Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering

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Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Experimental and Computational Mechanics in EngineeringICECME 2020, Banda Aceh, October 13–14

Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering

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AkhyarEditor

Proceedings of the 2ndInternational Conferenceon Experimentaland ComputationalMechanics in EngineeringICECME 2020, Banda Aceh, October 13–14

123

EditorAkhyarSyiah Kuala UniversityAceh, Indonesia

ISSN 2195-4356 ISSN 2195-4364 (electronic)Lecture Notes in Mechanical EngineeringISBN 978-981-16-0735-6 ISBN 978-981-16-0736-3 (eBook)https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0736-3

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer NatureSingapore Pte Ltd. 2021This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whetherthe whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse ofillustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, andtransmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similaror dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in thispublication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt fromthe relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in thisbook are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor theauthors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material containedherein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regardto jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

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Preface

We are proud to present these updated research papers of the Lecture Note inMechanical Engineering which contains 47 scientific papers. The papers discussthe latest research results or latest trends and development in the fields of com-putational mechanics, metallurgy and material science, energy, manufacturingprocessing systems, industrial and system engineering, biomechanics, artificialintelligence, micro-/nanoengineering, microelectromechanical system, machinelearning, mechatronics, and engineering design. This book provides informationabout research activities in various countries since the authors of the papers camefrom Indonesia, Malaysia, Japan, India, Thailand, and Taiwan.

The editor would like to extend gratitude to Prof. Louis Cacetta from CurtinUniversity—Australia, Prof. Yoshikazu Nakai from Kobe University—Japan,Prof. Chetan Singh Solanki from IIT Bombay—India, Assoc. Prof. Ir. Ts. Dr. MohdRizal Alkahari from Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM)—Malaysia, andAssoc. Prof. Anupun Terdwongworakul, Ph.D., from Kasetsart University—Thailand, for sharing his knowledge and insights in the keynote address. A specialthank is awarded to the reviewers and editorial team, for their effort in the reviewand editing of the papers. The editor would also like to express their appreciation tothe staff of Scientific.Net for their full cooperation during the preparation of thiscollection of research papers.

Aceh, Indonesia Dr. AkhyarChairman

Dr. Mohd. IqbalChief Editor

v

Contents

Effect of Densification Pressure on Physical and CombustionProperties of Binderless Briquettes Made from Rice-Huskand Coffee-Pulp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Alchalil, Adi Setiawan, Juwaini, and Taufiq Bin Nur

Characteristics of Lightweight Bricks Composed of Clayand Diatomite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9Muttaqin Hasan, Taufiq Saidi, Husaini, Muhammad Jamil,and Zikratul Rhina

Thermal Characteristics of Oil Palm Wood and Ramie Fiber as RawMaterials for Thermal Insulation Bio Board . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21I. Mawardi, Samsul Rizal, S. Aprilia, and M. Faisal

Effect of Soil Composition on the Corrosion Rate of UndergroundWater Distribution Pipes in Natural Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Reza Putra, Muhammad, Syifaul Huzni, and Syarizal Fonna

Finite Element Model of Magnetic Induction Tomography for LowConductivity Sample . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45Liyana Isamail and Muhamad Husaini Abu Bakar

Airside Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop on the Spiral Finned-TubeCompact Heat Exchanger with Sharp Turns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53Dedi Afandi, Ahmad Syuhada, and Sarwo Edhy Sofyan

Preparation of Chitosan-Silver Nanoparticles Immobilized ontoPumice for Antibacterial Testing Against Escherichia coli . . . . . . . . . . . 63M. Adlim, M. I. Hidayat, N. Azmi, and R. F. I. Ramayani

Study of the Effect Sudu Length on Electricity Power Generatedby Wind Speed in Banda Aceh Beach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73Abdul Munir, Ahmad Syuhada, and Muhammad Ilham Maulana

vii

Study of Temperature Uniformity on the Multi-shelf TypeDrying System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81Dina Shabri, Ahmad Syuhada, and Razali

Design and Analysis of Automatic Fish Dryer Prototype . . . . . . . . . . . . 91Kevin Raynaldo, Richie Andrianto, and Steven Darmawan

Experimental Study the Effect of Reduction Temperature of Iron OreBriquettes on Minimum Energy of Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103T. H. A. Furqan, Khairil, and Nurdin Ali

