blending mode, or opacity levels you have set for that layer.Fill layerTapping Fill layer will use the currently selected colour to fill the whole layer evenly. Any artwork on this layer will be overwritten with a flat colour.Pro tip:Using Fill with Alpha Lock on will only fill the used pixels on that layer.Masked areaSelect ContentsSelect layer contentsQuickly choose the area of paint on the canvas for greater control over further actions.By tapping Select layer contents, you will enter Selections mode and immediately see an applied selection. From here you can transform your selection, copy it, paint inside it, etc.When you are finished with the selection, just tap the Selections icon to finalise it.Non-masked areaProcreate Artists' HandbookLayers: Extra layer options 125Section 3Blending modesThis section will give a brief description on the blend modes available in Procreate. You can change the blend modes by tapping the letter representing the blend mode running down the right side of the Layers popover.Procreate Artists' HandbookLayers: Blending modes 126Procreate Artists' HandbookLayers: Blending modes 127Darken blend modesMultiplyThe best mode for darkening. Great for creating shadows and removing whites and other light colours.Linear BurnDarker than Multiply but less saturated than Color Burn.Color BurnDarker than Multiply with more saturated mid-tones and slightly reduced highlights.Procreate Artists' HandbookLayers: Blending modes 128LightenLightenIf the pixels of the selected layer are lighter than the ones on the layers below, they are kept in the image.ScreenLightens the layer where it blends with the pixels beneath. Screen is the exact opposite to Multiply mode and visually will make dark pixels appear transparent.AddLightens the layers underneath, just like Screen but has a much greater effect, causing awesome effects like blooming lights or image burn.Color DodgeBrighter than the Screen blend mode. Typically results in saturated mid-tones and blown highlights.Procreate Artists' HandbookLayers: Blending modes 129ContrastOverlayUses a combination of the Screen blend mode on the lighter pixels, and the Multiply blend mode on the darker pixels.Hard LightWorks similar to Overlay but uses the selected layers intensity.Soft LightA half-strength application of the Overlay mode resulting in a softer, more organic effect.Procreate Artists' HandbookLayers: Blending modes 130DifferenceExclusionProduces an effect like that in a negative photograph but with less contrast to the Difference blend mode. Mid range colours tend to go grey and washed out.DifferenceProduces a negative or inverted effect relative to the difference between the layers. Black pixels denote no difference between layers.SubtractSubtracts the selected layers colour from the underlying colours. If the selected colour is black, the result colour is the underlying colour.Procreate Artists' HandbookLayers: Blending modes 131ColorHueTakes the luminosity and saturation of the underlying colours and the hue of the blend colour. Try overlaying an artwork with a Hue layer to change the mood.SaturationResult colour has the luminosity and hue of the layers below and the saturation of the selected layer.ColorColor uses the luminosity of the layers underneath and the hue and saturation of the selected layer. Grey levels are maintained which is very useful for colouring monochrome images.LuminosityLuminosity uses the hue and saturation of the layers underneath and sets the luminosity of the selected layer.Section 4Quick layer actionsSwipe a layer to the left to access 4 options: Select, Copy, Duplicate or Delete.Procreate Artists' HandbookLayers: Quick layer actions 132Quick actionsSwipe any layer to the left, to reveal quick actions.SelectTap the select button to rapidly select the contents of the layer.CopyAfter swiping the layer tap Copy to add the image data to your iPads clipboard. You can use that data to paste into another Procreate canvas, email it, or use it in another app.See page 169 for more information about how to use selection tools.Procreate Artists' HandbookLayers: Quick layer actions 133Duplicated layer will be placed above originalDuplicateDuplicating a layer can be great for trialling changes without affecting the original.To duplicate your layer, swipe the layer thumbnail in the Layers popover to see the Duplicate option.Tap the Duplicate icon and your layer will be copied and pasted as a new layer.If you have reached the maximum number of layers you will need to merge layers to make room for the duplicate layer.Procreate Artists' HandbookLayers: Quick layer actions 134Procreate Artists' HandbookLayers: Quick layer actions 135Delete a layerSwipe the layer to the left to access the layer delete option.You can undo this action, but once you have run out of undos, leave or background the app, you will no longer be able to restore the layer.Section 5Advanced layer featuresThis section explains 2 advanced features: Alpha Lock and Reference Layer.Procreate Artists' HandbookLayers: Advanced layer