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MASAOY, QUEENCEL MAE M. HISTORY 2 11:30-12:30 TTHS P(405)

Antonio Luna de San Pedro y Novicio-Ancheta (October 29, 1866 June 5, 1899), an Ilocano born in Manila, was

aFilipinopharmacistandgeneralwho fought in thePhilippine-American War. He was also the founder of thePhilippines's

first military academy, which existed during theFirst Philippine Republic. He was regarded as the most brilliant of the

Filipino military officers during the war.[1]

SucceedingArtemio Ricarteas commander of thePhilippine Revolutionary Army

he organized professional guerrilla soldiers later to be known as theLuna sharpshooters. His three-tier defense, now

known as the Luna Defense Line, gave the American troops a hard campaign in the provinces north ofManila.[2]

Family background

Antonio Luna de San Pedro y Novicio-Ancheta was born on October 29, 1866 in Urbiztondo,Binondo,Manila. He was the

youngest of seven children of Joaqun Luna de San Pedro, fromBadoc,Ilocos Norte, andSpanishmestizaLaureana

Novicio-Ancheta, fromLuna, La Union(formerly Namacpacan).[3]

His father was a traveling salesman of the products of

government monopolies. His older brother,Juan, was an accomplished painter who studied in theMadridEscuela de

Bellas Artes de San Fernando. Another brother, Jos, became a doctor.[4]

Education

At the age of six, Antonio learned reading, writing, and arithmetic from a teacher known as Maestro Intong. He memorized

theDoctrina Christiana(catechism), the first book printed in the Philippines.[3]

Common Catholic vocal prayers were al

included in the book. The primary goal of the book was to propagate the Christian teachings in the Philippines.

He initially studied at theAteneo Municipal de Manila, where he received a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1881.[3]

He went on

to study literature and chemistry at theUniversity of Santo Tomas, where he won first prize for a paper in chemistry

titled Two Fundamental Bodies of Chemistry. He also studied pharmacy, swordsmanship, fencing, and military tactics

and became a sharpshooter. On the invitation of his brother Juan in 1890, Antonio was sent by his parents to Spain, to

acquire a licentiate (at Universidad de Barcelona) and doctorate (atUniversidad Central de Madrid) in Pharmacy.[3]

Reform propagandist

In Spain, he became one of the Filipino expatriates who mounted thePropaganda Movementand wrote forLaSolidaridad, headed byGalicano Apacible. He wrote a piece titled Impressions which dealt with Spanish customs and

idiosyncrasies under thepen-name"Taga-ilog". Also, like many of the Filipino liberals in Spain, Luna joined the Masonry

where he rose to being Master Mason.[3]

Luna was active as a researcher in the scientific community. After receiving his doctorate, Luna published in 1893 a

scientific treatise on malaria entitled El Hematozoario del Paludismo (Malaria), which was favorably received in the

scientific community. He then went toBelgiumandFrance, and worked as assistant to Dr. Latteaux and Dr. Laffen. In

recognition of his ability, he was appointed commissioner by the Spanish government to study tropical and communicable

diseases.[3]

In 1894, he went back to thePhilippineswhere he took the competition for chief chemist of the Municipal Laboratory of

Manila, came in first and won the position.[4]He and his brother Juan also opened the Sala de Armas, a fencing club

inManila.[3]

When he learned of the underground societies that were planning a revolution and was asked to join, he

scoffed at the idea and turned down the offer. Like other Filipinomigrs, he was in favor of reform rather than revolution

as the way towards independence.[4]

Nevertheless, after the existence of theKatipunanwas leaked in August 1896, the

Luna brothers were arrested and jailed in Fort Santiago for "participating" in the revolution .[4]

His statement concerning the

revolution was one of the many statements used to nail down the death sentence forJos Rizal. Months later, Jos and

Juan were freed but Antonio was exiled to Spain in 1897, where he was imprisoned at the Crcel Modelo de Madrid .[3]
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His more famous and controversial brother, Juan, who had been pardoned by the Spanish Queen Regent herself, left fo

Spain to use his influence to intercede for Antonio. Soon enough, Antonio's case was dismissed by the Military Supreme

Court and he was released.[4]

Antonio, repenting for his blunder during the first phase of thePhilippine Revolution, which ended at thePact of Biak-na

