Principles of Surgical Asepsis
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Principles of Surgical AsepsisChapter one
Small Animal Surgery
Bibek/Vet Surgery/CBNU
T. W. Fossum
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Surgical Asepsis Surgical asepsis = Sterile/aseptic technique
Asepsis - Prevention of microbial contamination of living tissues or sterile materials by excluding,
removing or killing micro-organisms including pathogens and spores.
It prevents the cross contamination in surgery which limits the patients exposure to a number of microorganisms that is not detrimental.
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Surgical Asepsis
Surgical asepsis involves– Proper preparation of facilities and environment Anaesthesia area
Radiology
Examination room
Critical care etc
– Surgical site– Surgical team and – Surgical equipments
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Surgical Asepsis
Source of the organisms
Exogenous Endogenous
Air
Surgical instruments
Surgical team
Patient
Organisms originate from the patient’s body
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Rules of Surgical Asepsis
Surgical team members remain within the sterile area
Explanation:
To minimize the cross contamination
Cross-contamination:
The transfer of an infection directly from one person to
another or indirectly from one person to a second person
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Rules of Surgical Asepsis
Don’t talk, sneeze, laugh or cough over a sterile field or
objects
Explanation:
To minimize the moist droplets with bacteria from these
sources
Sneeze
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Rules of Surgical Asepsis
Movement in the operating room by all personnel is
kept to a minimum except needed
Explanation:
To prevent cross contamination from turbulent air
flow
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Rules of Surgical Asepsis
Non-scrubbed personnel don’t reach over the sterile
Fields
Explanation:
To prevent the contamination from dust, lint, or other
vehicles of bacteria.
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Rules of Surgical Asepsis Scrubbed team members face each other and the sterile
field at all times Never turn your back on a sterile tray or leave it
unattended
Explanation:
To prevent the contamination from the backside of a team member
which is normally considered as non- sterile.
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Rules of Surgical Asepsis
Equipments used during surgery must be sterilized
Explanation:
To prevent the source of contamination
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Rules of Surgical Asepsis
Scrubbed personnel handle only sterile items; non- scrubbed personnel handle only non-sterile items
If necessary to leave the room cover the sterile field with a sterile towel
Explanation: To prevent the source of cross contamination
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Rules of Surgical Asepsis
If the sterility of an item is questioned, it is considered
contaminated A sterile object or field becomes contaminated by prolonged
exposure to air.
Explanation:
To prevent the source of cross contamination
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Rules of Surgical Asepsis
Sterile tables are only sterile at the table height
One inch border around the drape and the part of the drape
that hangs over the table edge is considered contaminated.
Explanation:
Items hanging over the table edges are considered non-sterile
because they are out of the surgeon’s vision
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Rules of Surgical Asepsis
Gowns are sterile from mid-chest to waist and from gloved hand to 2 inches above the elbow
Object held below a person’s waist is contaminated
Explanation: The back of the gown is not considered sterile even if it is a wrap around gown
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Rules of Surgical Asepsis
Drapes covering instruments, tables or the patient should
be moisture proof
A sterile object or field becomes contaminated by capillary
action when a sterile surface comes in contact with a wet
contaminated surface
Explanation:
Moisture carries bacteria from a nonsterile surface to a sterile
surface
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Rules of Surgical Asepsis
If a sterile object touches the sealing edges of the pouch that holds it during opening, it is considered contaminated
Explanation : Once opened, sealed edges of the pouches are not sterile
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Rules of Surgical Asepsis
Sterile items within a damaged or wet wrapper are
considered contaminated
Explanation:
Contamination can occur from perforated wrappers or
from strike-through from moisture transport
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Rules of Surgical Asepsis
Hands may not be folded into the axillary region;
rather, they are clasped in front of the body above the
Waist
Explanation:
The axillary region of the gown is not considered sterile
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Rules of Surgical Asepsis
If the surgical team begins the surgery seated, they
should remain seated until the surgery has been completed
Explanation:
The surgical field is sterile only from table height to the
chest; movement from sitting to standing during surgery
may increase cross contamination
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Preparation of surgical pack
Wrapping items: Choice based on the ease of sterilization
Sterilization method Requirements Acceptable materials
Stem autoclave Allow steam
to penetrate
Paper, Plastic, Cloth
Paper peel packages
Dry heat Not destroyed or
insulate from heat
Paper bags, Aluminum foil
Polyfilm plastic tubing
Wrapped perforated cassettes
Unsaturated chemical vapor
-Vapor allowed
-No react - materialsNB:Plastics should not
contact sides of sterilization
Wrapped perforated cassettes
Paper
Paper peel pouches
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Packing materials based on device type
Medical device Sterilization method Packing materials
Stainless steel
instruments/set
Steam 140-count muslin
Woven pouches
Endoscopic
instruments/set
Plasma
EtO
Plasma: SMS, Polyester- band fabrics, Low temperature SMS pouches
EtO: 140-count muslin, SMS, Polyester- band fabrics, Some crepe type papers,
Glass syringes or other medical
devices made of
glass
Steam
EtO
Plasma
Steam: SMS pouches
EtO/Plasma: Low temperature SMS pouches,
Thermoplastic polymers
* SMS=Spunbond, Meltblown, Spunbond
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Advantages & disadvantages of wrapping materials for pack sterilization
Material Advantages Disadvantages Sterilization
Cotton muslin; 140 or 270
thread counts
Durable, flexible, reusable,
easily handled
Requires double layer
and double wrap, generate
lint, not moisture resistant
Steam, EtO
Nonoven barrier materials
(i.e. paper)
Inexpensive Single use, memory, not
as durable, not moisture
resistant, requires
double wrap
Steam, EtO
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Advantages & disadvantages of wrapping materials for pack sterilization