features 136Alpha Lock indicatorAlpha LockProcreate comes with the ability to lock a layers transparency (or alpha). Once your edges are right, you will never have to do them again.Lock a layers transparencyOnce you have blocked out your shape, swipe left to right on the selected layer to lock the alpha. From here on, you will only be able to paint or smudge inside the area that already has paint on it.If you want to touch up an edge, or add to it, simply turn the Alpha Lock off, tidy it up and flick it back on to preserve the alpha once again.Pro tip:If you lock a layers alpha, you can use the Layer Fill option to fill all the used pixels on that layer with a solid colour.Procreate Artists' HandbookLayers: Advanced layer features 137Reference LayerAn advanced feature designed for cartoonists and concept artists that keeps colour fills and ink separate.Reference Layer works exclusively with ColorDrop to reference the active ref layer (indicated by a purple layer) and fill to the normal selected layer.Swipe a layer with two fingers to activate it as the Reference. Select another layer, and ColorDrop can fill into the selected layer, based on the Reference.Procreate Artists' HandbookLayers: Advanced layer features 138AdjustmentsSection 1Applying an effectTransform your artwork with professional image effects.Procreate Artists' HandbookAdjustments : Applying an effect 140Gaussian BlurGaussian blur can be used for smoothing things out, creating out-of-focus effects and even for creating shadows.Blur a layerTap the desired layer, and then select Gaussian blur from the Adjustments menu. To increase the strength of the Gaussian blur, slide across the screen from left to right.Pro tip:For precision effects, slide your finger across the screen slowly. Slower speeds will be more accurate while higher speeds will rapidly increase the strength of effects.Procreate Artists' HandbookAdjustments : Applying an effect 141OpacityThe opacity percentage determines the amount the layer obscures or shows the layer beneath it. Layer opacity is an invaluable effect for compositing.Adjust layer opacityMaking sure you have the correct layer selected, choose Opacity from the Adjustments menu. To make the layer more transparent, slide from right to left across the screen.Unlike other adjustments, Opacity is non-destructive. This means you can adjust the transparency of a layer whenever you like, however many times you like.Pro tip:You can also adjust the opacity level of a layer by tapping that layer with two fingers in the Layers Menu. Use whichever method fits your workflow.Procreate Artists' HandbookAdjustments : Applying an effect 142SharpenSharpening a layer will create sharp transitions between light and dark areas. Use Sharpen to make things feel in focus.Sharpen a layerMake sure youre on the correct layer and then select Sharpen from the Adjustments menu. To increase the Sharpen strength, slide across the screen from left to right.Pro tip:Almost any layer can benefit from smart use of sharpening. So dont be afraid to experiment!Procreate Artists' HandbookAdjustments : Applying an effect 143NoiseNoise randomly messes with the brightness and colour information of pixels, creating an electronic noise effect.Add Noise to a layerWith the correct layer selected, tap Noise from the Adjustments menu. To increase the strength of Noise, slide across the screen from left to right.Pro tip:Experiment with blend modes to enhance images. Try increasing image contrast by using a combination of Noise and blend modes, or have some fun recreating analogue film grain effects.Procreate Artists' HandbookAdjustments : Applying an effect 144Section 2Enhancing an imageThis section will help unlock the power of advanced image adjustments such as HSB, Color Balance and Curves.Procreate Artists' HandbookAdjustments : Image adjustments 145SaturationHueHue, Saturation, BrightnessHSB allows you to adjust the hue, colour strength and brightness of any given layer.Toggle visibilityBrightnessProcreate Artists' HandbookAdjustments : Image adjustments 146Color BalanceColor Balance can be used to correct or to stylise images.Cyan RedMagenta GreenYellow BlueColours in digital form are made from three primary colours; red, green and blue. This is very different from traditional media, because youre dealing with light as opposed to pigments. The right extremity of the bars show red, green and blue. The left extremity shows the opposite colour for each of these primaries. Sliding in one direction will make the overall layer shift toward that color value.Procreate Artists' Handbook Adjustments : Image adjustments 147HighlightsMidtones ShadowsFine tune colourFinely adjust the tonal values of your artwork, by using Color Balance modifiers.HighlightsHighlights will adjust the lighter levels in the layer.MidtonesAdjusting the middle tones of a layer is the best way to achieve a fairly even adjustment. By default, Midtones are ONShadowsTapping Shadows will allow you to adjust the colours of the darker areas in a layer.Procreate