Agirculture Development in Lowland
Transcript of Agirculture Development in Lowland
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Dr. Robiyanto H. Susanto, Sriwijaya [email protected]
Integrated Lowland Development Workshop, Jan 21, 2009, Jakarta, Indonesia
Agricultural Development in the Lowlands:Dynamics, Perspective and Time Frame
Lesson Learned from STLD and the Way Forwards
The integration of the programme conducted to support the foodproduction in the lowlands schemes under the StrengtheningTidal Lowlands Development (STLD) is only possible with thesupport of related parties. i.e.: The Directorate General of WaterResources, Ministry of Public Works; Rijskwaterstaat Partner forWater of the Netherlands, Local government of South Sumatraprovince, Banyuasin district, West Kalimantan province, KubuRaya and Sambas districts, the support from the Ministry of
Agriculture, the Republic of Indonesia; the Water UsersAssociation/ Farmers Group, and the Community Organizers
Highlights
Food security in Indonesia and the global challenge Room for intensification of existing agriculture (rice, other
food crops, tree crops etc, linked to the optimalisation of thelowlands schemes)
The Lesson learned from LWMTL/ STLD: Assessment neededWater Control Infrastructures, Operation and maintenancewith Water Users Association (WUA); Farming systemtechnology with farming systems approach; Mechanizedoperation and maintenance
Multi stakeholders participation: Governments-Farmers/WUA-NGO-Academics-Private Sectors
Capacity building and human resources development on thelowlands issues The way forward to propagate the success stories in the
lowland for food production to other prospective existinglowland schemes
Closing remarks
WORLD POPULATION
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:World_population.PNG
Present and Future Population 2000-202 5 (x 1000)
0,0
20.000,0
40.000,0
60.000,0
80.000,0
100.000,0
120.000,0
140.000,0
160.000,0
180.000,0
2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025
Sumatra
Java, Bali and Nusa
Tenggara
Kalimantan
Sulawesi and Maluku
Papua
Source: BPS, 2007
Achievement Level of Predicted Self Food Sufficiency, 2006-2025
(10,000)
-
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
2006 2010 2015 2020 2025
Harves tedarea(000ha) Productivi ty (tonGKG/ha) Yie ld (000tonGKG)
Demand(eq. 000tonGKG) Balance(000tonGKG)Source: Litbang Deptan, 2007
Assumption : increase area 0,37%, increase productivity 0,48%
Deficit
30.000-40.000 ha/year in Java to non-agric. uses
WORLD MARKET PRICES FOR RICE OVER THE LAST 10 YEARS
HARGA PASAR DUNIA PADI UNTUK 10 TAHUN TERAKHIR
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Jan Feb Mrt Apr
PriceinUS$/ton
Tidal-Lowland & Coastal Areas in Indonesia
Figure 1. Tidal Lowland Distribution in Indonesia
Type of Lowlandsaccording to Ramsar
Convention(Davies et al, 1995)
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Reclaimed Lowland Area in Indonesia Sponsored by Government:
Mainly for Transmigration and Food Production areas
Source: Directorateof LowlandsandCoast,DirectorateGeneral of Water Resources 2007
Lokasi
Area of LowlandsDeveloped Lowland Area
to be Cultivated Area
Tidal (ha) Inland (ha) Total (ha) Tidal (ha)Inland(ha)
Total (ha)
Sumatra 6,604,000 2,766,000 9,370,000 691,704 110,176 801,880
Kalimantan 8 ,1 26, 900 3 ,5 80, 50 0 11 ,7 07, 400 69 4, 935 194, 76 5 88 9, 700
Sulawesi 1,148,950 644,500 1,793,450 65,930 18,780 84,710
Papua 4,216,950 6,305,770 10,522,720 - 23,710 23,710
2 0, 09 6, 80 0 1 3, 29 6, 77 0 3 3, 39 3, 57 0 1 ,4 52 ,5 69 3 47 ,4 31 1 ,8 00 ,0 00
Note:In additionapprox.2.4 mil hawas reclaimedbyspontaneoussettler andthe privatesector
CONSERVATION OF NATURALRESOURCES WITHIN THELOWLANDS AND COASTAL
AREAS
Lowland-Wetland Ecosystem Biodiversity
Mangrove forest: 90.00 ha(estuarinemangrove,with more
then 20 smallriversmenaderingwithin theareas)
Migratory birds nesting place
Areas for wildlife, such as: Sumatran
Tiger, Estruary crocodile, Tree tiger,
etc..
