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PROCEEDINGS International Workshop on Sustainable Management of Lowland for Rice Production Banjarmasin, 27-28 September 2012

INDONESIAN AGENCY FOR AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE

2013

PROCEEDINGS International Workshop on Sustainable Management of Lowland for Rice Production Banjarmasin, 27-28 September 2012

EDITORS:

Edi Husen (Chair) Dedi Nursyamsi (Member)

Muhammad Noor (Member)

Arifin Fahmi (Member)

Irawan (Member)

I G.P. Wigena (Member)

MANAGING EDITOR

Widhya Adhy

Wahid Noegroho

Published in 2013:

Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development Ministry of

Agriculture

Jl. Ragunan 29. Pasar Minggu

Jakarta Selatan 12540. Indonesia

Telp (021) 7806202

Fax (021) 7800644

e-mail: [email protected]

www.litbang.deptan.go.id

Funded by DIPA Balai Penelitian Pertanian Lahan Rawa TA 2013

ISBN 978-602-8977-65-4

i

FOREWORD

In Indonesia, there are about 33.4 million ha of wetlands, 9.5 million ha of which are

suitable for agriculture. Approximately 5 million out of 9.5 million ha of the land have

been reclaimed and used by farmers, government, and private sectors for crop production,

such as in Sumatera and Kalimantan. This wetland becomes more important in the future

as an alternative land for food production due to an increase growth of human population

and accelerated reduction of fertile land. However, the uniqueness of wetland properties,

its utilization for agriculture requires a proper management to ensure the sustainability of

the ecosystem and productivity of the land for crop production.

So far, a lots of learning and experience gained from the development of wetland areas.

For example, today we see a large and growing number of cities such as Palembang,

Banjarmasin, Palangkaraya, Pontianak, Pekanbaru, and Jambi was originally developed

from wetlands, which previously flooded during rainy season. Some provinces such as

South Kalimantan, Jambi, West Kalimantan, and South Sumatera, their sources of food

supply, especially rice, were produced from wetlands. Likewise for other crops, especially

coconut, oil palm and rubber, were also cultivated extensively in wetlands. This shows a

significant contribution of wetland to the development of the region with a strong base in

agriculture, especially for food security and farmer’s livelihoods.

In the future, swamplands will be a basis for the development of agriculture, especially

foodcrop, because of the difficulties in finding fertile land and the increase demand for

food supply. The potential use of swamp land is huge, both in terms of coverage areas and

its capacity and opportunity to increase the productivity of existing land, primarily

through increasing cropping index. Stagnation of swampland development in recent years,

in addition to a low adoption of technological and social aspects, also due to the issues

related to resource diversity and climate change. The productivity of rice in the

swampland is still relatively low (2 to 3 t dry grain ha-1

), whereas the productivity in some

areas with good management can reach 5 to 7 t dry grain ha-1

.

Based on the issues, the papers in this proceedings illustrate the important of wetland for

future food production and the potential use of various appropriate technology innovations

to overcome the complexity of contraints in developing wetlands. The papers presented

and discussed in the workshop are the results of research and development as well as the

concept and experience of researchers from various research institutions and academia, as

well as a success story associated with wetlands management in Indonesia, Vietnam, and

Africa.

Upon completion of the preparation of these proceedings, I thank to all those who

contributed and participated in the organization of workshops, and particularly to the hard

work and creativity of the editorial team.

Hopefully this proceedings is useful for all of us.

Director General of IAARD,

Haryono

iii

TABLE OF CONTENT

Page

FOREWORD ....................................................................................................... i

TABLE OF CONTENT ...................................................................................... iii

WELCOME ADDRESS ...................................................................................... vii

KEYNOTE SPEECH .......................................................................................... ix

CONCLUDING REMARKS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ......................... xiii

MAIN PAPERS

1. Tidal Swamp for Future Food Support in Facing of Climate Change

Muhrizal Sarwani, Mohammad Noor and Edi Husen. ................................... 1

2. Opportunities and Uniqueness of Suitable Lowland Bio-Physics for

Sustainable Rice Production

Bart Schultz .................................................................................................... 13

3. Flood and Tidal Inundation in The Context of Climate Change and Sea

Water Level Rise and Proposed Adaptation Measures in the Mekong Delta

To Quang Toan and Tang Duc Thang ............................................................ 27

4. Strategy of Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation in Lowland

Management for Poverty Alleviation

Lala M. Kolopaking and Mohammad Iqbal ................................................... 39

SUPPORT PAPERS

5. Application of Azolla Pinnata Enhanced Soil N, P, K, and Rice Yield

A. Arivin Rivaie, Soni Isnaini, and Maryati ................................................... 61

6. Raising Corn Technology on Peat Land at Gambut Mutiara Village, Riau

Province

Isdijanto Ar-Riza dan D. Nazemi .................................................................... 67

7. Carbon and Methane Emission at Acid Sulphate Soil of Tidal Swampland

Nurita, M. Alwi, and Y. Raihana .................................................................... 75

8. Mineralisation of Reclaimed Peats for Agriculture: Effects of Lime and

Nitrogen Application

Akhmad R. Saidy ............................................................................................ 87

9. Contribution of Endophytic Microbes in Increasing the Paddy Growth and

Controlling Sheath Blight Diseases at Transplanting Stage on Tidal

Swamps

Ismed Setya Budi, Mariana, Ismed Fachruzi, and Fachrur Rozy ................... 97

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Page

10. Does Rice Straw Application Reduce Iron Concentration and Increase Rice

Yield in Acid Sulphate Soil

Arifin Fahmi and Muhrizal Sarwani ............................................................... 107

11. Emission of Methane and Carbon Dioxide at Management of Organic

Matter on Acid Sulphate Soil under Laboratory Experiment

Wahida Annisa, A. Maas, B. Purwanto, and J. Widada ................................. 115

12. Performance of Some Rice Varieties on Acid Sulphate Soils

Andi Wijaya, Yakup Parto, Imelda Marpaung, and Siti Nurul Aidil Fitri ...... 129

13. Pests at Fresh Swamp and Tidal Lowland of South Sumatra

Khodijah, Siti Herlinda, Chandra Irsan, Yulia Pujiastuti, Rosdah Thalib,

and Tumarlan Thamrin .................................................................................. 137

14. Potential of Indigenous Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria from Fresh-Water

Inceptisols to Increase Soluble P

Nuni Gofar, Hary Widjayanti, and Ni Luh Putu Sri Ratmini ......................... 145

15. Predatory Arthropods on Paddy Field of Fresh Swamp Applied by

Mycoinsecticide and Synthetic Insecticide

Siti Herlinda, David Afriansyah Putra, Chandra Irsan, Yulia Pujiastuti, and

Rosdah Thalib ................................................................................................ 155

16. Preliminary Study of Water Availability Related to Impact of Climate

Change (Case Study: Tanjung Api-Api Port Area, Banyuasin Valley)

Yunan Hamdani, Budhi Setiawan, Dwi Setyawan, and Azhar K. Affandi ...... 165

17. PUGAM: A Specific Fertilizer for Peat Land to reduce Carbon Emission

and Increase Soil Productivity

I G.M. Subiksa ................................................................................................ 175

18. Rice Farming Systems in South Sumatra Tidal Swamp Areas: Problems and

Feed Back Based on Farmer’s Point of Views

Yoyo Soelaeman, Maswar, and Umi Haryati .................................................. 183

19. Sample Preparation for Peat Material Analysis

Masganti ......................................................................................................... 197

20. Technical Approach of Erosion and Sedimentation on Canal (Case Study in

Delta Telang I, Banyuasin, South Sumatra Province)