Techno-Economic Analysis for Energy Fulfillmentin the University Farm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113Maidi Saputra and Hamdani Umar

Thermal Performance of a Heat-Pipe Evacuated-Tube SolarCollector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125Wayan Nata Septiadi, I. Ketut Gede Wirawan, I. Putu Agus Saskara Yoga,Gerardo Janitra Puriadi Putra, and Sulthan Alif Ramadhan Lazuardy

An Experimental Model for the Prediction of Chip Thicknessin Steel Turning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137L. B. Abhang, Mohd. Iqbal, and M. Hameedullah

The Effect of Atmosphere Media on Temperature and Massof Torrefacted Coffee Beans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151M. Faisal, Khairil, Husni Husin, and Y. Abubakar

Boundary Element Inverse Analysis (BEIA) Simulation for DetectingCorrosion Location in Reinforced Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161Syahrul Fathi, M. Abrar Masykuri, Israr Bin M. Ibrahim, Syarizal Fonna,and Syifaul Huzni

Performance of Ultrasonic Atomization on Mini Sea WaterHumidification and Dehumidification Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169I. D. G. Agustriputra, Putu Wijaya Sunu, Sudirman, Nyoman Sugiartha,I. Wayan Temaja, and Wayan Nata Septiadi

Experimental Research of Solar Cooker with High Solar EnergyConcentration Using Parabolic Dish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179Muhammad Amin, Fazri Amir, Nasruddin A. Abdullah,Agus Putra A. Samad, Hamdani Umar, and Aron Okto Tri Yanto Sirait

Investigation the Effect of Concrete Element Size on the PotentialDistribution of RC Cathodic Protection Simulation UsingBEM 3D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189Iqbal Tanjung, Affandi, Syifaul Huzni, and Syarizal Fonna

viii Contents

Design and Calibration of Temperature Monitoring Device for a ColdBox with Hydrated Salts as Phase Change Material (PCM) . . . . . . . . . . 199Gunawati, M. N. Nasruddin, Adi Setiawan, K. Sebayang, A. Makruf,and Zakaria

Stress Analysis of the LN2 Storage Container on Head and NozzlesUsing Finite Element Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211Asbar, Amir Zaki Mubarak, Muhardian Supanji, Irwansyah, and Irwansyah

Using QFD and FMEA to Improve Maintenance Effectivenessin a Petroleum Refinery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217Fauzan Rahman, Mohamad Sazali Said, Azmi Hassan,Mohd Shahrizan Yusoff, and Surya Atmadyaya

Maintenance Strategy for Engine Oil 100-Ton Truck Using TaguchiMethod at Coal Mining Company . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233Surya Atmadyaya, Mohamad Sazali Said, Azmi Hassan, Fauzan Rahman,and Iwan Susanto

Effect of Pineapple Leaf Fiber Volume Fraction with 157 BQTN-EXas a Matrix on the Tensile Strength of the Composite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247Muhammad, Reza Putra, T. Hafli, and Asnawi

The Effect of Tool Angles on Welding Temperature in Friction StirLap Welding Process on AA1100 Aluminum Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253Suwarsono, Budiono, R. H. Hendaryati, and W. B. Wicaksono

Slow Pyrolysis of Areca-Nut Fibres in a-Pilot Scale Batch Reactor . . . . 263Tuti Aryati, Akbar Williansyah, Zulnazri, and Adi Setiawan

Stress Analysis on an Automotive Lower Arm Steered on the Straightand Turning Roads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271Wahyudin, Husaini, and T. E. Putra

Quality Improvement in a Multi-cavity Injection Moulding ProcessUsing Response Surface Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277H. T. Toh and Adnan Hassan

Stress and Strain Analysis of the Traditional Boat Jaloe Kayoh Madeof Composite Materials with Centered Loading Using the FiniteElement Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289Akram Tamlicha, Samsul Rizal, Iskandar Hasanuddin, Adhittya Pahlevi,Nazaruddin, M. M. Noor, and Ichsan Setiawan

Numerical Analysis of Traditional Aceh Fishing Boat with VariousScenario Loading and Hull Thickness, Manufacturing by MetalPlasma Cutting and Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301Akhyar, Akram Tamlicha, Iskandar Hasanuddin, Yusrizal Muchlis,Amir Zaki Mubarak, Azwinur, Teuku Muhammad Yusuf,and Asbahrul Amri