Sources of fishery for
the nearby areas
Clay Soil vs Peat Surveying and Mapping
Kondisi vegetasi rawadi lokasiDesaPedamaran.
Pengeborandititik47, vegetasi dominankumpai&purun,kedalamangambut3,5 m,
karakteristikkematangansaprik-hemik
Kondisi lahanrawayang terbakar
Lokasi surveyyang ditanami padi sonor PerkampungannelayanJungkalPengeborandi titik77, vegetasi dominanpakis&perpat,kedalaman3,5m,
karakteristik kematangansaprik-hemik
TECHNOLOGY &
WAY OF LIFE ADAPTATION TO
THE LOWLAND-COASTAL AREASENVIRONMENT
Aquaculture
Paddy floating nursery
Consideration for the Development and Management ofLowland-Coastal Areas
Geology and PhysiographyLowland Reclamation SchemesClimate and HydrologyHidrotopographySoil/ type of peatFarming/ Cropping SystemSocio-Cultural IssuesEconomic SettingInstitutional IssuesEnvironmental issues
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MODIFIED LOWLAND-COASTAL AREASENVIRONMENT FORSETTLEMENT &
FOOD PRODUCTION
Lowlands ofSumatra
Lowland Development in South Sumatera(Income of 500 US$/year/family: OKI, Muba, Banyuasin )
LowlandDevelopment
in West
Kalimantan
Soil moisturedistribution under
different water table/soil surface condition
(Skaggs, 1990a)
Rooting zone under shallowand deep water table (right,30 cm below soil surface;and left 60 cm below soilsurface) (Skaggs, 1990b)
Water table profile undermodified rooting zone condition
(with surface or subsurfacedrainage systems)(Skaggs, 1990c)
Consideration on topographyand natural layout for the
drainage systemsdevelopment (contour)
(Skaggs, 1990d)
Drainage developmentunder the help of
government:Telang I, Banyuasin,
South Sumatra
Primary canal
Secondary canal
Agricultural fields
Movable flap gates
Public andeconomicfacilities,
home yards
Drainage flapgate + sliding gate
Tertiaries
Fasilitas
umum dan
ekonomi,
lahan
pekarangan
Pintu klep + pintu sorong
Saluran tersier
Lahan pertanian
Pintu klep yang dapat dipindahkan
Saluran sekunder
Saluran primer
Bridges, gates, canals within
the lowland scheme
Before upgrading
After upgrading
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The Lesson learned from LWMTL/ STLD:
Assessment needed Water ControlInfrastructures,
Operation and Maintenance with Water UsersAssociation (WUA);
Farming system technology with farmingsystems approach;
Mechanized operation and maintenance
Land and Water Management Tidal Lowlands LWMTL
Strengthening Tidal Lowlands Development -STLD
June 2004 July 2008
Paddy field based reclamation condition in Telang - Saleh 2008(Community based development)
Farmers meeting in Tekarang, Sambas,
West Kalimantan, July 8 & Nov 20, 2007
Structure with flapgate that can be operated for irrigation or drainage (high
tide/low tide) by changing flapgate position. Design recommended by
STLD project; inputs from Indonesian Government
Farm machineries
JanuariFebruari
MaretApril
Mei
Juni
September
OktoberNovember
Desember
Agustus
Juli
P8-
12S Telang Banyuasin: Farmers Participation
Trials in Sumber Mulyo, P6Telang-Banyuasin
MowingBucket trialFlailMower trial. DredgingBucket trial.
Mechanized canalmaintenance survey.