Artists' HandbookAdjustments : Image adjustments 148CurvesThe tonal curve is probably the most powerful adjustment.White pointHighlightsMidtonesShadowsBlack pointProcreate Artists' HandbookAdjustments : Image adjustments 149The layer tonal values are represented as a straight line on the grid. Moving a node in the top area of the grid will adjust the highlights of your layer. Moving a node in the centre of the line, will adjust the midtones and moving a node in the bottom section will adjust darker areas of your layer.Procreate Artists' HandbookAdjustments : Image adjustments 150New nodeManipulating pointsTapping anywhere inside the grid will create a node which will bend the curve.Dragging a node up will affect the lightness of your layer. Dragging a node down will affect the darkness of the layer.Likewise, dragging a node left or right will decreases or increase contrast. You can create up to 11 nodes, so try experimenting by bending a few curves and watch what happens to the layer!Pro tip:You can easily delete a node by dragging it outside of the grid bounds.Overall Gamma Red channelGreen channel Blue channelRGB channelsUnlock the power of curves by isolating the RGB channels of your layer.With Procreate, youre not limited to adjusting the overall gamma. You can also adjust layers by editing the Curves on the red, green, and blue channels, independently.Making a Curve adjustment to each colour channel allows practically limitless varieties of colour corrections and effects.Procreate Artists' HandbookAdjustments : Image adjustments 151RecolorQuickly and conveniently change areas of colour with a live preview.Current colourThresholdRecolor crosshairCancelProcreate Artists' HandbookAdjustments : Image adjustments 152Recolor is a great way for graphic artists to tweak specific areas of colour without the hassle of erasing and re- cutting into existing shapes. In the above image weve turned the previously red backpack to a green. Recolor works best on flat colours.Make use of the Colour popover to nail that perfect colourThe Recolor crosshairThere are two methods to moving the crosshair: tap or drag.TapTapping the screen will apply the recolour that was being shown and move the crosshair to the new location. This works great for doing multiple fills in quick succession.DragDragging your finger will move the crosshair around without applying the recolour. Use this to retarget ares to recolour.Both methods let you use Recolor with the Colour popover open which can be great for fine tuning your colour in situ.Procreate Artists' HandbookAdjustments : Image adjustments 153TransformSection 1Basic manipulationLearn the basics for Procreates Transform tool with a rundown of each UI element and how your layer contents can be manipulated.Procreate Artists' HandbookTransform: Basic manipulation 155Transforming a layerWhile in transform mode you will notice 2 main elements: the dashed line and the silver nodes.Object boundsOnce you tap the Transform icon your layer will be bound by a moving dashed line. This dashed line will encompass every pixel on that particular layer.NodesOn each corner and in the middle of each face, you will see a node. These are the control points that you use to transform your layer.Procreate Artists' HandbookTransform: Basic manipulation 156Transform mode ONNode Object boundsOrigin pointBlue Magnetics guideToggle MagneticsMagneticsThink of magnetics as intelligent guides to help you keep your transforms aligned and ratios correct.To turn on Magnetics, tap the icon of the magnet so it turns blue. To turn it off, tap it again so it returns to silver.How can it help me?While Magnetics are on you will see blue guides pop up on the screen while youre dragging a silver node around. This shows you a particular alignment that might be helpful.For example, when dragging a silver node on the right/left edge of an object, Procreate will maintain perfect movement along only the x axis.Magnetics will help you out with rotation, x/y axis movement and scale. It can even be turned off mid-transform to get the best of both worlds.Procreate Artists' HandbookTransform: Basic manipulation 157Magnetics readoutRotate 45 clockwiseRotate 45 anti-clockwiseFlip horizontally Flip verticallyRepositioning your workArtists will be constantly tweaking their art to get the perfect layout. With Procreates Transform tool, its super quick and easy.MovingAfter activating transform just tap and drag one finger to move the layer.RotatingPinch and rotate your fingers to change the orientation of your layer. Alternatively, use the quick rotate buttons to snap it to 45 increments.FlipFlip the subject horizontally or vertically from its centre point.Pro tip:Dont forget that Magnetics can be handy for moving layers precisely by snapping to certain angles and axes.Procreate Artists' HandbookTransform: Basic manipulation 158Uniform transformEvenly scaling the size of a layer can be done two ways.With MagneticsDrag any corner node to adjust to the new size. Your transform will anchor from the opposite node to the