Contents ix

A Simple Low-Cost Apparatus for of Single Fiber TensileStrength Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319S. Sabri, Z. Fuadi, R. Kurniawan, I. Hajar, Samsul Rizal, and H. Homma

Three Dimensional Modeling Fractured Bone ReconstructionUsing CT Scan Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331Irwansyah, Asbar, Redyarsa D. Bintara, Jiing-Yih Lai, and Pei-Yuan Lee

FAE Analysis of Boat Propeller with Differences of LoadingConditions and Manufacturing by Casting Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339Iqbal, Nurdin Ali, Husni Husin, Akhyar, Khairil, and Ahmad Farhan

A Novel Analysis on Ethanol Droplets Heated by ElectromagneticEnergy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353Lukas Kano Mangalla and Hiroshi Enomoto

CFD Investigation on Aerodynamic Characteristics and Performanceof Windmill Aerator Type Savonius Four Blade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367Darwin Harun, M. Dirhamsyah, Syarizal Fonna, Akhyar, Syifaul Huzni,and Muhammad Tadjuddin

The Influence of Triple Tube Heat Exchanger as a Liquid CollectingSystem on Bio-oil Production by Pyrolysis Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381Nasruddin A. Abdullah, Zainal Arif, Suheri, Nazaruddin,and Hamdani Umar

Experimental Study of Thermoelectric Cooler Box Using Heat Sinkwith Vapor Chamber as Hot Side Cooling Device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389Adi Winarta, I. Made Rasta, I. Nyoman Suamir, and I. G. K. Puja

The Application of R Software as a Statistical Tool for MechanicalData Clustering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401A. Saputra, H. Sofyan, and T. E. Putra

Optimization of Struvite Batch Crystallization Reactor for RecoveryProcess from Urea Fertilizer Plant Wastewater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411R. Ulfa, I. Machdar, S. Suhendrayatna, and Y. Yunardi

Image Processing, Symbolic PDE Computing, and FEA: A SimulationStudy of Stress Distribution in Heterogeneous Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421Israr Bin M. Ibrahim, Syarizal Fonna, and Ramana M. Pidaparti

The Effect of Filter Size Rating and Oil Operating Hour on HydraulicOil Contamination Control Using a Developed off BoardFiltering System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431Iwan Susanto, Muhammad Al-Hapis Abdul Razak, Azmi Hassan,Surya Atmadyaya, and Tumianto

x Contents

A Study on the Effect of Chimney Roof Angle Towards TemperatureUniformity on Multilevel Dryer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447Ratna Sary and Ahmad Syuhada

The Effect of Hardening on Mechanical Properties of Low Alloy SteelGrinding Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459Husni Usman, Syarizal Fonna, Syifaul Huzni, Teuku Irvan Ramadhan,and Tommy Octaviantana

Fly Ash Utilization in Rigid Pavement Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471F. M. Suryani, Samsul Rizal, Nasruddin A. Abdullah, and M. Isya

Feature Variations on the Cartesian 3D Print Machine UsingVibration and Sound Signal Readings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481M. Dirhamsyah, Hammam Riza, Fenda Dwi Ariefianto, Udink Aulia,and Mohd. Zaki Bin Nuawi

The Development of Two Wheel Mobil Robot: Generated PathUsing Simulation and Actual Path of Mobile Robot Are Compared . . . 501T. Firsa, Muhammad Tadjuddin, Iskandar, and Syahriza

Study of the Sound Absorption Characteristics of Abacaand Coconut Coir Fibers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519T. Firsa, Muhammad Tadjuddin, M. Iqbal, and R. Syah Putra

Contents xi

Stress Analysis of the LN2 StorageContainer on Head and Nozzles UsingFinite Element Method

Asbar, Amir Zaki Mubarak, Muhardian Supanji, Irwansyah,and Irwansyah

Abstract Liquid nitrogen (LN2) container is a common pressure vessel used forstorage in the fertilization industry. Due to it works at a design temperatureof –196 °C and design pressure 1.02 MPa, the fluids may be evaporated if there is aleak in the pressure vessel. Mostly of vessel leaks are caused by stress eitherinternal or external pressure. Leaks may occur by the significant stress concentra-tion, particularly at vessel head nozzles. The objective of this study to analyze themaximum stress of LN2 storage tank head using finite element analysis. The LN2container material is Stainless Steel 304 with yield strength 205 MPa. The initialstress simulation results carried out from three different locations of stress con-centration at the head. Then the result was compared with analytical calculations.The result of stress analysis presents the maximum stress in the LN2 storage tank is279.8 MPa. The result is not allowable due to it exceeds yield strength (ry)205 MPa. Hence, the reinforcement strip in the nozzle model was applied. Themaximum stress of LN2 container redesign presents 162.2 MPa. The results showthat maximum stress concentration was in a safe condition.