Hand-over ofgranted equipments:Bupati,DGWR,Prof.Schultz- Holland
Total yield for first and second cr op in tons/ha for the example tertiary blocks ofthe three pilot areas in South Sumatra (LWMTL-STLD, 2004-2008)
0
1
2
34
5
6
7
8
rice rice rice rice rice rice
Pilot area 1 Pilot area 2 Pilot area 3
First and second crops
Yieldinton/ha
2004
2005
2006
2007
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High rice yield in West Kalimantan after introduction of new water control
infrastructure and proper agronomic inputs. All inputs from farmers and
local government; only assistance from STLD
An example of integrated lowland development inBanyuasin district, South Sumatra Province
LumbungDesaModern
Deptan,P17 TelangII
KemitraanPUSRI
KemitraanSwastadiP10-TelangI, 700ha
AgropolitanDepTrans
diMuaraPadang
PuskesmasTerapung
Pilot AreaIndonesia-
Belanda750 ha
DarmagaAir di P8,
TelangI
DarmagaAir diGasing
DarmagaAir
SimpangPU
UPGB
PerumBulog-
RiceEs tate
PerbaikanTataAir
PeranPupukOrganik
Air Bersih& Sanitasi
BankBRI
CONSTRAINTS ON LOWLAND-COASTAL AREASMANAGEMENT
Single use vs Multiple uses Spatial Planning
Data availability
Misconception wrong way of thinking Lack of knowledge
In appropriate site or program selection
Sectoral egoism
Coordination Sustainability
Transportation and Accessibility
Water supply and Sanitation Environmental Issues Conservation of Natural Resources
Socio-Cultural (local people, transmigrant)
Funding
GIS - SupportMIS, Management Information
System
Dissemination of
Data & Information
Seminar
Workshop
Field trip
Journal
Prosiding
Books
Lectures Notes Brosur
Leaflet
Websites
Research & Developmentfor undergraduate,Master, Doctor programs
www.pusdatarawa.or.id
www.banyuasinkab.go.id
www.tidal-lowlands.org
Multi stakeholders participation:Governments-Farmers/ WUA-NGO-
Academics-PrivateSectors-Banks
Multi
stakeholders
partisipation onIntegrated
Lowland
Development inBanyuasin
district, South
Sumatra
PERUM BULOG Dep. PU
Universitas Sriwijaya InstitutPertanianBogor
DepartemenPertanian
Jerman
Batan Balit Padi PolyAgro
PemkabBanyuasin
Malaysia Jepang Belanda
KomisiIIDPR-RI
ChinaAustralia & Korea
BPTP Sumsel-Deptan
INS
KomisiIIIDPR-RI
Visit of BI - Banks to the lowland Banyuasin, January 9, 2009
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Capacity building and humanresources development on thelowlands related issues
UNIVERSITAS SRIWIJAYA
STRATEGIC PLAN
VISION, MISSION and GOAL
Advisory committee (1993-2008)
Task-Concept: Tim Pendamping terdiri dari tenaga ahli dantenaga lapangan mengerjakan sendiri hal-hal yangdianggap perlu demi kelancaram kegiatan
Technical Assistance: Tim Pendamping memberikanbantuan teknis kepada pihak lain yang m elakukan kegiatanterkait dengan sistim usaha yang dilakukan
Dissemination of Info: Keterlibatan Tim pendamping padakegiatan Lokal, Regional, Nasional, dan Internasionalmembantu penyebaran informasi
Capacity Building & Human Resources Development onLowlands-Coastal areas Management
Research for Undergrad-Master-Doctorate Training & Extention
National Training on Lowland Management forState University Lectures year of 2002 and 2003conducted by Sriwijaya University & Ministry of Education, HRD project
FirstGroup 2002Participants:
UniversitasSyiah Kuala,BandaAceh
UniversitasSumateraUtara(USU),Medan,
UniversitasAndalas,Padang,SumateraBarat
UniveritasRiau (UNRI) Pekanbaru,Riau
UniversitasJambi(UNJA) Jambi
UniversitasBengkulu,Bengkulu
UniversitasLampung,Lampung
UniversitasLambung Mangkurat (UNLAM) Banjarmasin
UniversitasPalangkaraya(UNPAR) Kalteng
UniversitasTanjung Pura, Pontianak,Kalimantan Barat
UniversitasSyamRatulangi(UNSRAT) Menado,Sulut
UniversitasHasanuddin(UNHAS) Sulsel
UniversitasMataram(UNRAM) NTB
Second Group2003
Students Lowland Soil Judging Contest, Dec 2008, Telang, Banyuasin,South Sumatra
15 groups of3 stdnsfrom
UGM
IPB
Unpad
UNS
Unila
Unja
Usu
Unri
Unlam
DEGREE & NON DEGREE programcollaboration