Achmad Syarifudin, Momon Sodik Imanudin, Arie S. Moerwanto,

Muhammad Yazid, and FX Suryadi ................................................................ 203

21. The Improvement of Idle Peatland Productivity for Paddy through Organic

amelioration

Eni Maftu’ah, Linda Indrayati, dan Mukhlis .................................................. 213

22. Identification of Lowland Irrigation Condition on Irrigation Network

Krueng Aceh and Krueng Jreu in Aceh Besar Deddy Erfandi ................................................................................................ 223

v

Page

23. Optimal Water Sharing for Sustainable Water Resource Utilization by

Applying Intermittent Irrigation and SRI in Paddy Field: Case Study of

Cicatih-Cimandiri Watershed, West Java

Popi Rejekiningrum and Budi I. Setiawan ...................................................... 231

24. Vulnerability Analysis of Flooding in Residential Areas at Sub River

Watershed Borang, Palembang City (Case Study: Sangkuriang Indah

Residential)

Ilmiaty R.S., Susanto R.H., Setiawan B. , FX Suryadi, and Anggrayeni S. ...... 247

25. Utilization Of “Purun Tikus” (Eleocharis Dulcis) To Control The White

Stem Borer In Tidal Swampland

M. Thamrin, S. Asikin, M.A. Susanti and Mahrita Willis ................................ 265

26. The Effect of Hermetic Storage to Preserve Grain Quality in Tidal Lowland,

South Sumatra

Rudy Soehendi, Martin Gummert, Syahri, Renny Utami Somantri, Budi

Raharjo, and Sri Harnanik ............................................................................. 275

27. Conservation Soil Tillage at Rice Culture in Acid Sulphate Soil

R. Smith Simatupang and Nurita .................................................................... 287

28. Relationship between Soil Chemical Properties and Emission of CO2 and

CH4 of Guludan at Surjan Systems in Acid Sulphate Soil

Ani Susilawati and Bambang Hendro Sunarminto ......................................... 299

29. Utilization of Lowlands Swamp for Rice Field in Accordance with Fisheries

and Animal Husbandry (Case Study in Pampangan, South Sumatra

Province, Indonesia)

Dina Muthmainnah, Zulkifli Dahlan, Robiyanto H. Susanto, Abdul Karim

Gaffar, and Dwi Putro Priadi ........................................................................ 307

30. Water Use Efficiency Improvement of Lowland Rice Based on Carbon

Eficient Farming (CEF) in Sukamandi

Umi Haryati and Yoyo Soelaeman ................................................................. 315

31. The Regional of Water Quality Distribution of Peat Swamp Lowland Jambi

Muhammad Naswir, Susila Arita, Marsi, and Salni ....................................... 337

32. The Nutrients Quality of Fiber Palm With Ammoniation-Fermentation

Ali A.I.M., S. Sandi, Muhakka, and Riswandi ................................................. 351

33. Financial Analysis of Citrus Farming on Sorjan System at Tidal Swampland

Yanti Rina D. and Dedi Nursyamsi ................................................................ 357

34. Technology of Iron Toxicity Control on Rice at Acid Sulfate Soils of Tidal

Swamplands

Izhar Khairullah and Muhrizal Sarwani ......................................................... 369

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Page

35. The Potency of Indigenous Rice Cropping System in Conserving the

Natural Enemies of Pest (Predators and Parasitoids) in Back Swampland,

South Kalimantan

Helda Orbani Rosa, Mariana, and Dewi Fitriyanti ....................................... 383

36. Vulnerability the Quality Improvement of Giant Freshwater Prawns

Postlarvae (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) in Swamp Media with Addition

Sodium during the Acclimatization

Ferdinand Hukama Taqwa, Ade Dwi Sasanti, A.K. Gaffar, and Yuri Amiro

Hitosi .............................................................................................................. 389

SCHEDULE OF THE PROGRAM ................................................................... 395

LIST OF PARTICIPANTS ................................................................................. 397

vii

WELCOME ADDRESS

DIRECTOR GENERAL OF INDONESIAN AGENCY OF AGRICULTURAL

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

International Workshop on Sustainable Management

of Lowland for Rice Production

Banjarmasin, 27 - 28 September 2012

Honorable:

Minister for Research and Technology

Vice-Minister of Agriculture

Governor of South Kalimantan

Honorable speakers from UNESCO, Hokkaido University, CIRAD and the

Mekong Delta Research and Development Center

Ladies and gentlemen, workshop participants

Assalamualaikum Warohmatullah Wabarkatuh

Good Morning

First of all, we pray to GOD the Almighty for all the blessings and grace we got, so that

we are able to be present here in International Workshop on Sustainable Management of

Lowland for Rice Production with theme "Lowland for food sufficiency in the global

climate change”.

Honorable Minister, Vice Minister, Governor and all the participants,

Lowland such as swamplands have long been exploited and developed, either by farmers

or by the government and has contributed significantly to national food production.

Based on the available technology and innovation and the potential that can be developed

in the future, we believe that the lowland have potency and strategically as one of the

national barns. In addition, several other issues such as the challenge of the increasing

need for food, while overshadowed by the conversion and degradation of arable land as

well as global warming, lowland is no longer positioned as an alternative resource, but it

has been our hope.

Indonesia alone has the potential to swamp land suitable for farming about 10 million

hectares of the total area of 33.43 million hectares.

However, the newly developed approximately 5 million hectares with production

performance around 600-900.000 tons/year. Productivity can be achieved in the

swampland is between 3-4 t/ha. If optimized to achieve 5-6 t/ha and with increased

viii

cropping intensity, this land can contribute significant additional production. Our

Projections using the lowland of 10 provinces (1 M hectares) with optimization through

increased cropping intensity (IP) and the utilization of abandoned land can be contributed

additional 3.5 million tons of paddy rice per year. In addition, approximately 35% where

the transmigration site swamplands covering 84 Housing Units (UPT) in Kalimantan, 201

in Sumatra and 19 unit in Sulawesi strongly associated with the development of

community development or poverty alleviation.

This workshop will discuss some fundamental related to the development and

management of swamplands, opportunities and uniqueness of swamplands, climate

change, innovative technology of swamplands management, indigenous knowledge in

managing swamplands and various social economic aspects for swampland development.

Besides that, the results of research and development as well as the experiences of the

experts on lowland management will be presented among others by UNESCO-the

Netherland, Hokkaido Univ, Japan, UNSRI, IPB, Unlam and IARRD. There will also be

presented the successes story of the manager or the agency that manage the lowland

(Regent Barito Kuala, Regent Banyuasin, Dr. To Quang Toan (DMDRC, Vietnam), and

Dr. Lidon (CIRAD, Africa). Also, poster presentation will be display during this

international workshop which will attended by almost 150 peoples as academician,

researcher, practicion, decision making from outside and inside of Indonesia. In addition,

participants were also invited to see the success of our lowland in Terantang village,

Barito Kuala district, about 15 km from Banjarmasin, in the side River Barito. The area

has been reclaimed during the 1980s and developed the water system in 1994, which is

now a center for the rice and oranges production in South Kalimantan.

Participants,

On this occasion, I thank you to the Minister of Research and Technology and Vice

Minister of Agriculture to present here at this important workshop and giving key speech,

and we do hope our vice Minister will officially opened the workshop.

Enjoy the workshop while feeling the atmosphere of the lowland in the city of

Banjarmasin. Thank you for your attention.

Wassalamualaikum Warahmatullahi Barakatuh.

