• Prior learning– There are 3 kinds of rock – sedimentary, metamorphic and Igneous– Igneous rocks form crystals depending on the length of time it takes

them to cool down

• Key words– sedimentary, metamorphic, Igneous, rock cycle, change, crust,

earth, sediments, transported, plates, tectonics, Pangea

Unit 11 – Science and HumanitySept

Title:Task 4: Geological events that occur on earth -The rock cycle.

Describe long-term changes that have occurred in our universe to our solar system and earth

• Know 3 types of rock (D)

• Describe how rocks can change over time.(C)

• Explain in detail how the plates of the earth can move (C)

• I have stated the 3 types of rock

• I have described in simple terms the stages involved in the rock cycle

• I have explained plate movement and provided evidence for Pangea and continental drift

By the end of this lesson we should be able to:

Success Criteria:

Unit 11 – Science and Humanity

StarterUnit 11 – Science and Humanity

• Get your sheets into order and then place AO1 into plastic sleeves.

sea

volcanoigneous rocks

basalt

igneous rocksgranite

Rocks riseto the surface byuplift and erosion.

Weathering breaks down rocks.

magma

metamorphic rocks slate and marble

sedimentary rocksmudstone

slow solidification

high pressureand temperature

transportationand deposition

Magma rises to the surfacewhere itcools rapidly.

melt

Unit 11 – Science and Humanity

The temperature is high and the outer core is molten.. Towards the centre, high pressure makes the inner core solid..

Intense heat is generated in the inner core by the decay of radioactive elements like uranium.

5,500 C

1,110 km

3,000 km

1,300 km

Outer coreInner core

The core extends to about half the radius of the Earth.

It is made mostly from iron and nickel and is where the Earth’s magnetic field comes from.

It is very dense.

The core

The mantle extends outwards from the core to the crust: a distance of about 2,900 km.

It is mostly a semi-molten liquid upon which the Earth’s crust floats.

The heat coming from the core generates convection currents in the viscous mantle that cause the crust above to move.

Mantle

2,900km

The mantle

The crust is the thin layer of rock at the surface upon which we live. Eight elements make up over 98% of the Earth’s Crust – although they are virtually entirely in the form of compounds.

Crust

20-60 km

05

101520253035404550

O Si Al Fe Ca Na K Mg

%

The crust

Why do plates move?

It is thought that all the continents were once joined together in a huge supercontinent called Pangaea.Over millions of years the continents drifted apart because the tectonic plates they were on moved apart due to convection currents in the Earth’s mantle.

What is continental drift theory?

Continental drift theory animation

PLENARY Multiple-choice quiz

Match the rock with the correct description.Give an example of this type of rock.

Rock typeRock type DescriptionDescription

intrusive igneous

Large crystals, hard rock

metamorphic Sandy texture, soft rock

extrusive igneous

Small crystals, hard rock

sedimentary Wavy layers of crystals

What’s the rock?

Igneous rocks divide into two main groups:• Intrusive igneous• Extrusive igneous

• Intrusive igneous rocks, like granite, are formed when magma solidifies within the ground.

• Extrusive igneous rocks, like basalt, are formed when magma solidifies above the ground.

Types of igneous rocks

The more slowly a rock changes from liquid to solid the bigger the crystals grow.

Intrusive igneous rocks, like granite, usually have clearly visible crystals.

Extrusive igneous rocks, like basalt, have crystals that are usually small.

Intrusive igneous rocks that cool really slowly can have very big crystals.

Extrusive igneous rocks that cool really quickly can have a glassy appearance.

Igneous rocks and crystal size

Sedimentary rocks are rocks formed when particles of sediment build up and are “cemented together” by the effect of pressure and minerals.

sea

Fragments washed to the sea

Sedimentary rocks

Rocks are brokenup by the actionof weather

Sedimentary rocks

Sedimentary rocks tend to have visible grains of sediment.

Sometimes they contain fossils.

They are usually softer than igneous rocks.

Examples of sedimentary rocks are sandstone and mudstone.

Getting older

Sandstone is formed from the cementing together of grains of sand.

Types of sedimentary rocks

magma

metamorphicrock

forminghere

Metamorphic rocks are formed by the effect of heat and pressure on existing rocks.

This can greatly affect the hardness, texture and layer patterns of the rocks.

heat

Pressure from surface rocks

Metamorphic rocks

Marble, slate and schist are metamorphic.

– Limestone is a rock often formed from the sediment of shells. Temperature and pressure cause the rock to reform as small crystals that are much harder. This is marble. It is used as a hard and decorative stone in buildings, sculptures etc.

– Slate is formed when pressure squeezes mudstone into plate-like grey sheets. It is used in roofing.

– Schist and mica are formed when mudstone is subjected to very high temperatures and pressure. Again, they contain layers, which is typical of many (but not all) metamorphic rocks.

Types of metamorphic rocks

• Surface rocks seem to be gradually reduced in size by weathering processes.

• Chemical weathering occurs when chemicals, such as those in acid rain, ‘eat’ away certain rocks.

• Physical weathering relates to rocks being broken down by the action of wind, rain and sun. For example, during the freezing and thawing of water in the cracks of rocks, the expansion of water makes the rocks splinter.

• The small broken fragments wash into rivers and, eventually, reach the sea where they settle as sediment.

Chemical and physical weathering

Multiple-choice quiz

Unit 11 – Science and Humanity

Safety!Clean or report spillages or breakages.Wear goggles.Wash any chemicals off

your skin straight away.No silly or dangerous messing about whilst equipment is out

DO NOT PLACE ANYTHING IN THE BUNSEN FLAME

Unit 11 – Science and HumanityToday’s experiment

1. Weigh 28g of copper sulphate in a beaker.2. Prepare a hot concentrated solution of copper

sulphate by pouring 20mL of hot water into the beaker.

3. Stir the solution until no more can dissolve.4. Pour the blue copper sulphate solution through

filter paper and into a conical flask (This is separate the undissolved copper sulphate out of the solution)

5. Quickly and CAREFULLY pour equal volumes of the solution into 2 test tubes.

6. Cool ONE of the test tubes under cold running water.

7. Tie the end of a string to a splint and the other end to a paper clip.

8. Lower a paper clip into each test tube, stand in a test tube rack with your name and leave till next lesson

Describe long-term changes that have occurred in our universe to our solar system and earth

• Know 3 types of rock (D)

• Describe how rocks can change over time.(C)

• Explain in detail how the plates of the earth can move (C)

• I have stated the 3 types of rock

• I have described in simple terms the stages involved in the rock cycle

• I have explained plate movement and provided evidence for Pangea and continental drift

By the end of this lesson we should be able to:

Success Criteria:

Unit 11 – Science and Humanity