National Planning Agency Local Governments Sriwijaya University
NON DEGREE program:
Development Planning Monitoring and Evaluation Program and Project Management Investment Planning Management of Grant and Overseas Loan Performance based Budget Planning Planning of Coastal Areas
DEGREE program : MSi -MSc
Double Degree on Integrated LowlandDevelopment and Management
Media Response on the Double Degree Program on
Integrated Lowland Management
Lowland Development WorkshopDelft, Netherland, February 27 March 3, 2006
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Meeting of Prof. Bart Schultz with Bappenas Directors
Jakarta, August 28, 2006
City Drainage Systems,Class2008
DD-ILDM Students,1st Group in the Netherlands,
2nd group at Sriwijaya University
REGIONAL REFRESHER SEMINAR
climate change and coastal lowland
development in (sub)-tropical environments
Tjg Api-Api
P8-TelangI
Palembang, Indonesia,July 21-25, 2008
40 Unesco-IHE alumni
from 9 South East Asia
countries
Visit of the Iranian ICID delegation toPalembang and Telang, August 24-26, 2008
The way forwards to propagatethe success stories in thelowland for food production toother prospective existinglowland schemes
South Kalimantan - LowlandsSouth Kalimantan Existing Schemes
Danda Besar
Terantang Jejangkit
Belandean
Tabunganen
Jelapat
Sei Muhur
Sei Seluang
BarambaiBelawang
South Kalimantan Scheme: Danda Besar
Gambar Saluran dan Bangunan Di Danda
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Visit of Bappeda-Agric-Water Resources Riau province toTelang 5 Desember 2008
Provinsi RiauJambi Interest of Lowlands Development Visit to Telang -December 2008
(Pamusiran, Jambi)
Application of landpreparation system TOT
(no plowing)Traditional rice varieties
mp o proc or dcr d o d
o g r
Inventory by Rapid RuralAppraisal (RRA)
Assessment of neededadditional infrastructure in
relation to potential for yieldincreases.
Training of local NGO/Consultant. ManpowerCapacity Building local
government by PDTL team
PriorityDevelopmentPlanning WaterManagement
Need for extra or improvedTertiary structures
Need for TAM (on-farmwater management) Budget
TB and Regular
Maintenance
Upgrading presentwatermanagement
system. Special BudgetPlanning. (DAK) Need of
Dikes, extra canals,secondary structures
Legalization P3A/Gapoktanincluding PUSRI fertilizersupplier/storage facilityEmpowerment of UPJA
Government Budgets forhand tractors, workshop,
milling facilities, rice storage
Mechanicallandpreparation,HYV,
fertilizers,herbicides/pesticides
Requiredtimeperiod2-3years
Yield:1-2 ton/ha
(GKP)
Yield:4-6 ton/ha
(GKP)Implementation of improvement
water management control system atsecondary at Flooding type C/D and
at tertiary level forFlooding type A/B/C
Training of farmers forproper water management/land preparation, farming
system technology.O&M inputs by P3A/
Gapoktan
Training farmers for properfarming system technology,Enforcements of UPJA and
P3A/Gapoktan and theiryearly budgets including
those for O&M andALSINTAN/SAPRODI
Requiredtimeperiod2-3years
Yield:6-8 ton/ha
(GKP) or doublecropping
Established O&M,Ricemilling,ricestorage,workshops,fertilizerstorageand supply.
HYV
Areas now bush land (acids,/stagnant water or peat soil.
Also not yet reclaimed areaswith potential for
development includingenvironmentalconsiderations.
Inventory / investmentplanning. Ownership model:
Community based orIndustry based
Requiredtimeperiod5years
Needed inputs for higher rice production
(STLD 2008)
In order to get an idea of the work to be doneand the approach to be followed it has to berealised that it concerns 4 million ha existingareas where P3As will have to be establishedand legalised, water control structures willhave to be improved, or newly installed andthe TAM programme will have to be applied.
If this would have to be done in say twentyyears, it would mean about 200,000 ha peryear. This is an enormous challenge and canonly be realised when really a rolling traincan be established.