Director General of IAARD,

Haryono

ix

KEYNOTE SPEECH

VICE MINISTER OF AGRICULTURE OF THE REPUBLIC

OF INDONESIA


of Lowland for Ric e Production


Assalamu’alaikum Warahmatullahi Wabarokatuh

Good morning, my best wishes for all of us

Ladies and Gentlemen,

In Indonesia, a land clearing of swamp area has been started since 1969 in conjunction

with the Transmigration Program. But long before that, traditional farmers have already

done it in several areas. The opening of swamp land by Indonesian government was based

on the success of the Banjar tribe in Borneo and Bugis tribe in coastal area of Sumatra in

utilization of swamp area for agriculture. About 3 million ha of swamp area have been

opened by the society organizations for cultivation of rice, coconut, and rubber.


So far, a lots of learning and experience gained from the development of swampland

areas. For example, today we see a large and growing number of cities was originally

developed from swamplands, which previously flooded during rainy season. Palembang,

Banjarmasin, Palangkaraya, Pontianak, Pekanbaru, and Jambi is a great example of the

growing cities with a background of swamp land. In addition, some provinces such as

South Kalimantan, Jambi, West Kalimantan, and South Sumatera, their sources of food

supply, especially rice, were produced from swamp areas.

Likewise for other crops, especially coconut, oil palm and rubber, were also cultivated

extensively in swamplands. This shows a significant contribution of swampland to the

development of the region with a strong base in agriculture, especially for food security

and farmer’s livelihoods.

The success of farmers in the use of swampland has disproved the opinions of Western

scientists, in particular Dutch stating that swamplands are unsuitable for cultivation.

However, we also never forget the failure experience in the past, especially in developing

of one million ha of peatlands in 1999. The key of failure is related to the unproperly

planning and development of the model, which is less attention to the environmental

aspects and sustainability of resources. But this failure should be used for learning

x

experience in the development of swamp in the future, particularly in supporting food

security.


In the future, swamplands will be a basis for the development of agriculture, especially

foodcrop, because of the difficulty of finding fertile land and the demand for food

continues to increase.

The potential use of swamp land is huge, both in terms of coverage areas and its capacity

and opportunity to increase the productivity of existing land, primarily through increasing

cropping index (IP). Stagnation of swamp land development in recent years, in addition to

a low adoption of technological and social aspects, also due to the issues related to

resource diversity (biodiversity) and climate change. These issues make us anxiousness

for a while in developing swamplands for agriculture.

Currently, at least 1.2 million ha of swamp land is used for rice production every year

yielded range from 1.0 to 1.5 million tonnes of grain/year. The productivity of rice in the

swampland is still relatively low, i.e. 2 to 3 t dray grain/ha, whereas the productivity in

some areas with good management can reach 5 to 7 t dry grain/ha.

Therefore, the productivity of existing swampland is still potential to be improved by

technological innovation and increasing cropping index (IP). In addition, at certain

conditions, such as under an extreme climate-related drought (El-Nino), more swamp

lands are potentially used for crop production, particularly swampy marsh.

On the other side of the seasonal pattern of rice production in swamplands generally

"contradictory" to the rice field, particularly in Java. At a minimum production (off

season) in Java, it is the peak production in swamplands. This condition, the swamp areas

become a buffer or safety of national food security and potentially as food barn, especially

in challenging of the climate change issues.


Swamp land is part of wetland agroecosystem, meaning that it is dependent on the

upstream (terrestrial) and will have an impact on the downstream (river water, lake).

Besides having roles in food production the swamplands is also very important for

environmental functions. Thus, swamp land management must be integrated with the

environmental management.

Technological innovation in managing of swamp land, rice cultivation in this area and

farmer’s experience in utilization of swamp land are more than enough. However, some

consideration and attention are worth to be noted, such as: (1) characterization and

identification of the development area for transfer of technology, (2) the availability of

facilities and infrastructure of the water system (water gates, ponds), road for farming and

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agricultural machinery (tractors, etc.), (3) institutional farmers and capital, (4) the

accessibility to inputs (seeds, fertilizers, medicines), and (5) market and price guarantees.

To improve farmer welfare, it requires the integration of rice with annual crops

(horticulture, plantations), with fish, or with livestock that is now being developed.

Integration of rice with citrus and vegetables increased farmers' income to be about 5-6

times compared with just rice alone.


Based on the issues, this workshop is very important. The discussion and attention needs

to be addressed to the use of appropriate technology or innovation to overcome the

complexity of swamplands for agriculture. The holistic discussions and approaches are

required to resolve the problems by considering various aspects. It means that the package

of technology to be developed on swamplands should be comprehensive and multi-

purpose.

I hope the workshop today can raise a variety of learning and experience to acquire a

thought, ideas and reliable and comprehensive strategies in managing and utilizing of

swamplands. The description presented on the properties of swamp resources including

land, water, climate, and crop as well as land management will provide an overview that

swamplands are complex and site-specific, thereby it is important to be investigated in

detail before being selected as agricultural land in a wide sense.

Finally, the expectation that SWAMP AS A FOOD BARN IN GLOBAL CLIMATE

CHANGE or Lowland for food sufficiency in the global climate change could become a

reality.

Billahittaufiq wal hidayah, Wassalamu’alaikum Warahmatullahi Wabarakatuh.

Vice Minister of Agriculture,

Rusman Heriawan

xiii

CONCLUDING REMARKS AND RECOMMENDATIONS


of Lowland for Rice Production


International Workshop on Sustainable Management of Lowland for Rice Production on

27-28 September 2012 in Banjarmasin, was officially opened by the Vice Minister of

Agriculture, attended by around 200 participants from various ministries, Universities,

local government and foreign participants from the Netherland, France, Japan and

Vietnam.

This workshop highlights several important conclusions and recommendations as follows:

1. The role of tidal swamp is very strategic as SE Asian rice bowl. This land can buffer

the low production of irrigated rice production areas during the dry season. Despite

fragile land condition, marginal soil fertility, and environmental risks that may arise,

the scarcity of more suitable lands positions the high population density SE Asia to

utilizing this marginal land.

2. From about 33 Mha Indonesian wetland, about 9.5 Mha is considered suitable and

around 5 Mha has been developed for agricultural development.

3. Rice yield of the wetland is relatively low of about 1-4 ton/ha. The yield level and

production can potentially be increased to 5-8 ton/ha through water and soil

management practices and variety improvement.

4. Further expansion of agriculture to these lands must be done very selectively and

cautiously as not to repeat the failure of the notorious 1 Mha ex Mega Rice Project.

The use of peatswamp poses local problems in the forms of peat subsidence, acid

sulphate problem, and disappearance of its role to mitigate floods and droughts. High

potential emissions, which threatens both the national and global environment must

also be fully considered.

5. Several supporting factors are prerequisites in developing tidal swamp areas for rice

production, including: (1) technological innovation, especially on land management,

water management, adaptive-high yielding varieties; (2) water regulation

infrastructure; and (3) improved accessibility to the agricultural areas and to market,

and (4) warranty of market demands.

6. The cases in Vietnam, West Africa and Japan have exemplified the best management

practices for lowland rice cultivation. Water management through avoidance of salt

intrusion effects and development of adaptive variety have been the main key

xiv

management practices of rice cultivation in the Mekong Delta to feed the Vietnamese

people as well as for export. Japan was in an era of emphasizing the development of

high quality and high yielding varieties supported by soil management practices. In

recent years, however, Japan put more emphasis on soil management and

environmental aspects supported by research on development of adaptive, high quality

and high yielding varieties. High yielding varieties actively absorb nutrients from the

planting to maturing stage, while the traditional varieties actively absorb nutrients until

grain tillering stage only. In Western Africa the emphasis is on water distribution to

meet crop requirement.