one you are dragging.Without MagneticsPinching inside an object will uniform scale the layer with the anchor being in the middle.Procreate Artists' HandbookTransform: Basic manipulation 159Non-uniform transformProcreate allows you to stretch an object however you see fit.To stretch your layer and disregard its original ratio, drag any of the silver nodes in any direction (while Magnetics is off). This will pivot your transform from the opposite corner/side.Grabbing a corner node will give the quickest result as it will transform on both x and y axes, while grabbing a side node will only stretch the layer along that axis.For example, in this image you might wish to make one of firefighters a little taller. To do so you would pull the top middle node upwards.Procreate Artists' HandbookTransform: Basic manipulation 160Fit to screenThe Fit toolQuickly fit your imported image or layer to the canvas.With MagneticsFit the layer contents to uniformly fit the canvas with maximum coverage. This will result in the image overflowing the canvas boundaries, resulting in cropped artwork once committed.Without MagneticsFit the layer contents uniformly to the canvas boundaries. No part of the image will be cropped.Procreate Artists' HandbookTransform: Basic manipulation 161ResetUndo RedoReverting mistakesTransforming can get pretty hectic sometimes. Here are a few features to save you time.ResetTapping the reset icon, will disregard all changes you have made while in Transform mode and revert the layer back to its original state.Undo and redoIf youre in the middle of a complex transform and you only want to go back one step, simply tap the undo button! All of your steps are saved separately while in Transform to make life easier.Pro tip:Once you leave transform mode Procreate will compact all of those transform actions into one step, making them into one undo. This is great for undoing and redoing to see if the change you made looks right or not.Procreate Artists' HandbookTransform: Basic manipulation 162Section 2Advanced manipulationThis section will explain the power of the distort and shear tools.Procreate Artists' HandbookTransform: Advanced manipulation 163DistortProcreates impressive distort feature makes three-dimensional scenes a piece of cake.Engage Distort by tapping and holding your finger over any corner silver node. A notification will let you know that Distort has been activated and you can begin to move the Node wherever you please.The artwork here is a great example of using distort to create a perfect three dimensional scene. Paint your textures as if you were looking at them from front on or top down (i.e. flat).Once youre finished painting, distort it into place to get a perfect perspective in a fraction of the time it would take to paint it manually.Procreate Artists' HandbookTransform: Advanced manipulation 164ShearShearing is like tilting or tipping an object. It can be handy for creating depth or slight angles.In the image to the left, we might wish to shear the caf benches a little more. To shear an object while in Transform mode, tap and hold a middle Silver Node until the notification appears. To restrict the Shears movement to a single axis, turn Magnetics on.Pro tip:Shear can be useful for setting up a base for perspective. Firstly, shear your shape/texture, then pull a corner Node in with Distort to give it the depth of a perspective view.Procreate Artists' HandbookTransform: Advanced manipulation 165NudgeNudge your object slightly in any direction by tapping outside the bounding box.Tap outside your object to move your object left, right, up or down in tiny increments.The nudge distance will be affected by zoom level, so the closer you are to your painting, the smaller the nudge will be.Procreate Artists' HandbookTransform: Advanced manipulation 166Zoom/pan shortcutWhile transforming it is possible to move your view around without committing your changes.Hold the Transform button and zoom/pinch to adjust your view. Let go of the Transform button to go back to transforming your object.Procreate Artists' Handbook Transform: Advanced manipulation 167Quick Transform shortcutWhile painting it is possible to transform your layer quickly.If you want to quickly move or scale your layer, hold the Transform button down with one hand and move your layer with the other hand. As soon as you let go of the Transform button, Procreate will commit the transform and switch you right back to whatever tool you were using before!Procreate Artists' Handbook Transform: Advanced manipulation 168SelectionsSection 1Making a basic selectionUse Procreates powerful freehand selection tool to isolate elements of your artwork for further refinements.Procreate Artists' HandbookSelections: Making a basic selection 170Selections mode ONModifiersEnabling Selection modeAs soon as you tap the Selections icon, Selection mode becomes active and the icon glows blue.You'll notice that when you touch the canvas you won't be painting any more, you'll be outlining your selection.Youll notice the sidebar