Material Advantages Disadvantages Sterilization
Nonoven polypropylene fabric
Flexible, durable, excellent bacterial barrier, puncture resistant, lint free,
Single use, requires double wrap
Steam, EtO
Paper/Plastic pouches (heat sealed)
Convenient, long shelf life, water
resistant
Instrument may puncture pouch
Steam, EtO
Plastic pouches
(heat sealed)
Convenient, long shelf life, water proof, more puncture resistant
Instrument may puncture pouch
Plasma, EtO
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Wrapping an instrument pack
Wrap the instrument pack in a clean huck towel Place a large, unfolded wrap in front of you Position the instrument tray in the center of the wrap NB: Imaginary line is perpendicular to the long axis of the instrument tray
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Wrapping an instrument pack
Fold the corner of the wrap that is closest to you over
the instrument tray and to its far edge
Fold the tip of the wrap over so that it is exposed for
easy unwrapping
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Wrapping an instrument pack
Fold the right corner over the pack
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Wrapping an instrument pack
Fold the left corner similarly
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Wrapping an instrument pack
Turn the pack around and fold the final corner
of the wrap over the tray
Tucking it tightly under the previous two folds
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Wrapping an instrument pack
Wrap the pack in a second layer of cloth or paper in a similar manner
Secure the last corner of the outer wrap with masking tape and a piece of heat-sensitive indicator tape
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Wrapping an instrument pack
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Folding and wrapping the gowns
Place the gown on a clean, flat surface with the
front of the gown facing up
Fold the sleeves neatly toward the center of the
gown with the cuffs of the sleeves facing the
bottom hem (border)
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Folding and wrapping the gowns
Fold the sides to the center so that the side seams are aligned with the sleeve seams (Stratum)
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Folding and wrapping the gowns
Fold the gown in half longitudinally
The sleeves will be inside the gown
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Folding and wrapping the gowns
Starting with the bottom hem
Fanfold the gown toward the neck
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Folding and wrapping the gowns
Fold a hand towel in half horizontally
Fanfold the gown it into about four folds
Place it on top of the folded gown
Leave one corner turned back so that it can be
easily grasped
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Folding and wrapping the gowns
Wrap the gown and towel in two layers of paper or cloth wrap as instrument packing
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Folding and wrapping the gowns
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Folding and wrapping drapes
Lay the drape flat with the ends of the fenestration
perpendicular to you
The sides of the fenestration parallel to you
Fenestration: Literally, the making of a window -- fenestra in Latin (and fenetre in French) is a window -- fenestration refers to the creation of a new opening
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Folding and wrapping drapes
Grasp the edges of the drape nearest
Fanfold the drape to the center
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Folding and wrapping drapes
Turn the drape around and fanfold the other half the same way
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Folding and wrapping drapes
Fanfold one end of the drape to the center
The fingers are through the fenestration
Repeat with the other end
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Folding and wrapping drapes
If the drape has been folded properly, the fenestration is on the ventral outmost aspect
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Folding and wrapping drapes
Fold the drape in half
Wrap it in two layers of paper or cloth
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Folding and wrapping gowns
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Handling and storage of sterilized instruments and equipment
Dry individually on rack not pack on each other-
prevent :strike-through contamination
When dry- put in water proof dust covers in closed cabinet to protect from moisture or exposure from particle matter (i.e. dust borne bacteria)
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Sterile shelf life
Wrapper Shelf life
Double-wrapper, two-layer muslin 4 weeks
Double-wrapped, two-layer muslin, heat sealed in dust covers after sterilization
6 months
Double-wrapped, two-layer muslin, tape sealed in dust covers after sterilization
2 months
Double-wrapped, nonwoven barrier materials (i.e paper) 6 months
Paper/plastic peel pouches, heat sealed 1 year
Plastic peel pouches, heat sealed 1 year
Recommended storage times for sterilized packs
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Handling sterile items
Sterile items have dated labels or chemical tapes
to ensure sterility- always check expiration dates
If the sterile pack is damaged, it should not be used
• Damage is defined as when the pack is• Place in dirty environment
• Store near to source of an air current
• Items that have been dropped, bent, crushed, compressed, torn,
punctured or broken seal
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Unwrapping and opening sterile items
There are three popular methods of distributing sterile items
Unwrapping large sterile linen/paper/polypropylene packs that cannot be held during distribution
Unwrapping sterile linen/paper/packages that can be held during distribution
Unwrapping sterile items in paper/plastic plastic peel-back pouches
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Unwrap the linen pack
It can be held during distribution
Hold the pack in your left hand (right handed)
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Unwrap the linen pack
Unfold one corner of the wrap at a time
Careful to secure each corner in the palm of left hand to
prevent them from recoiling and contaminating the contents
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Unwrap the linen pack
Hold the final corner with right hand should be completely covered by wrap
When the pack is fully exposed and all corners of the wrap have been secured, gently set the pack on the sterile field
No allow your hand and arm to reach across or over the sterile field
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Unwrap the linen pack
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Pouring solutions into basins
Solutions (i.e. sterile saline and antiseptics) are poured into basin away from surgical table
The solution container should not touch the sterile basin
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