7. The workshop has emphasized the importance of farmers’ participation in technology

adaptation at farmer level. Socio-economic and cultural systems are also emphasized

as key factors in the sustainable management of lowland for rice production.

8. Research institutions and universities, in collaboration with the central and local

government play a very strategic role in technology development to improve the

synergy between the national strategy, local government priority and farmers’ needs.

CONTRIBUTION OF ENDOPHYTIC MICROBES IN INCREASING THE PADDY GROWTH AND CONTROLLING SHEATH BLIGHT DISEASES AT TRANSPLANTING STAGE ON TIDAL SWAMPS*)

Ismed Setya Budi, Mariana, Ismed Fachruzi, and Fachrur Rozy Lecturer, Faculty of Agriculture, Lambung Mangkurat University. Jl. A. Yani Po Box 1028. Banjarbaru-South Kalimantan. Phone: +6281933753340. Email: [email protected]

Abstract. Tidal swamps are mostly cultivated with local paddy varieties and one of the plant diseases that are very crucial in transplanting stage (taradak, ampak, and lacak) is soil borne pathogen. The research was conducted on tidal swamps type B in Barito Kuala, South Kalimantan. It was M & M arranged in split plot design with the combination of endophytic microbe and transplanting stage application time as the treatments. Endophytic microbes formulation consisted of Trichoderma viride PS-2.1, Nonpathogenic Fusarium PS-1.5, and Pseudomonas fluorescens PS-4.8. Combination application of endophytic microbes and transplanting stage on tidal swamps could decrease the disease intensity of sheath blight, as about 49.39 to 93.25%. Endophyte could also be able to stimulate the plant growth that was indicated by the addition of plant height around 2.05 to 24.00 cm, the addition of rice grain weight as 0.7 to 9.3 g 1,000 grains-1, and the addition of seed weight as about 0.3-1.2 kg. The result of soil analysis before and after applications the endophyte showed that there was an increase in soil fertility with the element addition of N, P, K, and pH.

Keywords: Endophyte, rice sheath blight, tidal swamps

INTRODUCTION

Sheath blight is one of the most important diseases that attacks paddy cultivated in tidal swamps of South Kalimantan. In the field, diseases intensity always increases because of the difficulty to control them under flooded condition (Budi and Mariana 2009). So, it takes a certain control method, which is more space effective, efficient, and safe to the environment.

Thus, the use of specific biological agents should be done immediately because of consumer demand on synthetic chemicals free products. On biological control, R. solani can be parasitized by mycoparasites such as Gliocladium spp., Trichoderma spp., and Verticillium biguttatum Gams (Van den Boogert 1996). The fungus V. biguttatum is a mycoparasite with biological activity against the important soil borne pathogen.

*) This paper is also published in Special Edition of Indonesian Soil and Agroclimate Journal

9

97

Budi et al.

According to Howell and Stipanovic (1995), the growth of R. solani on the cotton plant can be controlled by seed treatment using Gliocladium virens. Antagonists, of nonpathogenic fusarium strains, which are isolated from supressif soil, have a capability to reduce the disruption caused by fusarium wilt in some plants (Nel et al. 2006). While the bacterium Pseudomonas capacia, P. fluorescens, and P. gladio are also able to control the growth of P. solanacearum causing wilt on tomato. Other bacteria such as Bacillus mesentericus, B. megaterium, B. mycoides, and Erwinia sp. also act as biological control of wilt disease in several plants (Hartman et al. 1992).

The use of specific biological agents that have had a coevolution will be able to stimulate the development of harmful plant rhizosphere microorganisms (von Alten et al. 1993), and this can always be isolated more than one kind of antagonist (Budi and Mariana 2009). Therefore, it is needed to select the best combination of antagonists that can be better protecting plants against various pathogen disorders.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This experiment was carried out on tidal swamplands of B type of Karang Indah Village, Barito Kuala District, and South Kalimantan Province during dry session 2009/2010. The experiment employed split plot design to determine the effects of treatments and the differences between treatments were tested using DMRT at 5% level.

Isolation and Mass Production of Endophytic Agents

Plant samples were taken from healthy plants on the infested area of paddy. Isolation of endophyte was done on the stem of plants and the rhizosphere zone. Isolation was based on Homby methods (Fokkema et al. 1959) and continued with dilution plate method (10-4 to 10-6). Each isolate of Pseudomonas fluorescens group was then tested according to Dhingra & Sinclair method (1995).

Inhibition Ability and Sinergism Test of Endophytic Fungi and Rhizosphere Bacteria Against R. solani on In Vitro Condition

Tests were carried out on a potato dextrose agar (PDA) in a petri dish by growing isolates that existed in pairs, then performed measurements to see the growth inhibition by using the formula of Fokhema (Fokhema et al. 1959):

98

Contribution of Endophytic Microbes in Increasing the Paddy Growth

I = (r1 -r2) (r1) -1x100

description:

I is the percentage of inhibition r1 is the radius of A colony that grows in the opposite direction to B r2 is the radius of A colony that grows in the direction of B

Isolates that have the ability to inhibit the growth of pathogens in pairs test were then performed to determine the best combination of paire disolates.

In-Vivo Test of Endophytic Hitting Ability on Sheath Blight Disease

In-vivo test was conducted in field experiment (split plot design). Endophytic inoculation performed straw at one month before seedling. While the application of antagonists was conducted on soil one week before transplanting stage and also at the time of planting by soaking seeds for 24 hours at 10-4 per ml spore suspension. Observations were carried out three weeks later in transplanting stage (local terms are: taradak, ampak, and lacak) by counting the number of plants with wilt or sheath blight symptoms and measuring plant height, seed and grain weights. Effect of differences between treatments was determined using DMRT at 5% level.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Effect on Disease Intensity and Plant Height

The results of analysis variance showed that there were significant treatment effects as shown in the Table 1 and Figure 1, i.e. disease intensity and plant height. In the taradak stage, treatment effect of T. viride + P. fluorescens, T. viride + FNP, FNP + P. fluorescens, T. viride + FNP + P. fluorescens was not significantly different to the disease intensity, but there was a significant difference on plant height. The treatment giving the best effect on plant height was T. viride + FNP.

In the ampak stage, there were no different effects to diseases intensity between T. viride + P. fluorescens and FNP + P. fluorescens. However, they had effect differences with T. viride + FNP and T. viride + FNP + P. fluorescens. While the T. viride + FNP and T. viride + FNP + P. fluorescens had a different effect. At ampak stage, there were no different influences between T. viride + P. fluorescens and FNP + P. fluorescens on disease intensity. However, they were different effects with T. viride + FNP and T. viride + FNP + P. fluorescens.

While the T. viride + FNP and T. viride + FNP + P. fluorescens showed a different effect. The best treatment suppressing the disease intensity was FNP + P. fluorescens

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(smallest intensity, 7.28%). Effect of treatment on the ampak stage to plant height showed differences between T. viride + FNP + P. fluorescens and T. viridae + P. fluorescens. T. viridae + FNP. Treatment of T. viride + FNP + P. fluorescens gave higest effect on plant height (53.40 cm).

On the lacak stage, T. viride + P. fluorescens treatment showed the lowest disease intensity. This treatment had no effect differences with FNP + P. fluorescens and T. viride + FNP + P. fluorescens, but they had effect difference with T. viride + FNP. At T. viride + P. fluorescens treatments performed smallest effect on disease intensity (5.00%). There was no significantly difference between T. viride + FNP and T. viride + FNP + P. Fluorescens treatments, but the both had significantly differences with others. T. viride + FNP and T. viride + FNP + P. fluorescens performed best effect on plant height (75.74 and 72.29 cm).