has several disabled selection modifiers. These become available as you start to draw your selection.When you're finished using your selection, tap the Selection icon and you'll notice it turn grey to indicate the selection is now off. You can now paint on the canvas as normal.Procreate Artists' HandbookSelections: Making a basic selection 171Starting a selectionProcreate's selection tool offers two ways to create precise and fluid selections while still being able to zoom, pan and rotate your canvas.FreehandDrag your finger around on the canvas just like you were drawing. Dont be afraid to lift your finger off, you can continue by placing it down again.PolygonTap your finger on the canvas where you would like to place a corner node. As you tap around, you will see the dashed lines complete a straight line from your last point.Pro tip:You can combine the use of freehand and polygon style to create unique shapes.Procreate Artists' HandbookSelections: Making a basic selection 172Selection starting pointTap finger for straight linesDrag finger for freehand curvesMasked areaPainting areaProcreate Artists' HandbookSelections: Making a basic selection 173Closing a selectionThere are several ways to close your selection to give you various amounts of control, depending on what your next step might be.When you apply your selection you will see it turn into a mask, indicated by moving diagonal lines.To apply your selection do one of the following:Tap the starting pointDraws a straight line from your last point to the blue node. Now you can select Paint, or modify your selection further.Tap the Paint iconApply the selection and choose brush you were using lastall in one quick step.Tap the Plus/Minus iconApply the selection and keep Selection mode active for further modifications (see next section for more details).Tap Transform toolIsolate and transform the contents of the selection.Procreate Artists' HandbookSelections: Making a basic selection 174About masksIf youre unfamiliar with masks and how they work, heres a basic explanation to quickly get you on your way:Procreate masks work just the same way as you would mask your house if you were painting the walls. You put masking tape over the parts you dont want to get paint on and then paint the parts that arent covered by the mask.In Procreate, the masking tape is shown by the diagonal lines across your painting. These are the safe areas that wont be affected.Selections mode ONPaint ONPainting with a maskWith an active mask you can stop worrying about ruining the important parts of your artwork.When you have made your selection and are ready to get back to your artwork, tap the Paint, Smudge or Erase tools.Youll now notice that both the Selections icon and the Paint/Smudge/Erase icon is highlighted. This lets you know that youre ready to paint inside your new mask.Procreate Artists' HandbookSelections: Making a basic selection 175Section 2Modifying a selectionOnce you're familiar with the basics of Procreate's Selection tool, check out this section to give you even more control over your artwork.Procreate Artists' HandbookSelections: Modifying a selection 176Painting area Masked area Newly added painting areaAdd to your selectionYou can add extra shapes to your selection by using the Add icon on the side toolbar.Each time you tap Add, the area inside the dashed line will be added to the current selection. In the example above, you can see the result of the Add Selection action indicated by the blue line (for example purposes only).Procreate Artists' Handbook Selections: Modifying a selection 177Painting area Masked area Newly subtracted masked areaSubtract from your selectionYou can cut away shapes from your selection by using the Subtract icon on the side toolbar.Each time you tap Subtract, the area inside dashed line will subtract from the current selection. If they are overlapping, it will appear to cut a chunk out of your selection. In the example above, you can see the result of the Subtract Selection action indicated by the blue line (for example purposes only).Procreate Artists' Handbook Selections: Modifying a selection 178ClearClear a selectionWhile in Selection mode, tap the X icon on the side toolbar to clear your current selection.There can be two levels to clearing a selection:If you have a mask (diagonal lines on canvas) beneath a non-committed selection (dashed outline), tapping Clear will remove the non- committed selection first.Tapping Clear again will clear the mask, leaving you with no selection.Procreate Artists' HandbookSelections: Modifying a selection 179UndoUndo a mistakeYou can also use the Undo (and redo) button to go back many steps to fix up a selection if necessary.When using the Selection tool in a polygon fashion, each undo will go back one tap.Procreate Artists' HandbookSelections: Modifying a selection 180InvertInvertAt any time you can invert a selection by tapping the invert icon on the side toolbar.You will notice that the diagonal lines displaying your masked area will swap from inside to