Bato, then prepared himself for the second phase, which began upon the return ofEmilio Aguinaldoin Cavite, that he had

decided to join. Upon his release, Luna studied field fortifications, guerrilla warfare, organization, and other aspects of

military science underGerard Leman, who would later be the commanding general of the fortress at Lige.[5]

Upon arriving in Hong Kong, he was given a letter of recommendation toEmilio Aguinaldoand a revolver byFelipe

Agoncillo. He returned to the Philippines in July 1898.[5]

Personal life

Luna also courted Nellie Boustead, a woman who was also courted by Jos Rizal.[4]

Boustead was reportedly infatuated

with Rizal. In a party held by Filipinos, a drunk Antonio Luna made unsavory remarks against Nellie Boustead. This

prompted Rizal to challenge Luna into a duel. However, Luna apologized to Rizal, thus averting a duel between the

compatriots.[6]

Philippine-American War

Luna was one of the first to see action in Manilaon August 13, 1898, when the Americans landed troops in IntramurosSince June 1898, Manila had been completely surrounded by the revolutionary troops. Colonel Luciano San Migue

occupied Mandaluyong; GeneralPio del Pilar, Makati; GeneralMariano Noriel, Paraaque; Pacheco, Navotas

Tambobong, and Caloocan.Gregorio del Pilarmarched through Sampaloc, taking Tondo, Divisoria, and Azcrraga; Norie

cleared Singalong and Paco, and held Ermita and Malate. Luna thought the Filipinos should just walk in and enter

Intramuros to have joint occupation of the walled city. But Aguinaldo, heeding the advice of General Merritt and

Commodore (later Admiral)George Dewey, whose fleet had moored in Manila Bay, sent Luna to the trenches where he

ordered his troops to fire on the Americans. After the disastrous farce of the American Occupation, Luna tried to complain

to American officers at a meeting in Ermita about the disorder made by American soldiers.[4]

To silence Luna, Aguinaldo appointed him as Chief of War Operations on September 26, 1898, and assigned the rank

ofBrigadier General. In quick succession, he was made the Director of War and Supreme Chief of theArmy, arousing theenvy of the other generals. Luna felt that bureaucratic placebos were being thrown his way, when all he wanted was to

organize and discipline the enthusiastic, ill-fed and ill-trained young troops into a real army.[4]

Luna saw the need for a military school, so in October 1898 he established a military academy at Malolos theAcademia

Militar, the precursor of the presentPhilippine Military Academy. He appointed Captain (later Colonel) Manuel Berna

Sityar, a mestizo formerly serving the Spanish Army, as superintendent. He recruited other mestizos and Spaniards who

had fought in the Spanish army during the1896 revolutionfor training. However, the Academia had to be suspended

indefinitely by March 1899 due to outbreak of the Philippine-American War.[4]

A score of veteran officers became the teachers at his military school. He devised two courses of instruction, planned the

reorganization, with a battalion oftiradores and a cavalry squadron, set up an inventory of guns and ammunition

arsenals, using convents and town halls, quartermasters, lookouts and communication systems. He built tranches with thehelp of his chief engineer, GeneralJose Alejandrino, and had his brotherJuandesign the school's uniforms (the

Filipinorayadillo). He also insisted on strict discipline over and above clan armies and clique loyalties .[5]

Knowing that the fate of the infant Republic was a contest for the minds of Filipinos, Luna turned to journalism to

strengthen Filipino minds with the ideas of nationhood and the need to fight a new imperialist enemy. He decided to

publish a newspaper, La Independencia. This four-page daily was filled with articles, short stories, patriotic songs and

poems. The staff was installed in one of the coaches of the train that ran from Manila to Pangasinan. The paper came ou

in September 1898, and was an instant success. A movable feast of information, humor and good writing, 4,000 copies

were printed, which was more than all the other newspapers put together.[5]
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a#cite_note-PS_2008-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine-American_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Military_Academyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Luna#cite_note-PS_2008-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Armyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigadier_Generalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Luna#cite_note-PS_2008-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Deweyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorio_del_Pilarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariano_Norielhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pio_del_Pilarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manilahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Luna#cite_note-A.R._Ocampo_2010-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Luna#cite_note-PS_2008-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Luna#cite_note-V.R._Jose-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felipe_Agoncillohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felipe_Agoncillohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Luna#cite_note-V.R._Jose-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%A8gehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_Lemanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pact_of_Biak-na-Batohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pact_of_Biak-na-Batohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Luna#cite_note-PS_2008-4