Table 1. Effects of treatment on disease intensity and plant height on three transplanting stages

Treatments

Transplanting stage on tidal swamps Taradak Ampak Lacak

Symptom Plant height

Symptom Plant height

Symptom Plant height Inten-

sity Reduc-

tion Intensity Reduc-tion

Inten-sity

Reduc-tion

Control 29.50 c 0.00 18.25 a 46,00 d 0.00 37.20 a 75.12 c 0.00 45.57 a T. viride + P. fluorescens

8.73 a 70.41 24.15 b 10,40 a 77.39 44.17 b 5.00 a 93.34 64.15 b

T. viride + FNP 11.36 a 51.32 29.74 c 18.42 b 60.00 46.12 b 21.18 b 71.81 75.74 c FNP + P. fluorescens

9.28 a 68.54 21.40 ab 7,28 a 84.17 50.72 bc 10.00 a 86.69 50.12 ab

T. viride + FNP + P. fluorescens

10.10 a 65.76 25.29 b 23,28 c 49.39 53.40 c 6.47 a 91.39 72.29 c

** Within column, means values followed by different letters are significantly different (P<0.01; LSD test).

In general, all three phases of the reduction in disease intensity ranged between 49.39 and 93.34%, while the addition of plant height ranged between 2.05 and 24.00 cm (Guetsky et al. 2001). Two biocontrol agents, Pichia guilermondii and Bacillus mycoides, were tested separately and together for suppression of Botrytis cinerea on strawberry leaves. The biocontrol agents significantly inhibited spore germination, lesion formation, and lesion development. The mixture of B. mycoides and P. guilermondii suppressed B. cinerea effectively (80 to 99.8% control). Thus, application of both biocontrol agents resulted in better suppression of B. cinerea, and also reduced the variability of disease control. Application of more than one biocontrol agents is suggested as a reliable means of reducing the variability and increasing the reliability of biological control.

The effects of treatment were to decrease disease intensity and to increase plant height. The microbes had the capability to induce plant resistance to disease; therefore they produced chemicals that triggered plant defence response. Yedida et al. (1999) reported that Trichoderma penetrates epidermis and outer cortex strengthens it. This was

100


due to deposition of newly formed barriers. These typical host reactions were found beyond the sites of potential fungal penetration. Wall apposition contained large amounts of callose and infiltrations of cellulose. The wall-bound chitin in Trichoderma hyphae was preserved, even when the hyphae had undergone substansial disorganization. Biochemical analyses revealed that inoculation with Trichoderma initiated increased peroxidase and chitinase activities within 48 and 72 hours, respectively. Nonpathogenic fusarium can induce systemic resistance in plant when invade host plant species before the pathogen (Kaur et al. 2010).

Figure 1. The disease intensity and plant height after application at transplanting stage

Other mechanisms in the control of plant pathogens by antagonistic microbes are parasitism, antibiosis, and competition of site and nutrients. Trichoderma spp. can compete with other microorganism for key exudates from seed that stimulate germination of propagules of plant pathogenic fungi in soil (Harman et al. 2004).

It has been known that some microbes such as Trichoderma spp. and P. fluorescens can promote plant growth. Shanmugalah et al. (2009) reported that Trichoderma viride and Pseudomonas fluorescens were able to promote cotton plant growth such as root length, shoot length, fresh weight, dry weight, and vigour index. In this research, the microbes promoted plant height, grain and seed weights, however, in grain and seed weights, there were just some treatments significantly different to control (Table 2).

Fuchs et al. (1997), Nonpathogenic Fusarium oxysporum strain Fo47 controls the incidence of Fusarium wilt. Four bioassays in which a strain of the pathogen F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici and Fo47 were not in direct contact and were developed to evaluate whether Fo47 could induce resistance to Fusarium wilt in tomato plants. Inoculation with Fo47 increased chitinase, b-1, 3-glucanase, and b-1, 4-glucosidase activities in plants, confirming the ability of Fo47 to induce resistance in tomato. Microbe nonpathogenic strain of F. oxysporum can induce resistance to Fusarium wilt in tomato plants.

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As shown in Table 2 and Figure 2, the best combination treatment to reduce disease intensity and increase plant height is T4P1 (smallest intensity of 10.8% and plant height of 172.2 cm). While the best treatment for the increased weight of grain is T4P4 (the heaviest of 30.2 g 1,000 grain-1) and to increase the seed weight is T4P1 (the heaviest of 3.6 g/1,000 seed). In general, increased grain and seed weights, each ranging between 0.7 and 9.3 g 1,000 grains-1, and between 0.3 and 1.2 g.

Table 2. Effect of treatment on diseases intensity, plant height, grain weight, and seed weight on tidal swamp type B

Treatmen Diseases intensity (%)

Plant height (cm)

Grain weight (g) Seed weight (kg)

K 62.4 d 125.7 a 20.9 ab 2.4 a

T1 P1 19.2 b 160.8 bc 23.7 b 2.6 ab P2 28.1 bc 157.6 bc 21.8 ab 2.8 b P3 21.2 bc 159.0 bc 22.9 ab 2.8 b

T2 P1 20.3 bc 162.6 c 22.8 ab 3.0 bc P2 22.7 bc 158.4 bc 22.1 ab 2.7 ab P3 18.7 bc 165.5 c 27.5 bc 3.2 c

T3 P1 20.5 bc 167.5 c 21.6 ab 2.8 b P2 23.3 bc 159.9 bc 19.9 a 2.4 a P3 13.4 ab 167.3 c 23.6 b 3.0 bc

T4 P1 10.8 a 172.2 d 28.4 bc 3.6 d P2 17.5 b 168.9 c 27.3 bc 2.7 ab P3 12.4 a 169.5 c 30.2 c 3.1 c

Mean values followed by the different letters are significantly different from each other (P<0.05) according DMRT T1 = Combination T. viride PS-2.1 and P. fluorescens PS-4.8 T2 = Combination T. viride PS-2.1 and FNP PS-1.5 T3 = Combination FNPPS-1.5 and P. fluorescens PS-4.8 T4 = Combination T. viride PS-2.1 and FNP PS-1.5 and P. fluorescens PS-4.8 P1 = Application endophytic at straw one month before planting P2 = Application by soaking seeds for 24 hours before planting P3 = Combination P1 + P2 K = Control

Figure 2. Effect of treatment on disease intensity, plant height, grain and seed weights

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Effect of Microbes on Soil Nutrients and Soil pH

The microbe enhances nutrient and pH soil as shown in Table 3 dan Figure 3. This occurs because the fungi and bacteria as decomposers of organic material. Thus, the organic material decompose into compost so that enrich the soil and available to plants. Thus, the organic material decompose into compost so that enrich the soil and nutrients are available to plants. In addition, microbe and organic composting material change soil pH becomes more alkaline so the nutrients become available to plants. This finding is in agreement with Yan et al. (1996) who found increases in soil pH with glucose addition due to the decarboxylation of functional groups and aminization of nitrogen compounds. This contributes to plant growth.

The combined activity was due to the summation of biocontrol mechanisms of both agents. The modes of action of the biocontrol agents were elucidated and the relative quantitative contribution of each mechanism to suppression of Botrytis cinerea was estimated using multiple regressions with dummy variables. The improvement in control efficacy achieved by introducing one or more mechanisms at a time was calculated. Pichia guilermondii competed with Botrytis cinerea for glucose, sucrose, adenine, histidine, and folic acid (Guetsky et al. 2002).