outside or vice versa to indicate which area is now protected.Procreate Artists' HandbookSelections: Modifying a selection 181Reloading a maskYou can reload your last used selection with a tap and hold on the Selection icon.Reloading your last used selection will also activate Selection mode. From here you can add or subtract from your selection if you wish.Procreate Artists' HandbookSelections: Modifying a selection 182Hold to reload maskNotificationTap field to select only painted pixelsProcreate Artists' HandbookSelections: Modifying a selection 183Select Layer ContentsUse any existing layers pixel data to make a selection.By using the Select Layer Contents feature from the Layer Details menu, you will select any painted pixels from that layer. Procreate then activates Selection mode, giving you the same options as any other selection.Using Select Layer Contents will reference transparency on the current layer, which can be great for feathering effects.Adjusting the selection mask UITucked away in Actions > Prefs, you will find a setting to adjust the Selection mask visibility.Adjusting the slider will change the strength of the mask pattern so you can get it just the way you like it. For the best results, adjust it while the mask is active.UndoProcreate Artists' HandbookSelections: Modifying a selection 184ActionsSection 1Importing imagesLearn how to import artwork or images into Procreate.Procreate Artists' HandbookActions: Importing images 186Insert from PhotosImport an image from your Camera Roll straight to your canvas.The first time you use this option your iPad will ask for access to your Photos library. Once you allow it youll see a feed from your camera roll.Once you select the image you can move and scale it however you like.Pro tip:You can use an image to trace, or just as a reference. You can also try saving assets you always use to Photos and reusing them to save you drawing them all the time!Access your camera rollProcreate Artists' HandbookActions: Importing images 187External sourceTake a photoTake a photo and drop it straight onto your canvas.Import from iTunesTo access a file from your Procreate iTunes folder, youll need to add them manually through the iTunes interface (see page 198 for a screenshot)Download from DropboxProcreate can pull an image from your Dropbox account to your canvas. If you dont already have Dropbox set up, you will need to follow a few simple steps to allow Procreate to access your folders. If youre still having difficulties, head to the Dropbox website.Paste from ClipboardPaste an image from your iPads clipboard. This can be a layer from any Procreate artwork or even another app! If this is option is disabled, or not pasting the up-to-date content, the requested clipboard data is not supported by Procreate.Not always availableProcreate Artists' HandbookActions: Importing images 188Section 2Canvas actionsFlip your canvas for proportion checking, copy merged artwork and check canvas metadata.Procreate Artists' HandbookActions: Canvas actions 189Flip canvasMany artists love to reverse their artwork to check their proportions. Its a great way to get a different perspective on your art!To flip your canvas select the Flip horizontally or Flip vertically options. Your canvas will flip instantly.Flip orientationsProcreate Artists' HandbookActions: Canvas actions 190Copy canvas to clipboardA handy feature that will grab your whole canvas and take a snapshot to the clipboard.Copying your canvas to the clipboard will capture all layers just as you see them. If a layer is turned off, it will not be captured.Once the canvas is copied you can paste it into the current artwork, another one in the gallery or even another app that accepts images.Copy whole canvas to clipboardProcreate Artists' HandbookActions: Canvas actions 191Artwork metadataView the dimensions, file size and video size of your artwork.Canvas dimensionsThis can be handy for finding out the size of an imported artwork after you made it, or when you import a picture as a new canvas. All canvas dimensions are in pixels.File sizeThe canvas file size will increase with larger dimensions and more layers. This information can be helpful should you need to clear space on your iPad.Recorded videoThis is an estimate of the video size of you creating your artwork in Procreate. For any artwork done prior to version 1.9, there will be no video data.DetailsProcreate Artists' HandbookActions: Canvas actions 192Section 3Sharing artworkA brief explanation of the file formats Procreate outputs and how it uses email, Twitter, Facebook, Weibo and iTunes to share your artwork and its video.Procreate Artists' HandbookActions: Sharing artwork 193File formatsProcreate features several file formats with varying features suiting different purposes.PNGPNG will flatten your artwork and retain full quality (we call this lossless). While slightly larger in file size, PNG will also save any transparency you have in your artwork.JPEGA lossy format that will flatten your artwork into a single layer. JPEG