Principles of Ecology
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Transcript of Principles of Ecology
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Principles of Ecology
Chapter 2
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September 23, 2010 Updated grades posted Up Close and Personal – observations Go get a leaf! Preferably one on the
ground or at least some of you.. Finish reading 2.1 and define
Vocabulary in your own words in your glossary with a picture….
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September 24, 2010
Finish up Vocabulary 2.1 in your glossary, own words and a picture
(Chapter 2 in book, section 1)
Notes 2.1, 2,.2
Problem Solving Lab 2.1
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Couche’s Spadefoot Toad of Sonoran Desert
Lies Dormant 11/12 months
Sensors that detect vibrations of violent rainstorms
Emerges from sand Males call Females Egg Laying occurs
in pools of water Frogs return to
sand for protection against sun
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Organisms & their environment
What is Ecology?? Scientific study of interactions
among organisms & their environment
Living & nonliving, using all fields, math, chemistry, physics, geology
Scientific research by descriptive & quantitative methods
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Aspects of Ecological Study
Biosphere – portion of earth that supports life from the air that supports birds to the bottom of the ocean
It is widely diverse – desert to rain forest
http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biology
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Organisms in Ecosystems Habitat A place where an organism lives out its
life
Niche How the organism lives its life How each species meets its needs for
food, shelter, survival, reproduction – all interactions between biotic & abiotic
(humming bird/polar bear)
http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biology
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Abiotic Factors nonliving part of an organisms
environment factors include: Air current, temperature, moisture, light, soil
Biotic Factors all the living organisms that inhabit an environmentAll organisms depend on others for food,Shelter, protection, reproduction
http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biology
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Abiotic or Biotic?Abiotic or Biotic?
BioticBiotic http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biology
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Abiotic or Biotic?Abiotic or Biotic?
AbioticAbiotic http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biology
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Abiotic or Biotic?Abiotic or Biotic?
AbioticAbiotic http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biology
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Abiotic or Biotic?Abiotic or Biotic?
BioticBiotic http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biology
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11stst Level of Organization Level of Organization Organism:Organism:
An individual An individual living thing that living thing that is made of is made of cells, cells, uses energy, uses energy, reproduces, reproduces, responds, responds, grows, and grows, and developsdevelops
http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biology
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22ndnd Level of Organization Level of Organization• Population:Population:
A group of A group of organisms, all of organisms, all of the same species, the same species, which interbreed which interbreed and live in the and live in the same place at the same place at the same time. same time. Compete for resources such as food/water
http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biology
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33rdrd Level of Organization Level of Organization Biological Biological
Community:Community:All the All the populations of populations of different different speciesspecies that that live in the live in the same place at same place at the same time.the same time.
http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biology
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44thth Level of Organization Level of Organization Ecosystem:Ecosystem:
Populations of Populations of plants and animals plants and animals that interact with that interact with each other in a each other in a given area with the given area with the abiotic components abiotic components of that area. of that area. (terrestrial or (terrestrial or aquatic)aquatic)
http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biology
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Ecosystems
Three major kinds of ecosystems: Terrestrial – land, forest, meadows, desert
Freshwater – lakes Marine or saltwater – 75 %
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•Begins with the Begins with the SUNSUN
•PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight & chlorophyll C6H12O6 + 6O2
Energy Flow Through an Ecosystem
http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biology
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PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis Chemical reaction where green plants Chemical reaction where green plants
use use water & carbon dioxidewater & carbon dioxide to store to store the the sun’s energy in glucosesun’s energy in glucose
ENERGY is stored in glucoseENERGY is stored in glucose Glucose is stored as starch in plantsGlucose is stored as starch in plants
http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biology
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Producers Producers use use most of the most of the energy they energy they makemake for for themselves.themselves.
http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biology
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Producers Producers use use most of the most of the energy they energy they makemake for for themselves.themselves.
PRODUCERSOrganisms Organisms that can that can make glucose make glucose during during photosynthesphotosynthesisis
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Producers use Producers use cellular respirationcellular respiration to supply the to supply the energy they need energy they need to live.to live.
CELLULAR CELLULAR RESPIRATION RESPIRATION is is the chemical the chemical reaction that reaction that releases the releases the energy in energy in glucoseglucose..
6O2 + C6H12O6 -->> 6H2O + 6CO2 + energy
http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biology
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The The energy that is not energy that is not used by producersused by producers can be passed on to can be passed on to organisms that organisms that cannot make their cannot make their own energy.own energy.
http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biology
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Organisms that Organisms that cannot make their cannot make their own energyown energy
CONSUMERCONSUMERSS
http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biology
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Most of the Most of the energy is used energy is used by the consumer by the consumer but somebut some of the of the energy moves energy moves into the into the atmosphere as atmosphere as heat.heat.