1 Introduction

The liquid nitrogen (LN2) storage tank is a common pressure vessel found to storeor transmit the fluids at different temperatures and pressure from ambient in thefertilizer plant. Pressure vessels are defined as containers for the containment ofpressure, either internal or external. This pressure may be obtained from an externalsource, or by the application of heat from a direct or indirect source, or anycombination sources [1]. The LN2 storage container was fabricated by complex

Asbar (&) � A. Z. Mubarak � M. Supanji � IrwansyahDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh 23111,Indonesiae-mail: asbar@unsyiah.ac.id

IrwansyahPT Pupuk Iskandar Muda, Krueng Geukueh, Aceh Utara PO. Box 021 Indonesia

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021Akhyar (ed.), Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Experimentaland Computational Mechanics in Engineering, Lecture Notes in MechanicalEngineering, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0736-3_21

211

geometric structures which is lead to some drawbacks [2–4]. Due to it works at adesign temperature of −196 °C and design pressure 1.02 MPa, the fluids may beevaporated if there is a leak in the pressure vessel. Mostly of vessel leaks due tostress caused by either internal or external pressure. Despite the wall thickness,other factors like the effect of supports, types of end covers used for closing thevessel, nozzles, thickness variation, and external attachments like piping systemcaused uneven stress distribution in the pressure vessel. ASME Boiler and PressureVessel provide a large factor of safety at the geometrical discontinuity areas [5, 6].Hechmer and Hollinger have studied stress behavior at the nozzle vessel intersectedregion and recommend to use the 3-D finite element models for studying the stressbehavior of a nozzle-to-cylinder intersection structure [7, 8]. The stress distributionin a horizontal pressure vessel using finite element analysis has been studied [9].The stress concentration usually among of the connection between the vessel andthe piping system. Therefore, in this study, the maximum stress in the LN2 pressurevessel, at the head and nozzles were calculated and analyzed to get the safety designof the container.

2 Methods

In this study, the LN2 storage container fabricated by Toyo EngineeringCorporation was used as a pressure vessel model, with vertical type and locatedoutdoor. This type of pressure vessel consists of a shell, head, nozzle, support, andother components. Vessel head type is ellipsoidal with five (5) nozzles on the upperhead and four (4) nozzles on the bottom head. The LN2 storage container speci-fication is presented in Table 1 and the material properties are shown in Table 2.Then calculation refers to the ASME (American Society of Mechanical Engineers)Sect. VIII Div 1.

Analytical calculation of pressure vessel based on internal pressure calculationrefer to ASME Section VIII Division 1. Shell with cylindrical type and a thin wall wascalculated and analyzed. The thickness of the shell calculated using Eqs. 1 and 2.

Table 1 LN2 storage tank Properties

Fluid Nitrogen cair

Location Outdoor

Capacity 50 m3

Operation pressure (Po) 0.88 MPa

Design pressure (Pd) 1.02 MPa

Operation temperature (To) −171 °C

Design temperature (Td) −196 °C

Corrosion factor (CA) 3

Welding efficiency (E) 0.85

Support type Legs support

212 Asbar et al.

t ¼ PRi

2SE � 0:4Pð1Þ

t ¼ PRi

SE � 0:6Pð2Þ

Stress on pressure vessel act by pressure in a longitudinal direction (longitudinalstress) and circular (circumferential stress). Longitudinal stress on the shell wascalculated using Eq. 3 and circumferential stress calculated using Eq. 4.