format is great for quickly sharing an image as the file size is low.ProcreateThe native format used for storing all artwork data inside the app. If using the .procreate format, all layer information will be kept intact.PhotoshopA standard PSD that will export layers, layer names, opacity, visibility and blend modes exactly as per your Procreate doc.Procreate Artists' HandbookActions: Sharing artwork 194Share DestinationsDepending on which filetype youve chosen, you will see a combination of the following:iTunes DropboxPhotosEmailProcreate Artists' HandbookActions: Sharing artwork 195Facebook TwitterWeiboEmailEasily share your artwork using your iPads Mail app.Supported filetypesPNG, JPG, Procreate and PSD.Select the desired format and Procreate will load your artwork into an email, ready to send. If you select a PNG or JPG your image will be displayed inline. A Procreate file will show an icon.Pro tipWhy not collaborate with friends by sendinga .procreate file around to see what comes of it?Sharing by email requires an active account on your iPads Mail app. For maximum compatibility, Procreate will not limit your attachment size. If your emails don't send, ask your IT consultant about your email size limit.Procreate Artists' HandbookActions: Sharing artwork 196TwitterTweet your latest artwork to your Twitter followers.Supported filetypeJPGSharing to Twitter will set up a tweet, ready to go to all of your followers on Twitter. Once the image has been prepared you can type your tweet, add your location and choose which account to send it from if you have multiple accounts set up.Twitter will be disabled if you have not set up an account on your device. Go to your Settings App > Twitter to link your account to your device.Twitter has a limit of 1 image per tweet.Procreate Artists' HandbookActions: Sharing artwork 197FacebookEasily share your artwork with all of your Facebook friends.Supported filetypeJPGIf you have linked your Facebook account (Settings app > Facebook) just share to Facebook to prepare an image for upload. You can even share multiple images at once!Once the images have been prepared you can enter a message to go with your images, choose the privacy settings or add a location.To change the album Procreate places the images into, tap the Album heading.Procreate Artists' HandbookActions: Sharing artwork 198Sina WeiboIts just as easy to share your artwork on the popular Asian Facebook alternative.Supported filetypeJPGIf you have linked your Sina Weibo account (Settings app > Sina Weibo) just share to Sina Weibo to prepare an image for upload. Add a customised message if you wish and hit Post to publish it to your followers.To access the Sina Weibo Sharing option, you will need to set up a Weibo account in your iPads Settings app.Procreate Artists' HandbookActions: Sharing artwork 199iTunesExporting to iTunes is great for speedy transfers and backups to your Mac or PC.Supported filetypesPNG, JPG, Procreate and PSD.After youve shared your artwork to iTunes, head over to your computer. Plug your device in using your cable and open iTunes. Once your device is detected select it on the left pane. With your device selected, choose the Apps heading along the top and scroll down. You should see a list of apps inside a box. Select Procreate and drag the artwork out of iTunes or use the buttons to save the artwork to your computer.You can import a canvas back to Procreate by dropping it back into this folder and using the Create > Import > iTunes feature.Choose the Apps tabProcreate Artists' HandbookActions: Sharing artwork 200Select ProcreateView exported filesDropboxThe super-handy cloud service Dropbox makes an appearance to help you access data online.Support filetypesPNG, JPG, Procreate and PSD.If you have the Dropbox app installed on your device, the first time you choose this Procreate will switch to it and ask you to log in. Once you have logged in, it will remember the link.If you dont have the Dropbox app installed, a dialogue will pop up prompting you to enter your account details. Again, once you have logged in, it will remember the link.Procreate Artists' HandbookActions: Sharing artwork 201PhotosSaving to Photos is a great way to save work in progress, finished art or frequently used items.Supported filetypesPNG and JPG.Sharing to Photos will place your flattened artwork into your Camera Roll.Pro tipIf you keep using the same assets in your artwork, why not save them out to Photos so you can keep importing them and saving time? This works great for characters, objects and your own signature.Procreate Artists' HandbookActions: Sharing artwork 202Choose either JPG or PNGVideoWhile you create your artwork Procreate is always recording in glorious, 1080p high definition!*Seeing how someone creates a masterpiece can be just as interesting as the finished product. Its great for learning new techniques, too!Procreate can export your video to Photos, email, Dropbox or iTunes (which can all be seen on the previous pages). The video will be automatically sped up too, to