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When theTreaty of Paris, under which Spain was to cede the Philippines to the United States, was made public in

December 1898, Luna quickly realized that only decisive military action could save the republic. He proposed a strategy

that was designed to trap the Americans in Manila before more of their troops could land by executing surprise attacks

while building up strength in the north. If the American forces penetrated his lines, Luna determined that he would wage a

series of delaying battles and prepare a fortress in northern Luzon. This, however, was turned down by the High

Command, who still believed that the Americans would grant full independence.[5]

The Americans gained the time and the opportunity to start hostilities with the Filipinos at the place and time of their

choice. On the night of February 4, 1899, when most of the Filipino generals were at a ball in Malolos to celebrate thesuccess of the American anti-imperialists delaying the ratification of the Treaty of Paris, the Americans staged an incident

along the concrete blockhouses in Sta. Mesa near the Balsahan Bridge.[7]

An American patrol fired on Filipino troops

claiming afterwards that the Filipinos had started shooting first and the whole Filipino line from Pasay to Caloocan

returned fire andthe first battle of the Filipino-American Warensued. Two days later, in response to the incident, the US

Senate voted for annexation. In doing so, the conflict became the war of conquest, occupation and annexation that

Luna,Mabini, and others had predicted and about which they had warned Aguinado and his generals previously .[5]

Luna, after receiving orders from Aguinaldo, rushed to the front lines from his headquarters at Polo (present-

dayValenzuela City) and led three companies to La Loma to engage GeneralArthur MacArthur's forces. Fighting took

place atMarikina, Caloocan, Sta. Ana, and Paco. The Filipinos were subjected to a carefully planned attack with naval

artillery, with Dewey's US fleet firing from the Manila Bay. Filipino casualties were high, amounting to around 2,000 killedand wounded.

[7]Luna personally had to carry wounded officers and men to safety; of these rescues, the most dramatic

was that of CommanderJos Torres Bugalln. After being hit by an American bullet, Bugallon had managed to advance

another fifty meters before he was seen by Luna to collapse by the side of the road. As the Americans kept up their fire on

the road, Luna had to gather an escort of around 25 men to save Bugallon, who Luna declared was equivalent to 500

men. Surviving the encounter, Luna tried to encourage Bugallon to live and gave the latter an instant promotion to

lieutenant colonel. However, Bugallon died thereafter.[5]

On February 7, Luna issued a detailed order to the field officers of the territorial militia. Containing five specific objects, it

began by virtue of the barbarous attack upon our army on February 4, and ended with war without quarter to false

Americans who wish to enslave us. Independence or death! The order labeled the US forces "an army of drunkards and

thieves"[7]

in response to the continued bombardment of the towns around Manila, the burning and looting of whole

districts, and the raping of Filipino women by US troops.[5]

When Luna saw that the American advance had halted, mainly to stabilize their lines, he again mobilized his troops to

attack La Loma on February 10. Fierce fighting ensued but the Filipinos were forced to withdraw thereafter.[5]

Caloocan

was left with American forces in control of the southern terminus of the Manila to Dagupan railway, along with five

engines, fifty passenger coaches, and a hundred freight cars. After consolidating control of Caloocan, the obvious next

objective for American forces would be the Republic capital at Malolos. However, General Otis delayed for almost a

month in hopes that Filipino forces would be deployed in its defense .[8]

Nevertheless, with their superior firepower and newly arrived reinforcements, the Americans had not expected such

resistance. They were so surprised that an urgent cable was sent to GeneralLawtonwho was in Colombo, Ceylon

(nowSri Lanka), with his troops. Illustrating the concern that the Americans had, the telegram stated, Situation critical in

Manila. Your early arrival great importance.[5]

AFilipino counterattackbegan at dawn on February 23. The plan was to employ a pincer movement, using the battalions

from the North and South, with the sharpshooters (the only professionally trained troops) at crucial points.