Table 3. Effect of microbes on soil nutrient and pH

Treatment Soil nutrient analysis

Before treatment After treatment N P K pH N P K pH

Control 0.546 0.021 0.352 3.97 0.533 0.020 0.366 5.72 T. viride PS-2.1 + P. fluorescens PS-4.8

0.546 0.021 0.352 3.97 0.956 0.026 0.485 7.50

T. viride PS-2.1 + FNP PS-1.5

0.546 0.021 0.352 3.97 0.984 0.024 0.383 7.39

FNPPS-1.5 + P. fluorescens PS-4.8

0.546 0.021 0.352 3.97 0.979 0.036 0.399 7.60

T. viride PS-2.1 + FNPPS-1.5 +P. fluorescens PS-4.8

0.546 0.021 0.352 3.97 1.002 0.023 0.457 7.42

Table 3 and Figure 3 show that treatments to elevate the content of N, P, and K. The increase in N after treatment ranged from 0.410 (T. viride + P. fluorescens) and 0.456 (T. viride + FNP + P. fluorescens). While the increase in Pranged was between 0.002 (T. viride + FNP + P. fluorescens) and 0.015 (FNP + P.fluorescens). At K, the increase ranged from 0.383 (T. viride + FNP) and 0.485 (T. viride +FNP+ P. fluorescens). For pH, the increase ranged from3.42 (T. viride + FNP) and 3.63 (P. fluorescens + FNP). So, does an increasedue to treatment, but not the best hikes on just one treatment.

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Paddy residues can be a source of organic material for the growth of rice plants in the field. Residues contains a high cellulose and decomposition process takes time, but with the activity of the microbial decomposition of running fast. Decomposition into mono sacchari decompounds, CO2, and other organic acids (Rao 1994)

Soil acidity and pH affects the availability of nutrients, because in general the acid soils nutrients less available, at neutral pH of nutrients available to plants. While the tidal swamps on South Kalimantan in general is acidic. So this treatment helps increase the acidity of the soil to be neutral. In general, availability of nutrients can help increase plant resistance to disease and plant growth. According to Harman (2006), Trichoderma sp. pasplant symbionts capable of being able to control some of the root and leaf disease resistance mechanisms affected and directly attacking pathogens and changing the composition of microflora roots.

Figure 3. The results of chemical analysis of soil before and after formulation applications in tidal swamps

Contribution of pH available to plants on tidal swamps in South Kalimantan in general is acidic and availability of nutrients can help increase plant resistance to disease and plant growth. Maurhofer et al. (1998), of salicylic acid induces systemic acquired resistance in tobacco. pchA and pchB, which encode for the biosynthesis of salicylic acid in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These constructs were introduced into two root-colonizing strains of P. fluorescens and significantly improved its ability to induce systemic resistance in tobacco against tobacco necrosis virus. Lewis et al. (1998), Trichoderma spp. and Gliocladium virens to produce achlamydospores actively growing hyphae of the biocontrol fungi within a 2- to 3-day period under no special aseptic conditions. G. virens and T. hamatum applied to soilless mix at a rate of 1.5% (wt/wt) reduced damping-off of eggplant caused by Rhizoctonia solani. The inhibition of pathogen spread significantly reduced the post emergence damping-off of cucumber, eggplant, and pepper seedlings.

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Trichoderma effect on plants, and the presence of local and systemic resistance affected. These fungi colonize the root epidermi sand outer cortex and secrete bioactive molecules that cause the formation of cell walls from Trichoderma thalus. At the same time, the plant transcript to meandproteome changes, so will spur resistance of plants, increasing plant growth and increase nutrient absorption (Harman 2006).

CONCLUSION

Application of microbes used in this study shows that they have a good effect, which reduces the intensity of the sheat blight disease, stimulated plant height, grain weight, and seed weight. Microbes also have the effect of soil fertility, which is made of N, P, and K increased and available to plants. In addition the research also showed that an increase in soil pH. However, there is no single best combination for each parameter measured. Thus, this treatment can be applied to tidal swamp rice field by considering the best treatments. This result combination isolate has important practical implications for biocontrol of paddy on tidal swamps diseases under commercial.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The authors would like to thank the Directorate General of Higher Education, Ministry of National Education for financial support through the Competitive Grant on 2009-2010.

REFERENCES

Benhamou, N., C. Garand, and A. Goulet. 2002. Ability of Nonpathogenic Fusarium oxysporum Strain Fo47 to Induce resistence aggainst Pythium ultimum infection in cucumber. Applied Environ. Microbiol.68:4044-4060.

Budi, I.S. dan Mariana. 2009. Pengendalian penyakit layu padi di lahan pasang surut Kalimantan Selatan dengan memanfaatkan antagonis dan pestisida botanis. Fakultas Pertanian Unlam Banjarbaru.

Dhingra, O.D. and J.B. Sinclair. 1995. Basic Plant Pathology Methods. Second edition. CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton.

Fokkema, N.J., J.H. Bond, and H.A. Fribourg. 1959. Methods for Studying Soil Microflora Plant Disease Relationships. Burgess Publ. Co. USA. pp. 247.

Fuchs, J.G., Y. Moënne-Loccoz, and G. Défago. 1997. Nonpathogenic Fusarium oxysporum strain Fo47 induces resistance to Fusarium wilt in tomato. Plant Dis. 81:492-496.

Guetsky, R., D. Shtienberg, Y. Elad, and A. Dinoor. 2001. Combining biocontrol agents to reduce the variability of biological control. Phytopathology 91:621-627.

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Guetsky, R., D. Shtienberg, Y. Elad, F. Fischer, and A. Dinoor. 2002. Improving biological control by combining biocontrol agents each with several mechanisms of disease suppression. Phytopathology 92:976-985.

Harman, G.E., C.R. Howel, A. Viterbo, I. Chet, and M. Lorito. 2004. Trichoderma species - opportunistic, avirulent plant symbionts. Natural Reviews, Microbiology. Vol. 2, January 2004. Pp 43-56.

Harman, G.E. 2006. Symposium of The Nature and Application of Biocontrol Microbes II: Trichoderma spp. Overview of mechanisms and uses of Trichoderma spp. Phytopathology 96(2):190-194.

Kaur, R., J. Kaur, and R.S. Singh. 2010. Nonpathogenic Fusarium as a biological control agent. Plant Pathology Journal 9(3): 79-91.

Kwok, O.C.H., P.C. Gahy, H.A.J. Hoitink, and G.A. Kuter. 1987. Interactions between bacteria and Trichoderma hamatum in suppression of Rhizoctonia damping-off in bark compost media. Phytopathology 77:1206-1212.

Lewis, J.A., R.P. Larkin, and D.L. Rogers. 1998. A formulation of Trichoderma and Gliocladium to reduce damping-off caused by Rhizoctonia solani and saprophytic growth of the pathogen in soilless mix. Plant Dis. 82:501-506.

Lewis, J.A. and G.C. Papavizas. 1991. Biocontrol of cotton damping-off caused by Rhizoctonia solani in the field with formulations of Trichoderma spp. and Gliocladium virens. Crop Prot. 10:396-402.

Maurhofer, M., C. Reimmann, P. Schmidli-Sacherer, S. Heeb, D. Haas, and G. Défago. 1998. Salicylic acid biosynthetic genes expressed in Pseudomonas fluorescens strain P3 improve the induction of systemic resistance in tobacco against tobacco necrosis virus. Phytopathology 88:678-684.

Mao, W., J.A. Lewis, P.K. Hebbar, and R.D. Lumsden. 1997. Seed treatment with a fungal ora bacterial antagonist for reducing corn damping-off caused by species of Pythium and Fusarium. Plant Dis. 81:450-454.