rx ¼ PðRi � 0:4tÞ2Et

ð3Þ

r/ ¼ PðRi þ 0:6tÞEt

ð4Þ

According to ASME Section VIII, to calculate maximum stress on the ellipsoidalhead could be addressed on three points around the head. On the point x calculatedusing Eq. 5, at the center of the head using Eq. 6, and at the tangent line usingEq. 7. While equivalent stress which is the combination of longitudinal and cir-cumferential stress was calculated using the distortion energy method or knownwell called Von Mises. Equivalent stress calculated using Eq. 8.

rx ¼ PRL

2t; dan r/ ¼ PRt

t1� RL

2Rm

� �ð5Þ

rx ¼ PR2

2th; dan r/ ¼ rx ð6Þ

rx ¼ PR2t

; dan r/ ¼ PRt

1� R2

2h2

� �ð7Þ

r0 ¼ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffir2x þ r2/ � rxr/

qð8Þ

LN2 Storage container model designed using Autodesk Inventor Professional2020 software and analyzed using PC Desk computer Intel (R) Core i7, RAM16 GB, as shown in Fig. 1.

Table 2 Material propertiesof Stainless Steel type SA 240Gr. 304 [10]

Property

Young’s modulus 203,000 MPa

Mass density 8000 kg/m3

Yield strength 205 MPa

Tensile strength 515 MPa

Stress Analysis of the LN2 Storage Container on Head … 213

3 Discussion

Stress analysis using an analytical approach was calculated to refer to ASMESection VIII. It employs to validate the result of pressure vessel model calculation,as shown in Fig. 2. Both approaches, computer simulation, and analytical calcu-lation, even though shown differentiate results but it is not significant. It means thatthe developed model is acceptable for further analysis and calculation.

Then the maximum stress that occurred on the entire surface of the LN2 storagecontainer was evaluated by simulating the model with software Autodesk InventorProfessional 2020. The result showed that stress distribution is concentrated on thebottom head of the vessel, as presented in Fig. 3. It indicates a nozzle presented ahigher stress concentration 279.8 Mpa, see in Fig. 3a. This result is not acceptable

Fig. 1 LN2 Storage container, a pressure vessel, b 3D model, c mesh model

Calculated position at container head

Von MisesSimulation Analytic

1 79 Mpa 84,2 Mpa

2 100,1 Mpa 98,3 Mpa

3 59,4 Mpa 58,2 Mpa

(a)(b)

Fig. 2 Maximum stress concentration on vessel head, a comparison results, b simulation

214 Asbar et al.

due to higher than allowable stress 205 MPa, whereas (rmax � ry). For solution,the modified pressure vessel at initial design steps was conducted by adding extrareinforced strip around the nozzles, namely known as reinforcement factor (Rf), aspresented in Fig. 3b, c.

After redesign by adding the reinforcement on the nozzle, the pressure vesselwas restimulated to find the maximum stress concentration. It found that theredesigned model was given the maximum stress 162.2 MPa which is below theallowable stress 205 MPa (rmax � ry). It means that the redesign LN2 storagecontainer is acceptable, as presented in Fig. 4.

4 Conclusion

3D model of LN2 storage container was successfully generated and simulated. Theequivalent stress of model simulation results was compared with the analyticalapproach which is not significantly different. The maximum stress at the nozzlebottom head 279.8 MPa, shows that the pressure vessel unsafe due to the resultshigher than yield strength material. Reinforcement (Rf) was employed as the extraat the nozzle. The result significantly improves 162.2 MPa, lower than yieldstrength 205 MPa (rMAX � ry). It can be concluded that the LN2 storage con-tainer design is safe.

Fig. 3 Stress distribution on the LN2 storage, a the container, b head bottom, c nozzles

Stress Analysis of the LN2 Storage Container on Head … 215

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5. ASME BPVC—Section VIII, Division 1: Rules for Construction of Pressure Vessels (2010)6. ASME Section VIII—Division 2 Criteria and Commentary (2014)7. Hollinger GL, Hechmer JL (1991) Phase 1 report: Three-dimensional stress criteria. New

York, NY: PVRC. Grant 89-16 and 90-138. Hechmer JL, Hollinger GL (1998) 3D stress criteria e guidelines for application. Welding

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Int J Press Vessels Pip 87:239–24410. ASME (2015) Rules for Construction of Pressure Vessel Section VIII. Division 1. The

American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, USA

Fig. 4 Maximum stress after applied reinforcement at nozzles

216 Asbar et al.