The sandatahanes or bolomen inside Manila would start a great fire to signal the start of the assault.[5]

Troops directly

under Luna's command were divided into three: the West Brigade under General Pantaleon Garcia, the Center Brigade

under GeneralMariano Llanera, and the East Brigade under GeneralLicerio Gernimo.[5]

It was only partly successfu

because of two main reasons. Firstly, some of the successful Filipino sectors ran low on ammunition and food, and were

thus forced to withdraw to Polo. Secondly, Luna failed to relieve the Pampango militia, already past their prime, when the

battalion from Kawit, Cavite, refused to replace the former, saying that they had orders to obey only instructions directly
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from Aguinaldo. Such insubordination had become quite common among the Filipino forces at that time as most of the

troops owed their loyalty to the officers from their provinces, towns or districts and not to the central command. As a

result, the counterattack soon collapsed, and Luna placated himself by disarming the Kawit Battalion.[5]

Luna, however, proved to be a strict disciplinarian and thereby alienated many in the ranks of the common soldiers. An

example of this occurred during theBattle of Calumpitwherein Luna ordered GeneralToms Mascardoto send troops

from Guagua to strengthen the former's defenses. However, Mascardo ignored orders by Luna insisting that he was going

to Arayat to undertake an "inspection of troops". Another version of Mascardo's reasoning emerged and it was probably

that which reached Luna. This version was that Mascardo had left to visit his girlfriend.[9]

Luna, infuriated by Mascardo'sactions, had decided to detain him. However, Major Hernando, one of Luna's aides, tried to placate the general's anger by

convincing Luna to push the case to President Aguinaldo. Aguinaldo complied to detain Mascardo for twenty-four hours.

Upon returning to the field, however, the Americans had broken through his defenses at the Bagbag River, forcing Luna to

withdraw despite his heroic action to defend the remaining sectors.[3]

And so it went, battle after battle, incident after incident until Luna proferred his resignation, mainly in resentment for the

rearmament of the Kawit Battalion as the Presidential Guard. Aguinaldo hesitantly accepted the resignation. As a result,

Luna was absent from the field for three weeks, during which the Filipino forces suffered several defeats and setbacks.

Receiving the depressing reports from the field through his La Independencia correspondents, Luna went to Aguinaldo

and asked to be reinstated with more powers over all the military chiefs, and Aguinaldo agreed by making him

Commander-in-Chief of the Filipino forces in Pampanga and Bulacan.

[5]

The Luna Defense Line was planned to create a series of delaying battles from CaloocantoAngeles, Pampanga,[2]

as the

Republic was constructing a guerrilla base in the Mountain Province. The base was planned to be the last stand

headquarters of the Republic in the case the Americans broke through the Defense Line.[5]

American military observers

were astonished by the Defense Line, which they described as consisting of numerous bamboo trenches stretching from

town to town. The series of trenches allowed the Filipinos to withdraw gradually, firing from cover at the advancing

Americans. As the American troops occupied each new position, they were subjected to a series of traps that had been

set in the trenches, which included bamboo spikes and poisonous reptiles.[5]

By the end of May 1899, Colonel Joaqun Luna, one of Antonios brothers, warned him that a plot had been concocted by

"old elements" or the autonomists of the Republic (who were bent on accepting American sovereignty over the country)

and a clique of army officers whom Luna had disarmed, arrested, and/or insulted. Luna shrugged off all these threats,reiterating his trust for Aguinaldo, and continued building defenses at Pangasinan where the Americans were planning a

landing.[5]

Death

On June 2, 1899, Luna received two telegrams. One asked for help in launching a counterattack in San Fernando,

Pampanga, and the other, signed by Aguinaldo himself, ordered him to go to the new capital atCabanatuan,Nueva Ecija

to form a new cabinet. Having high hopes that he would be promoted as Prime Minister and Secretary of War, Luna set

off; first by train, then on horseback and eventually in three carriages to Nueva Ecija with 25 of his men.[7]

During the

journey, two of the carriages broke down and he proceeded in the only one left, with Colonel Francisco Romn and

Captain Eduardo Rusca, having earlier shed his cavalry escort. Upon arriving at Cabanatuan on June 5, Luna proceeded

to the headquarters alone, in haste to communicate with the President. As he went up the stairs, he ran into an officer

whom he had previously disarmed for cowardice, and an old enemy, whom he had once threatened with arrest, a hated

autonomist, and was told that Aguinaldo had left for San Isidro inTarlac. Enraged, Luna asked why he had not been told

the meeting was canceled.[5]