Consumers Consumers eat eat producersproducers to to get energy:get energy:
Herbivores- eat plantsOmnivores – eat Plants and animalsCarnivores – eat animals
http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biology
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Predators-Predators-Consumers that hunt Consumers that hunt
& kill other & kill other consumers consumers
PreyPrey - animals that - animals that are hunted & killedare hunted & killed
http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biology
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ScavengersScavengers consumers that consumers that eat other dead eat other dead
consumersconsumershttp://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biology
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October 4, 2010 Write 2 test questions from your
notes.. Summarize notes Get out your food chain/food web
worksheets from Friday so I can see where you are
Left side ??? Of the day: Differentiate between a food chain and
a food web in terms of energy flow Finish up Food Chain/Food Web wkst Notes for Chapter 2 – Quiz Wednesday
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Gazelle Ingenious cooling
system – cool brain Runs at speeds up
to 50 mph Hundreds of small
arteries that pass through a large pool of blood in the nasal passages
Inhaled air cools nasal blood in small arteries like a heat exchanger
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October 5, 2010 Quiz on
Chapter 2 WED! Tomorrow
Make sure table of contents up to date~
PS Lab 2.2
Grade Food Chain and Food Web Worksheet
Finish Notes…
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October 6, 2010
Differentiate between:
Mutualism Commensalism Parasitism
And give an example plz!
Grade Food Chain/Web worksheet
Finish up Notes Draw out Cycles
Go over PS Lab 2.2
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Food Webs:Food Webs: Are Are
interconnecteinterconnected food chainsd food chains
They show the They show the feeding feeding relationships relationships in an in an ecosystemecosystem
http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biology
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FOOD CHAIN – shows the FOOD CHAIN – shows the transfer of energytransfer of energy from the from the sunsun to to producerproducer to primary to primary consumer then to higher consumer then to higher order order consumersconsumers
http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biology
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Food Chains Show Food Chains Show Available EnergyAvailable Energy
http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biology
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Ecological Ecological PyramidsPyramids
Graphic Representations Of Graphic Representations Of The Relative Amounts of The Relative Amounts of Energy or Matter At Each Energy or Matter At Each
Trophic LevelTrophic Level
May be:May be:
Energy PyramidEnergy Pyramid
Biomass PyramidBiomass PyramidPyramid of Numbers Pyramid of Numbers http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biologyhttp://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biology
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Energy PyramidEnergy Pyramid
http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biology
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Energy Pyramid
Amount of available Amount of available energy energy decreasesdecreases for for higher consumershigher consumers
Amount of available Amount of available energy energy decreasesdecreases down down the food chainthe food chain
It takes a It takes a large number large number of producersof producers to support a to support a small number of primary small number of primary consumersconsumers
It takes a It takes a large number large number of primary consumersof primary consumers to to support a small number support a small number of secondary consumersof secondary consumershttp://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biology
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Biomass PyramidBiomass Pyramid
Human Energy Pyramid
http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biology
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Pyramid of Pyramid of NumbersNumbers
http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biology
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http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biology
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Carbon Cycle Carbon is the basic building block
for all living organisms It is moved through the
atmosphere by plants/animals in CO2/O2 exchange through breathing and photosynthesis
Large carbon deposits exist in the oceans and soil from dead organisms
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Carbon Cycle
www.windows.ucar.edu/.../images/carboncycle.jpg
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Water Cycle Water is stored in all three states
of matter
It is released into the atmosphere by evaporation and from plants through transpiration
It is cycled through precipitation and runoff
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http://www.marietta.edu/~biol/102/wcycle.gif
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Nitrogen Cycle Although the atmosphere is >70%
organisms cannot utilize nitrogen in that form
Nitrogen is essential for plant growth, obtained through soil
Nitrogen can be found in all waste products of animals
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Nitrogen Cycle
www.windows.ucar.edu/.../images/nitrogencycle.jpg
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Phosphorous Cycle Phosphorous is stored in rocks and
soil
Phosphorous is then moved through the rock and water cycle
Plants and animals take in phosphorous
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Phosphorous Cycle
http://www.ikzm-d.de/abbildungen/59_phosphoruscycle.gif
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Communities
Limiting Factors Anything (biotic or
abiotic) that restricts the organisms population, existence, distribution
Range of Tolerance How long an organism
can tolerate changes in biotic and abiotic factors (ex.: catfish vs bass)
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Primary Succession – first species in the area (climax community)
Secondary Succession- growth and changes to the area a after major upheaval, either natural or human, fire, deforestation, earthquake(soil is present already)
Biodiversity- variations in living organisms