Nel, B., C. Steinberg, N. Labuschagne, and A. Vilioen. 2006. The potential of non-pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum and other biological control organisms for suppressing fusarium wilt of banana. Plant Pathol. Journal 1(55):217-223.

Yan, F., S. Schubert, and K. Mengel. 1996. Soil pH increased due to biological decarbocylation of organic acid. Soil biology and biochemistry 28:617-623.

Yedidia, E., N. Benhamou, and I. Chet. 1999. Induction of defence responses in cucumber plant (Cucumis sativus L.) by the biocontrol agent Trichoderma harzianum. Appl. Environ, Microbiol. Vol. 65. No. 3. Pp 1061-1070.

Von Alten, H., A. Lindemann, and F. Schönbeck. 1993. Stimulation of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza by fungicides or rhizosphere bacteria.

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395

SCHEDULE OF THE PROGRAM

DAY-1, Thursday, 27 September 2012, Rattan Inn Hotel, Banjarmasin

Time Session Speaker Moderator/ Secretary

08.00-08.30 Registration Committee

08.30-08.40 Welcoming address Governor of South

Kalimantan

08.40-09.00 Opening Speech DG of IAARD

09.00-10.00 Opening ceremony and Keynote

Speech

Vice Minister of

Agriculture of Indonesia

10.00-10.15 Coffee break

10.15-11.00 Keynote speech II Minister of Research and

Technology of Indonesia

Plenary presentation (I and II))

11.00-11.30 Tidal Swamp for Future Food

Support in Facing of Climate

Change

Dr. Muhrizal Sarwani Dr. Iding Chaidir/ Ir.

Anny Mulyani, MS

11.30-12.00 Opportunities and Uniqueness of

Suitable Lowland Bio-Physics for

Sustainable Rice Production

Prof. Bart Schultz

12.00-12.30 Discussion

12.30-13.30 Lunch

Plenary presentation (III to V)

13.30-14.00 New Concept on High Rice

Production by Increasing Soil

Fertility

Prof. Mitsuru OSAKI Prof. Dr. Fahmuddin

Agus/Dr. Edi Husen,

MSc

14.00-14.30 Integrated Lowland Development

and Management to Increase

National Food (Rice) Production

Prof. Robiyanto


15.00-15.20 Coffee Break

396

Time Session Speaker Moderator/ Secretary

Success Story (I to II)

15.20-15.40 Success Story of Tidal Swamp

Farming System in Barito Kuala,

South Kalimantan, Indonesia

Barito Kuala Regent Prof. Dr. Lutfi Fatah

Arsyad /

Dr. M. Noor

15.40-16.00 Success Story of Tidal Swamp

Farming System in Banyuasin,

South Sumatera, Indonesia

Banyuasin Regent


16.30-16.50 Success story of Lowland

Development and Management in

the Mekong Delta and Planning

for Water Resources Management

for Sustainable Agricultural

Cultivation Adapting to Climate

Change and Sea Level Rise

MSc. To Quang Toan Dr. Kasdi Subagyono/Dr.

Izhar Khairullah

16.50-17.10 Success story of Lowland

Management in Africa

Dr. Bruno Lidon


17.40-19.00 Break and praying

19.00-21.00 Dinner Hosted by DG of IAARD

DAY-2, Friday, 28 September 2012, Rattan Inn Hotel, Banjarmasin

Plenary Presentation (V–VII)