In formulating future developments and directions in the tidallowlands a distinction will have to be made in the
improvements in reclaimed areas, new reclamations and the
conservation of areas not to be reclaimed (Schultz, 2006)
improvements in reclaimed areas.
new tidal lowland reclamation projects.
environmental considerations andsustainability.
first generation problems.
improvements in reclaimed areas. Related to theimprovement options in reclaimed areas quite someexperiences are available now (Hartoyo Suprianto, etal., 2006). Based on these experiences the firstpriority would have to be to make better use of thedeveloped infrastructure by a better operation and
maintenance, both at on-farm and main systemlevel. The experiences as outlined above may serveas a guidance;
new tidal lowland reclamation projects. In generalterms the areas that have a potential for reclamationhave been identified in the Nation wide study of 1984(Ministry of Public Works, 1984). It may be expectedthat sooner, or later the remaining potential tidallowland areas (about 4 million ha) will be reclaimed.This is still a very substantial area compared to thepresent total cultivated area with paddy rice in thecountry of about 8.5 million ha;
environmental considerations and sustainability. Untilsome twenty years ago, ecological data were notoften used in reaching a decision on lowlanddevelopment projects. This has led to variousunforeseen consequences. Increasingly ecological
data are used in all decisions on future lowlanddevelopment projects. In the tidal lowland areasespecially the deep peat areas are basically unsuitablefor development and would have to be preserved;
first generation problems. In newly reclaimed areas,several problems can be regarded as first generationproblems.
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The steps taken would be:
to work out the proposed approach in such a detail that decisionscan be taken;
to explore for some selected areas the willingness of farmers,provincial and district authorities to enter in such an approach (I)
to prepare standard formats for: application forms (II),participatory planning (III); draft improvement plans (IV),finalization of the improvement plan (V); operation rules attertiary (VIa) and secondary level (VIb), required maintenance atsecondary (VIIa) and tertiary level (VIIb); and maintenance
to specify the facilitation activities for which the Netherlands hasindicated its willingness to give support. The actual facilitationwould have to be implemented by local NGOs or specialised localconsultants.
determination of the indicative cost per ha for facili tation at adeclining basis, related to the gradual development of thisactivities on a routine basis.
I.Generalinventoryof theconditions in potential area/scheme,based on rapidruralassessment (RA) approach.Consultation with Kepala Desa(s) on application
II.Application to theDistrict Government for integratedimprovement at tidallowland scheme,or thesecondaryblocklevelby theKepala Desa
III.Participatoryplanningon improvement needs in theconcernedarena in closeconsultation with theWaterManagement Agencies andthe District AgriculturalService(TAM) and thePreparation ofa draft improvement plan,
includingoperation rules for thewater control structures at tertiaryandif requiredat secondary levels
IV.Presentation ofdraft improvement plan to theKepala Desa andthe farmers.Reactivation/establishment/training/legalization ofP3A/Kelompok Tani at secondary block level
V.Finalization ofimprovement plan andapprovalbythe P3As/Kelompok Tani that in themean timewouldhavebeenlegalized.Also approvalbythe concernedGovernment Agencies
VIIbIf secondary water control structures havebeen installed,operation oftheses structures byDistrict staff,or subcontractedto P3A,based on
theagreedoperation rule
VIIIa.Maintenanceoftertiarycanaland tertiarywater control structures by theP3As
VIa.Submission TAM provisions and materials forthe tertiarywatercontrol structure,construction bythefarmers undersupervision of Districtstaff, Clearingof tertiarycanals bytheP3A,Improvedsupply of farm inputs,improvement of farmingsystemstechnologies andpost harvestprocessing.
VIbClearingof secondary canals,if possiblebyP2As under contract with theDistrict PU,otherwisebycontractors.If requiredconstruction ofsecondary water control structures by contractors.
VIIa.Operation oftertiarywater control structures bytheP3A, basedon theagreedoperation rule.Monitoringandevaluation functioningof TAM,farmingsystems,agriculturalpractices andwater management
Figure2. Proposed developmentfor integrated improvementof thereclaimed tidallowlands (PDTLProposal 2008)
Remarks
Integration (vertical, horizontal, area)
The technology know how to havebetter lowlands development underexisting scheme for food crops is there
Food security is critical in the comingyears
How to propagate development tidallowlands
The answer is with us