As he was about to depart, a single shot from a rifle in the plaza rang out. Still outraged and furious, Luna rushed down

the stairs and met Captain Pedro Janolino, accompanied by some elements of the Kawit battalion whom he had

previously dismissed for insubordination. Janolino swung his bolo at Luna, wounding him at the head. Janolino's men fired

at Luna, while others started stabbing him, even as he tried to fire his revolver at one of his attackers.[5]

He staggered ou

to the plaza where Romn and Rusca were rushing to his aid, but they too were set upon and shot, with Roman being
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killed and Rusca severely wounded. As he lay dying, Luna uttered his last words: "Cowards! Assassins!". He was

hurriedly buried in the churchyard, after which Aguinaldo relieved Luna's officers and men from the field, including

GeneralVenacio Concepcin, whose headquarters in Angeles, Pampanga, Aguinaldo besieged the same day Luna was

assassinated.[5]

The death of Luna, the most brilliant and capable of the Filipino generals at the time, was a decisive factor in the fight

against the American forces. Even the Americans developed an admiration for him.[5]

GeneralFrederick Funston, who

received the credit of capturing Aguinaldo atPalanan,Isabela, stated that Luna was the "ablest and most aggressive

leader of the Filipino Republic."[10]

For GeneralJames Franklin Bell, Luna "was the only general the Filipino army had. "[10]

Subsequently, Aguinaldo suffered successive, disastrous losses in the field, as he retreated towards northern Luzon.

GeneralJose Alejandrino, one of Luna's remaining aides, stated in his memoirs that if only Luna had finished the planned

guerrilla camp in Mountain Province, Aguinaldo may have not been running for his life at the Cordillera Mountains .[5]

Fo

historianTeodoro Agoncillo, however, Luna's death did not directly attribute to the resulting fall of the Republic. In his

book,Malolos: The Crisis of the Republic, Agoncillo stated that the loss of Luna showed the existence of a lack of

discipline among the regular Filipino soldiers and it was a major weakness that was never remedied in the course of the

war. Also, soldiers connected with Luna were demoralized and as a result eventually surrendered to the Americans .[7]

On

March 23, 1901, Aguinaldo was captured inPalanan,Isabelaby American forces. He was later brought to Manila, and

made to pledge allegiance to theUnited Stateson April 1.[7]

Luna-Cojuangco Affair

There were talks concerning Luna diverting millions of pesos from the Republic's treasury, particularly from Ilocos and

Pampanga, to the hometown of his sweetheart, Ysidra Cojuangco. Ysidra was the aunt ofJose Cojuangco, fathe

ofCorazon Aquino. Luna's wealth was said to have been entrusted to Ysidra, resulting in the latter becoming one of the

richest women in the Philippines by 1900.[11]

However, the book The Rise and Fall of Antonio Luna by Vicencio Jose, the

standard biography about Luna, does not cite anything about this affair. The book does mention the wealth of his family

which was proved by a silk bag that Luna wore, which contained his inheritance of gold coins. It was this same bag that

had saved Luna's life at theBattle of Santo Tomason May 4, 1899, when it had stopped a bullet that hit it from completely

penetrating Luna's body.[5]

Commemoration

The famousUniversity of the Philippines DilimanSunken Gardenwas named as General Antonio Luna Parade

Grounds.[12]

In 1951, the first postwarPhilippine fifty peso billfeatured a portrait of Luna until it was replaced in 1969 by a portrait

ofSergio Osmea.

In the 102nd birth anniversary of Luna (1968), former PresidentFerdinand Marcosdelivered a speech about the

general. He said that Luna'sguerrillatactics preceded that of China'sMao Zedongand Vietnam'sVo Nguyen

GiapandHo Chi Minh.[2]

In 1999, the second and last of the General Emilio Aguinaldo-class patrol vessel was commissioned by the Philippine

Navy. It was namedBRP Gen. Antonio Luna (PG-141), after the general of the same name.[13]

A monument of Luna was erected at Plaza Lucero in Cabanatuan,Nueva Ecija.[3]

ManilaMayorAlfredo Limled a commemorative program on Luna's 144th birth anniversary.[14]

A Philippine military base, Camp Antonio Luna inLimay, Bataan, was named after the general. It is currently the

Office of the Director of the Government Arsenal.[15]
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