08.30-09.00 Strategy of Climate Change

Mitigation in Wetland

Management for Poverty

Alleviation

Prof. Lala Kolopaking Dr. Trip Alihamsyah/

Dr. Sri Rochayati, MSc

09.00-09.30 Sociological aspect of the

development of Tidal Swamp in

Kalimantan

Dr. Taufik Hidayat


10.00-10.15 Coffee break

10.15-10.45 Conclusion Dr. Kasdi Subagyono

10.45-11.30 Closing remarks and ceremony DG of IAARD

11.30-14.00 Lunch and praying

14.00-17.00 Field trip to Karang Buah Village,

Belawang Sub District, Barito

Kuala Regency, South Kalimantan

Province

Committee

17.00 Return to Hotel Committee

397

LIST OF PARTICIPANTS

Nr. Name Institution

1. A. Arivin R. Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian Maluku

2. A. Wihardjaka Balai Penelitian Lingkungan Pertanian

3. A.A.N.B. Kamandalu Balai Penelitian Teknologi Pertanian Bali

4. Achmad Syarifudin Universitas Sriwijaya

5. Afrizal Malik Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian Papua

6. Agung Hendriadi Balai Pengelola Alih Teknologi Pertanian

7. Agus Supriyo Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian Kalsel

8. Ai Dariah Balai Penelitian Tanah

9. Akhmad M. Pemerintah Kabupaten Batola

10. Ali Pramono Balai Penelitian Lingkungan Pertanian

11. Andi Wijaya Universitas Sriwijaya

12. Anny Mulyani Balai Besar Litbang Sumberdaya Lahan Pertanian

13. Arif Budiman Balai Penelitian Pertanian Lahan Rawa

14. Arifin Fahmi Balai Penelitian Pertanian Lahan Rawa

15. Aris Pramudia Balai Penelitian Agroklimat dan Hidrologi

16. Asmawati Ahmad Balai Penelitian Tanah

17. Astu Unadi Balai Besar Mekanisme Pertanian

18. Bahtiar Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian Sulawesi Utara

19. Bakti Nur I. Universitas Lambung Mangkurat

20. Bart Schultz United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural

Organization

21. Basriman Dinas Pertanian dan Hortikultura Riau

22. Bruno Lidon French Agricultural Research Centre for International

Development

23. Dedi Heriyanto Dinas Pertanian Tanjab Barat

24. Dedi Nursyamsi Balai Penelitian Pertanian Lahan Rawa

25. Dedi Sugandi Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian Bengkulu

26. Desianto Budi Dewan Riset Nasional

27. Dewi Novia -

28. Diah Setyorini Balai Penelitian Tanah

29. Didi Ardi S. Balai Penelitian Tanah

30. Didik Harnowo Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian Jawa Timur

31. Didik Suprihatno -

32. Dina Muthmainah Universitas Sriwijaya

33. Dwi Pratomo Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian Nusa Tenggara

Barat

34. E.S. Harsanti Balai Penelitian Lingkungan Pertanian

35. Eddy Makruf Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian Bengkulu

398


36. Edi Husen Balai Besar Litbang Sumberdaya Lahan Pertanian

37. Edi Santoso Balai Penelitian Tanah

38. Eleonora Runtunuwu Balai Penelitian Agroklimat dan Hidrologi

39. Ellia Dariah Dewan Riset Nasional

40. Enday Kusnendar Dewan Riset Nasional

41. Eny Rachmawati Universitas Lambung Mangkurat

42. Erna Suryani Balai Penelitian Tanah

43. Erni Susanti Balai Penelitian Agroklimat dan Hidrologi

44. Eviati Balai Penelitian Tanah

45. Fadlullah Ramadhani Balai Penelitian Agroklimat dan Hidrologi

46. Fahmuddin Agus Balai Penelitian Tanah

47. Faizen O.B. Banyuasin

48. Farid H. Baktir Pusat Perpustakaan dan Penyebaran Teknologi Pertanian

49. Fastiyanti Pupuk Kalimantan Timur

50. Ferdinan H.T. Universitas Sriwijaya

51. Ferdinand Pusat Unggulan Riset-Pengembangan Lahan Suboptimal

52. Fitriani Malik Pupuk Kalimantan Timur

53. Ganjar Jayanto Balai Penelitian Agroklimat dan Hidrologi

54. H. Naedy Rustam Dinas Pertanian dan Peternakan P. Pisau

55. Hakim Metro TV

56. Handewi P. Saliem Pusat Analisis Sosial Ekonomi dan Kebijakan Pertanian

57. Haris Syahbuddin Balai Penelitian Agroklimat dan Hidrologi

58. Harmanto Balai Besar Mekanisme Pertanian

59. Haryono Badan Litbang Pertanian

60. Haryono Balai Penelitian Agroklimat dan Hidrologi

61. Hasil Sembiring Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Tanaman Pangan

62. Helmi Hadi Universitas Sriwijaya

63. Hendri Dinas Pertanian dan Hortikultura Riau

64. Hendri Sosiawan Balai Penelitian Agroklimat dan Hidrologi

65. Herdis Dewan Riset Nasional

66. Herman Subagjo -

67. Herry Sastramihardja Balai Penelitian Tanah

68. I G.P. Wigena Balai Penelitian Tanah

69. Ibrahim Adamy Balai Penelitian Tanah

70. Iding Chaidir Dewan Riset Nasional

71. Indya Dewi Universitas Lambung Mangkurat

72. Irawan Balai Penelitian Tanah

73. Irsal Las Balai Besar Litbang Sumberdaya Lahan Pertanian

74. Ismed Setya Budi Universitas Lambung Mangkurat

399


75. Iswari Balai Besar Litbang Bioteknologi dan Sumberdaya

Genetik Pertanian

76. Izhar Khairullah Balai Penelitian Pertanian Lahan Rawa

77. Joko Purnomo Balai Penelitian Tanah

78. Karden Mulya Balai Besar Litbang Bioteknologi dan Sumberdaya

Genetik Pertanian

79. Kasdi Subagyono Badan Litbang Pertanian

80. Keichi Hayashi International Rice Research Institute

81. Khairil Anwar Balai Penelitian Pertanian Lahan Rawa

82. Kharmila Sari Balai Penelitian Agroklimat dan Hidrologi

83. Khodijah Universitas Sriwijaya

84. Kurmen Sudarman Balai Penelitian Agroklimat dan Hidrologi

85. Ladiyani Retno W. Balai Penelitian Agroklimat dan Hidrologi

86. Lala Kolopaking Institut Pertanian Bogor

87. Le Istiqlal Amien Balai Penelitian Agroklimat dan Hidrologi

88. M. Hidayanto Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian Kalimantan Timur

89. M. Najib Balai Penelitian Pertanian Lahan Rawa

90. M. Naswir Universitas Sriwijaya

91. M. Noor Balai Penelitian Pertanian Lahan Rawa

92. M. Risanta Trans 7

93. M. Yasin Sahri Banyuasin

94. Made J. Mejaya Balai Besar Penelitian Tanaman Padi

95. Madian Banyuasin

96. Mariana Universitas Lambung Mangkurat

97. Marsi Universitas Sriwijaya

98. Masganti Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian Riau

99. Mastur Balai Penelitian Tanaman Baku dan Serat

100. Maswar Balai Penelitian Tanah

101. Mitsuru Osaki Jepang

102. Muhrizal Sarwani Balai Besar Litbang Sumberdaya Lahan Pertanian

103. Mulyadi Balai Penelitian Lingkungan Pertanian

104. Nani Heryani Balai Penelitian Agroklimat dan Hidrologi

105. Nanik R. Balai Besar Litbang Sumberdaya Lahan Pertanian

106. Neneng L. Nurida Balai Penelitian Tanah

107. Nuni Gofar Pusat Unggulan Riset-Pengembangan Lahan Suboptimal

108. Nurjaman Balai Pengelola Alih Teknologi Pertanian

109. Nurjaya Balai Penelitian Tanah

110. Nyoman Adijaya Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian Bali

111. Oyok Sumardja Balai Penelitian Tanah

112. P. Gerly Dewan Riset Nasional

400


113. Paidi Balai Besar Litbang Sumberdaya Lahan Pertanian

114. Poniman Balai Penelitian Lingkungan Pertanian

115. Popi Rejekiningrum Balai Penelitian Agroklimat dan Hidrologi

116. Priatna Sasmita Balai Besar Penelitian Tanaman Padi

117. Prihasto Setyanto Balai Penelitian Lingkungan Pertanian

118. R.S. Simatupang Balai Penelitian Pertanian Lahan Rawa

119. Rahmah TV One

120. Reini S. Ilmiyati Universitas Sriwijaya

121. Risfaheri Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian Bangka Belitung

122. Robert Asnawi Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian Lampung

123. Robiyanto H. Susanto Universitas Sriwijaya

124. Rosdah Thalib Balai Penelitian Lingkungan Pertanian

125. Rudy Soehendi Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian Sumatera Selatan

126. Saefoel Bachri Balai Besar Litbang Sumberdaya Lahan Pertanian

127. Sahat M.P. Kemeterian Ristek dan Teknologi

128. Said Balai Penelitian dan Pengembangan Daerah

129. Sakri Widhianto Dewan Riset Nasional

130. Samharinto Universitas Lambung Mangkurat

131. Selly Salma Balai Penelitian Tanah

132. Setyono H. Adi Balai Penelitian Agroklimat dan Hidrologi

133. Sidik Hadi Tala’ohu Balai Penelitian Agroklimat dan Hidrologi

134. Siti Herlinda Universitas Sriwijaya

135. Siti Nurul A.F. Universitas Sriwijaya

136. Soeharsono Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian Sulawesi Tenggara

137. Sri Purniyanti Balai Pengelola Alih Tekmologi Pertanian

138. Sri Rochayati Balai Penelitian Tanah

139. Subowo Balai Penelitian Tanah

140. Sudarto Balai Penelitian Lingkungan Pertanian

141. Suharsih Balai Penelitian Lingkungan Pertanian

142. Sumarni Balai Besar Litbang Sumberdaya Lahan Pertanian

143. Supiandi Sabiham Institut Pertanian Bogor

144. Susilawati Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian Kalimantan Tengah

145. Taufik Hidayat Universitas Lambung Mangkurat

146. Taufiq Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian Sulawesi Tengggara

147. Ten Umaiyah TVRI Kalimantan Selatan

148. To Quang Toan Vietnam

149. Tri Sudaryono Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian Jawa Tengah

150. Tri Windari -

401


151. Trip Alihamsyah Balai Besar Pengkajian dan Pengembangan Teknologi

Pertanian

152. Tumarlan Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian Sumatera Selatan

153. Udiansyah -

154. Umi Haryati Balai Penelitian Tanah

155. Wahyu Wibawa Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian Bengkulu

156. Wasidin Balai Penelitian Lingkungan Pertanian

157. Widyantoro Balai Besar Penelitian Tanaman Padi

158. Wiwik Hartatik Balai Penelitian Tanah

159. Y. Hamdani Universitas Sriwijaya

160. Yandy Saden BPLR Kalteng

161. Yanti Rina Balai Penelitian Pertanian Lahan Rawa

162. Yayan Apriyana Balai Penelitian Agroklimat dan Hidrologi

163. Yoyo Soelaeman Balai Penelitian Tanah

164. Yuliantoro B. Balai Besar Penelitian Tanaman Padi

165. Yunan Hamdani Universitas Sriwijaya

166. Zaenal Soedjais Dewan Riset Nasional

167. Zainal Ilmi Badan Koordinasi Penyuluhan Kalimantan Selatan

168. Zulkifli Zaini Forum Komunikasi Profesor Riset

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